5.1 Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for determining transition temperatures in HC resins that possess them.5.2 This practice is useful for both quality assurance and research.1.1 This practice covers determination of glass transition temperatures of hydrocarbon (HC) resins by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).1.2 This practice is applicable to HC resins as defined in Terminology D6640. The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to approximately 180 °C. The temperature range can be extended.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 Further discussion of glass transition can be found in Test Method D3418, and Test Method E1356.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The freezing point of an engine coolant indicates the coolant freeze protection.5.2 The freezing point of an engine coolant may be used to determine the approximate glycol content, provided the glycol type is known.5.3 Freezing point as measured by Test Method D1177 or approved alternative method is a requirement in Specifications D3306 and D6210.5.4 This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D1177 and expresses results to the nearest 0.1 °C with improved reproducibility over Test Method D1177.5.5 This test method determines the freezing point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D1177.5.6 This test method removes most of the operator time and judgement required by Test Method D1177.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the freezing point of an aqueous engine coolant solution.1.2 This test method is designed to cover ethylene glycol base coolants up to a maximum concentration of 60 % (v/v) in water; however, the ASTM interlaboratory study mentioned in 12.2 has only demonstrated the test method with samples having a concentration range of 40 % to 60 % (v/v) water.NOTE 1: Where solutions of specific concentrations are to be tested, they shall be prepared from representative samples as directed in Practice D1176. Secondary phases separating on dilution need not be separated.NOTE 2: The products may also be marketed in a ready-to-use form (prediluted).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in 7.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for measuring transitions due to morphological or chemical changes in a polymer as it is heated/cooled at a controlled rate through a specified temperature range. Change in specific heat capacity, heat flow and temperature values are determined for these transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to assist in identifying specific polymers, polymer alloys, and certain polymer additives, which exhibit thermal transitions. Chemical reactions that cause or affect certain transitions have been measured with the aid of this technique; such reactions include oxidation, curing of thermosetting resins, and thermal decomposition.5.2 This test method is useful for specification acceptance, process control, and research.1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.NOTE 1: True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed.1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens.1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.NOTE 2: This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 3: This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Fracture toughness is expressed in terms of an elastic-plastic stress intensity factor, KJc, that is derived from the J-integral calculated at fracture. 5.2 Ferritic steels are microscopically inhomogeneous with respect to the orientation of individual grains. Also, grain boundaries have properties distinct from those of the grains. Both contain carbides or nonmetallic inclusions that can act as nucleation sites for cleavage microcracks. The random location of such nucleation sites with respect to the position of the crack front manifests itself as variability of the associated fracture toughness (13). This results in a distribution of fracture toughness values that is amenable to characterization using the statistical methods in this test method. 5.3 The statistical methods in this test method assume that the data set represents a macroscopically homogeneous material, such that the test material has both the uniform tensile and toughness properties. The fracture toughness evaluation of nonuniform materials is not amenable to the statistical analysis procedures employed in this test method. For example, multi-pass weldments can create heat-affected and brittle zones with localized properties that are quite different from either the bulk or weld materials. Thick-section steels also often exhibit some variation in properties near the surfaces. Metallographic analysis can be used to identify possible nonuniform regions in a material. These regions can then be evaluated through mechanical testing such as hardness, microhardness, and tensile testing for comparison with the bulk material. It is also advisable to measure the toughness properties of these nonuniform regions distinctly from the bulk material. Section 10.6 provides a screening criterion to assess whether the data set may not be representative of a macroscopically homogeneous material, and therefore, may not be amenable to the statistical analysis procedures employed in this test method. If the data set fails the screening criterion in 10.6, the homogeneity of the material and its fracture toughness can be more accurately assessed using the analysis methods described in Appendix X5. 5.4 Distributions of KJc data from replicate tests can be used to predict distributions of KJc for different specimen sizes. Theoretical reasoning (9), confirmed by experimental data, suggests that a fixed Weibull slope of 4 applies to all data distributions and, as a consequence, standard deviation on data scatter can be calculated. Data distribution and specimen size effects are characterized using a Weibull function that is coupled with weakest-link statistics (14). An upper limit on constraint loss and a lower limit on test temperature are defined between which weakest-link statistics can be used. 5.5 The experimental results can be used to define a master curve that describes the shape and location of median KJc transition temperature fracture toughness for 1T specimens (15). The curve is positioned on the abscissa (temperature coordinate) by an experimentally determined reference temperature, T0. Shifts in reference temperature are a measure of transition temperature change caused, for example, by metallurgical damage mechanisms. 5.6 Tolerance bounds on KJc can be calculated based on theory and generic data. For added conservatism, an offset can be added to tolerance bounds to cover the uncertainty associated with estimating the reference temperature, T0, from a relatively small data set. From this it is possible to apply a margin adjustment to T0 in the form of a reference temperature shift. 5.7 For some materials, particularly those with low strain hardening, the value of T0 may be influenced by specimen size due to a partial loss of crack-tip constraint (5). When this occurs, the value of T0 may be lower than the value that would be obtained from a data set of KJc values derived using larger specimens. 5.8 As discussed in 1.3, there is an expected bias among T0 values as a function of the standard specimen type. The magnitude of the bias may increase inversely to the strain hardening ability of the test material at a given yield strength, as the average crack-tip constraint of the data set decreases (16). On average, T0 values obtained from C(T) specimens are higher than T0 values obtained from SE(B) specimens. Best estimate comparison indicates that the average difference between C(T) and SE(B)-derived T0 values is approximately 10 °C (2). However, individual C(T) and SE(B) datasets may show much larger T0 differences (3, 17, 18), or the SE(B) T0 values may be higher than the C(T) values (2) . On the other hand, comparisons of individual, small datasets may not necessarily reveal this average trend. Datasets which contain both C(T) and SE(B) specimens may generate T0 results which fall between the T0 values calculated using solely C(T) or SE(B) specimens. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of a reference temperature, T0, which characterizes the fracture toughness of ferritic steels that experience onset of cleavage cracking at elastic, or elastic-plastic KJc instabilities, or both. The specific types of ferritic steels (3.2.2) covered are those with yield strengths ranging from 275 MPa to 825 MPa (40 ksi to 120 ksi) and weld metals, after stress-relief annealing, that have 10 % or less strength mismatch relative to that of the base metal. 1.2 The specimens covered are fatigue precracked single-edge notched bend bars, SE(B), and standard or disk-shaped compact tension specimens, C(T) or DC(T). A range of specimen sizes with proportional dimensions is recommended. The dimension on which the proportionality is based is specimen thickness. 1.3 Median KJc values tend to vary with the specimen type at a given test temperature, presumably due to constraint differences among the allowable test specimens in 1.2. The degree of KJc variability among specimen types is analytically predicted to be a function of the material flow properties (1)2 and decreases with increasing strain hardening capacity for a given yield strength material. This KJc dependency ultimately leads to discrepancies in calculated T0 values as a function of specimen type for the same material. T0 values obtained from C(T) specimens are expected to be higher than T0 values obtained from SE(B) specimens. Best estimate comparisons of several materials indicate that the average difference between C(T) and SE(B)-derived T0 values is approximately 10°C (2). C(T) and SE(B) T0 differences up to 15 °C have also been recorded (3). However, comparisons of individual, small datasets may not necessarily reveal this average trend. Datasets which contain both C(T) and SE(B) specimens may generate T0 results which fall between the T0 values calculated using solely C(T) or SE(B) specimens. It is therefore strongly recommended that the specimen type be reported along with the derived T0 value in all reporting, analysis, and discussion of results. This recommended reporting is in addition to the requirements in 11.1.1. 1.4 Requirements are set on specimen size and the number of replicate tests that are needed to establish acceptable characterization of KJc data populations. 1.5 T0 is dependent on loading rate. T0 is evaluated for a quasi-static loading rate range with 0.1< dK/dt < 2 MPa√m/s. Slowly loaded specimens (dK/dt < 0.1 MPa√m) can be analyzed if environmental effects are known to be negligible. Provision is also made for higher loading rates (dK/dt > 2 MPa√m/s) in Annex A1. Note that this threshold loading rate for application of Annex A1 is a much lower threshold than is required in other fracture toughness test methods such as E399 and E1820. 1.6 The statistical effects of specimen size on KJc in the transition range are treated using the weakest-link theory (4) applied to a three-parameter Weibull distribution of fracture toughness values. A limit on KJc values, relative to the specimen size, is specified to ensure high constraint conditions along the crack front at fracture. For some materials, particularly those with low strain hardening, this limit may not be sufficient to ensure that a single-parameter (KJc) adequately describes the crack-front deformation state (5). 1.7 Statistical methods are employed to predict the transition toughness curve and specified tolerance bounds for 1T specimens of the material tested. The standard deviation of the data distribution is a function of Weibull slope and median KJc. The procedure for applying this information to the establishment of transition temperature shift determinations and the establishment of tolerance limits is prescribed. 1.8 The procedures described in this test method assume that the data set represents a macroscopically homogeneous material, such that the test material has uniform tensile and toughness properties. Application of this test method to an inhomogeneous material will result in an inaccurate estimate of the transition reference value T0 and nonconservative confidence bounds. For example, multi-pass weldments can create heat-affected and brittle zones with localized properties that are quite different from either the bulk or weld materials. Thick-section steels also often exhibit some variation in properties near the surfaces. Metallography and initial screening may be necessary to verify the applicability of these and similarly graded materials. Section 10.6 provides a screening criterion to assess whether the data set may not be representative of a macroscopically homogeneous material, and therefore, may not be amenable to the statistical analysis procedures employed in this test method. If the data set fails the screening criterion in 10.6, the homogeneity of the material and its fracture toughness can be more accurately assessed using the analysis methods described in Appendix X5. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the performance of shielded transition couplings using flexible PVC gaskets to join dissimilar DWV pipe and fittings above and below ground. The gaskets shall be permitted to be spliced or molded and all the steel parts shall be 300 series stainless steel excluding copper bearing alloys. Requirements for the coupling support and installation, elastomeric gasket, and clamp assembly are given. The testing apparatus and requirements for deflection test, shear test, and unrestrained hydrostatic joint test are detailed.1.1 This specification covers the performance of shielded transition couplings using flexible PVC gaskets to join dissimilar DWV pipe and fittings above and below ground up to and including 10-in. pipe and fittings.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards of any other organization.1.4 The following precaution pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 7 and 8 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.5.3 The glass transition takes place over a temperature range. This method assigns a single temperature (Tg) to represent that temperature range as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. Tg may be determined by a variety of techniques and may vary according to that technique.5.4 A glass transition temperature (Tg) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic, thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior.5.5 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical analyzers.1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150 °C.1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification provides general requirements for solvent cements used in joining acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic pipe or fittings to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe or fittings in non-pressure applications only. The solvent cement shall be a solution of Class 12454-B, unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) molding or extrusion compound. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of resin content, dissolution, viscosity, lap shear strength, hydrostatic burst strength, solids content, and bond strength.1.1 This specification provides general requirements for solvent cements used in joining acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic pipe or fittings to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe or fittings.1.2 These cements are intended for use in cementing transition joints between ABS and PVC materials in non-pressure applications only (25 psi (170 kPa) or less).NOTE 1: This specification was developed to provide a means for joining an ABS non-pressure piping system using a solvent-cemented transition joint, for example, joining ABS building drain to a PVC sewer system. The intention was not to create a specification for an all purpose ABS-PVC solvent cement that would be used for mixing of ABS and PVC piping materials nor to specify a cement that could generally be used for either material. Specific cements for ABS or PVC components should be used (see 1.3).1.3 Solvent cements used for joining PVC pipe and fittings are specified in Specification D2564. Solvent cements used for joining ABS pipe and fittings are specified in Specification D2235.1.4 A recommended procedure for joining ABS to PVC pipe and fittings for non-pressure applications is given in the appendix.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Differential scanning calorimetry provides a rapid test method for determining changes in specific heat capacity in a homogeneous material. The glass transition is manifested as a step change in specific heat capacity. For amorphous and semicrystalline materials the determination of the glass transition temperature may lead to important information about their thermal history, processing conditions, stability, progress of chemical reactions, and mechanical and electrical behavior.5.2 This test method is useful for research, quality control, and specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the assignment of the glass transition temperatures of materials using differential scanning calorimetry or differential thermal analysis.1.2 This test method is applicable to amorphous materials or to partially crystalline materials containing amorphous regions, that are stable and do not undergo decomposition or sublimation in the glass transition region.1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from −120 °C to 500 °C. The temperature range may be extended, depending upon the instrumentation used.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 ISO standards 11357–2 is equivalent to this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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