定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

3.1 Measurements of film thickness are an essential part of most ASTM test methods related to coatings on steel pipe. Adequate thickness is important for a coating to fulfill its function of preventing or mitigating corrosion of steel pipelines.3.2 The accuracy of the thickness measurements may be influenced by the deformability of the coating. This test method is not applicable to coatings that would be readily deformable under the force exerted by the probe of the measuring instrument.1.1 This test method describes the nondestructive measurement of the thickness of a dry, nonmagnetic coating applied to the external surface of steel pipe. The method is recommended for coating thicknesses up to 6 mm (0.240 in.) and for any diameter pipe, but not smaller than 10 mm (0.5 in.). It does not apply to excessively soft films.1.2 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This guide has three purposes:4.1.1 To serve as a guide for developers of computer software that provides or makes use of authentication and authorization processes,4.1.2 To serve as a guide to healthcare providers who are implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms, and4.1.3 To be a consensus standard on the design, implementation, and use of authentication and authorization mechanisms.4.2 Additional standards will define interoperable protocols and message formats that can be used to implement these mechanisms in a distributed environment, using specific commercial technologies such as digital signatures.1.1 This guide covers mechanisms that may be used to authenticate healthcare information (both administrative and clinical) users to computer systems, as well as mechanisms to authorize particular actions by users. These actions may include access to healthcare information documents, as well as specific operations on those documents (for example, review by a physician).1.2 This guide addresses both centralized and distributed environments, by defining the requirements that a single system shall meet and the kinds of information which shall be transmitted between systems to provide distributed authentication and authorization services.1.3 This guide addresses the technical specifications for how to perform user authentication and authorization. The actual definition of who can access what is based on organizational policy.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 The maintenance of confidentiality in paper-based, electronic, or computer-based health information requires that policies and procedures be in place to protect confidentiality. Confidentiality of information depends on structural and explicit mechanisms to allow persons or systems to define who has access to what, and in what situation that access is granted. For guidelines on the development and implementation of privilege management infrastructures supporting these mechanisms, see Guide E2595.4.2 Confidential protection of data elements is a specific requirement. The classification of data elements into restrictive and specifically controlled categories is set by policies, professional practice, and laws, legislation, and regulations.4.3 There are three explicit concepts upon which the use of and access to health information confidentiality are defined. Each of these concepts is an explicit and unique characteristic relevant to confidentiality, but only through the combination (convergence) of all three concepts can appropriate access to an explicit data element at a specific point in time be provided, and unauthorized access denied. The three concepts are:4.3.1 The categorization and breakdown of data into logical and reasonable elements or entities.4.3.2 The identification of individual roles or job functions.4.3.3 The establishment of context and conditions of data use at a specific point in time, and within a specific setting.4.4 The overriding principle in preserving the confidentiality of information is to provide access to that information only under circumstances and to individuals when there is an absolute, established, and recognized need to access that data, and the information accessed should itself be constrained only to that information essential to accomplish a defined and recognized task or process. Information nonessential to that task or process should ideally not be accessible, even though an individual accessing that information may have some general right of access to that information.1.1 This guide covers the process of granting and maintaining access privileges to health information. It directly addresses the maintenance of confidentiality of personal, provider, and organizational data in the healthcare domain. It addresses a wide range of data and data elements not all traditionally defined as healthcare data, but all elemental in the provision of data management, data services, and administrative and clinical healthcare services. In addition, this guide addresses specific requirements for granting access privileges to patient-specific health information during health emergencies.1.2 This guide is based on long-term existing and established professional practices in the management of healthcare administrative and clinical data. Healthcare data, and specifically healthcare records (also referred to as medical records or patient records), are generally managed under similar professional practices throughout the United States, essentially regardless of specific variations in local, regional, state, and federal laws regarding rules and requirements for data and record management.1.3 This guide applies to all individuals, groups, organizations, data-users, data-managers, and public and private firms, companies, agencies, departments, bureaus, service-providers, and similar entities that collect individual, group, and organizational data related to health care.1.4 This guide applies to all collection, use, management, maintenance, disclosure, and access of all individual, group, and organizational data related to health care.1.5 This guide does not attempt to address specific legislative and regulatory issues regarding individual, group, and organizational rights to protection of privacy.1.6 This guide covers all methods of collection and use of data whether paper-based, written, printed, typed, dictated, transcribed, forms-based, photocopied, scanned, facsimile, telefax, magnetic media, image, video, motion picture, still picture, film, microfilm, animation, 3D, audio, digital media, optical media, synthetic media, or computer-based.1.7 This guide does not directly define explicit disease-specific and evaluation/treatment-specific data control or access, or both. As defined under this guide, the confidential protection of elemental data elements in relation to which data elements fall into restrictive or specifically controlled categories, or both, is set by policies, professional practice, and laws, legislation and regulations.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

This specification covers steel track spike to be used as fastenings between railroad rails, tie plates, and ties. Several tests shall be conducted, namely: heat or cast analysis; alternative analysis; alternative tension test; product analysis; body bend test; and head bend test. Heat and product analysis shall be performed wherein steel materials shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and copper. Steel specimens shall also undergo tensile tests and conform to required values of yield point, tensile strength, and elongation.1.1 This specification covers steel track spikes used as fastenings between railroad rails, tie plates, and ties.1.2 Three grades of spikes are described, Grades 1, a lower carbon steel; Grade 2, a higher carbon steel; and Grade 3, a carbon structural steel, conforming to Specification A36/A36M.1.3 Supplementary Requirement (S1) are provided for use and shall only apply when specified in the purchase order.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This test method for the chemical analysis of copper is primarily intended to test for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use this method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.1.1 This test method covers the chemical analysis of copper having minimum purity of 99.75 % to 99.95 %.1.2 This test method covers the electrolytic determination of copper in chemical, electrolytic, and fire refined copper. In this method silver is deposited with the copper, and is reported as copper.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.4 and Section 9.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

Enteric viruses of public health significance are present in the aquatic environment.Enteric viruses have been detected in treated water supplies.Enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of illnesses, ranging from hepatitis to gastroenteritis.This practice is applicable to the recovery of many plaque-forming enteric viruses from waters when used in conjunction with cell culture assay systems.The principles of this practice are applicable without technical modifications for monitoring for viruses based on the use of gene probe technology.1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the concentration of viruses from collected samples.1.2 This practice describes a virus adsorption-elution cartridge filter procedure for recovering viruses from drinking water. Volumes of 400 L or more are processed for samples of drinking water quality.1.3 The principles of this practice are also applicable to sewages, effluents, and surface waters without technical modifications.1.4 Although specifically designed for recovery of human enteroviruses, this practice also may be applied to some other human enteric viruses, that have to be determined by specific testing.1.5 The consistency of this practice was determined from method evaluation studies with poliovirus-seeded drinking water samples.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Only adequately trained personnel should be allowed to perform these procedures and should use safety precautions recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service Center for Disease Control for work with potentially hazardous biological organisms.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

Micronucleus assays for genetic damage have been developed in many types of eucaryotic cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The occurrence of micronuclei is indicative of chromosomal damage or mitotic spindle dysfunction.1.1 This guide covers minimal criteria which should be met by a micronucleus assay system prior to the development of an ASTM Standard or Guide for the conduct of that assay.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers load-bearing and nonload-bearing reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) floor, roof, wall, and stair elements used as components for building construction. Installed units covered by this specification shall be protected against direct exposure to moisture using a coating material accepted by the AAC manufacturer. Concrete elements available here are grouped into three classes (AAC-2, AAC-4, and AAC-6) according to strength. Raw materials (quicklime, aggregate, Portland cement, blended cements, gypsum, pozzolan, and gas-producing agents) and steel reinforcing wires shall conform to properties as specified. Concrete elements shall be tested and adhere accordingly to physical requirements as to compressive strength, nominal dry bulk density, drying shrinkage, maximum area of corrosion and corrosion protection effectiveness, yield strength, tensile strength, reduction of area, and weld-point shear strength.1.1 This specification covers load-bearing and nonload-bearing reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) floor, roof, wall, and stair elements used as components for building construction. Autoclaved aerated concrete is a cementitous product based on calcium silicate hydrates in which low density is attained by the inclusion of an agent resulting in macroscopic voids and is subjected to high-pressure steam curing. Installed units covered by this specification shall be protected against direct exposure to moisture using a coating material accepted by the AAC manufacturer.1.2 The raw materials used in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete are portland cement, quartz sand, water, lime, gypsum or anhydrite, and an agent resulting in macroscopic voids. The quartz sand used as a raw material may be replaced by a siliceous fine aggregate other than sand and usually is ground to a fine powder before use. Fly ash may be used as a sand replacement. The batched raw materials are mixed together to form a slurry. The slurry is cast into steel molds. Due to the chemical reactions that take place within the slurry, the volume expands. After setting, and before hardening, the mass is machine cut with high accuracy into elements of various sizes. The elements then are steam-cured under pressure in autoclaves where the matrix is transformed into a solid calcium silicate hydrate.Note 1LOI up to 12 % may be acceptable for production of AAC provided supporting test data is presented by the manufacturer.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元