5.1 This guide provides a method for evaluating investments in terms of their financial merits and environmental merits. This guide can be used to answer whether an investment is both economical and environmentally sustainable or if there is a tradeoff between the environmental aspects of manufacturing and profitability. In the event that there are tradeoffs, this guide provides methods for evaluating those tradeoffs.5.2 The financial merits for this guide are typically from the individual stakeholder perspective (for example, owners or investors, or both) or from the perspective of a selection of stakeholders. It is up to the users to decide what financial changes are relevant to them. For instance, if there is a financial cost borne by a third party, the users may opt to exclude it from their analysis, as it is not relevant for them. The environmental merits are from a multi-stakeholder perspective (for example, societal level) and should follow established standards for evaluating environmental aspects of manufacturing. That is, environmental aspects of manufacturing should not be excluded simply because they do not affect the user.1.1 This guide covers techniques for evaluating manufacturing investments from the perspective of environmentally sustainable manufacturing by pairing economic methods of investment analysis with environmental aspect of manufacturing, including manufacturing processes.1.2 The economic techniques discussed include net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and hurdle rate. These four techniques are deterministic, meaning that they deal with known values that are certain. Probabilistic considerations play no role in determining how these four techniques are deployed. The guide will also move beyond standard deterministic techniques to look at probabilistic methods like the concept of sensitivity analyses with a focus on Monte Carlo analyses.1.3 The techniques can be used by manufacturers, regardless of size or complexity, to make environmentally sustainable decisions, including but not limited to whether to embark on an investment, discontinue a manufacturing line, invest or re-invest in a new project or factory. To outline all possible decision types would constitute a guide in itself.1.4 This guide does not assume specific knowledge of financial techniques on the part of the user, besides some knowledge of discounting. The interested reader is encouraged to follow up and consult outside readings to cover financial techniques beyond the scope of this guide.1.5 This guide uses U.S. dollars, percent change in environmental aspects of manufacturing, and unit change in environmental aspects of manufacturing as its primary units.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The slow strain rate test is used for relatively rapid screening or comparative evaluation, or both, of environmental, processing or metallurgical variables, or both, that can affect the resistance of a material to EAC. For example, this testing technique has been used to evaluate materials, heat treatments, chemical constituents in the environment, and temperature and chemical inhibitors.5.2 Where possible, the application of the SSR test and data derived from its use should be used in combination with service experience or long-term EAC data, or both, obtained through literature sources or additional testing using other testing techniques. In applications where there has been little or no prior experience with SSR testing or little EAC data on the particular material/environment combination of interest, the following steps are recommended:5.2.1 The SSR tests should be conducted over a range of applied extension rates (that is, usually at least one order of magnitude in applied extension rate above and below 10−6 in./s (2.54 × 10–5 mm/s) to determine the effect of strain rate or rate of increase of the stress or stress intensity factor on susceptibility to EAC.5.2.2 Constant load or strain EAC tests should also be conducted in simulated service environments, and service experience should be obtained so that a correlation between SSR test results and anticipated service performance can be developed.5.3 In many cases the SSR test has been found to be a conservative test for EAC. Therefore, it may produce failures in the laboratory under conditions which do not necessarily cause EAC under service application. Additionally, in some limited cases, EAC indications are not found in smooth tension SSR tests even when service failures have been observed. This effect usually occurs when there is a delay in the initiation of localized corrosion processes. Therefore, the suggestions given in 5.2 are strongly encouraged.5.4 In some cases, EAC will only occur in a specific range of strain rates. Therefore, where there is little prior information available, tests should be conducted over a range of strain rates as discussed in 5.2.1.1 This practice covers procedures for the design, preparation, and use of axially loaded, tension test specimens and fatigue pre-cracked (fracture mechanics) specimens for use in slow strain rate (SSR) tests to investigate the resistance of metallic materials to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). While some investigators utilize SSR test techniques in combination with cyclic or fatigue loading, no attempt has been made to incorporate such techniques into this practice.1.2 Slow strain rate testing is applicable to the evaluation of a wide variety of metallic materials in test environments which simulate aqueous, nonaqueous, and gaseous service environments over a wide range of temperatures and pressures that may cause EAC of susceptible materials.1.3 The primary use of this practice is to furnish accepted procedures for the accelerated testing of the resistance of metallic materials to EAC under various environmental conditions. In many cases, the initiation of EAC is accelerated through the application of a dynamic strain in the gauge section or at a notch tip or crack tip, or both, of a specimen. Due to the accelerated nature of this test, the results are not intended to necessarily represent service performance, but rather to provide a basis for screening, for detection of an environmental interaction with a material, and for comparative evaluation of the effects of metallurgical and environmental variables on sensitivity to known environmental cracking problems.1.4 Further information on SSR test methods is available in ISO 7539 and in the references provided with this practice (1-6).21.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Furthermore, in some cases, special facilities will be required to isolate these tests from laboratory personnel if high pressures or toxic chemical environments, or both, are utilized in SSR testing.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Plastics that are designed to degrade after use have been developed. These materials are intended to enhance existing solid waste landfill diversion programs by allowing difficult to recycle materials to be collected and processed in alternative solid waste disposal systems. Composting has emerged as a viable approach to process these materials and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). A comprehensive testing program is needed to establish the compostability (for example, fragmentation rate, biodegradation rate, and safety) of these materials.This guide can be adapted to generate product-specific evidence for the substantiation of compostable claims to obtain classification as a compostable product.Note 4—State and local regulations should also be considered.1.1 This guide covers suggested criteria, procedures, and a general approach to establish the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

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4.1 ECDG perform a number of important functions in a building envelope including: reducing the solar energy heat gain; providing a variable visual connection with the outside world; enhancing human comfort (heat gain), security, illumination, and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and (possibly) improving acoustical performance. It is therefore important to understand the relative serviceability of these glazings.4.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for assessing the relative serviceability of ECDGs, as described in Section 1.4.3 The test method is intended to simulate in-service use and accelerate aging of the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings.4.4 Results from these tests cannot be used to predict the performance over time of in-service units unless actual corresponding in-service tests have been conducted and appropriate analyses have been conducted to show how performance can be predicted from the accelerated aging tests.4.5 The procedure in this test method includes environmental test parameters that are typically used in weatherability tests by standards organizations and are realistic for the intended use of large-area ECDG units.1.1 This test method covers the accelerated aging and monitoring of the time-dependent performance of environmentally controlled dynamic glazings such as thermochromic (TC) thermotropic, photochromic glazings. and combinations thereof.1.2 The test method is applicable only for environmentally controlled dynamic glazings. These glazings may be either monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, or sealed insulating glass units fabricated for use in buildings, such as exterior doors, windows, skylights, and wall systems.1.3 During use, the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings tested according to this method are exposed to environmental conditions, including solar radiation and are employed to control the amount of transmitted radiation by absorption and reflection and thus, limit the amount of solar radiation that is transmitted into a building.1.4 The test method is not applicable to electronically controlled chromogenic devices, such as electrochromic devices.1.5 The test method is not applicable to environmentally controlled dynamic glazings that are constructed from superstrate or substrate materials other than glass.1.6 The test method referenced herein is a laboratory test conducted under specified conditions.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification provides a basis for evaluating the accelerated aging performance of environmentally controlled dynamic glazings (ECDG) in monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, or pre-assembled, permanently sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems. ECDG is the glazing material installed in a prepared opening of a building whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by exposure to changing environmental conditions such as temperature and sunlight intensity. This specification also covers ECDG devices in pre-assembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open, but does not apply to other types of dynamic glazing which require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance, such as electrochromic glazings.This specification prescribes the performance requirements and test methods for ECDG, as well as specimen preparation, qualification, and reporting requirements.1.1 This specification is applicable to environmentally controlled dynamic glazings (ECDG) whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by exposure to changing environmental conditions such as temperature and sunlight intensity. This includes thermochromic and thermotropic glazing, but currently excludes photochromic glazings as neither Test Method E3119 nor this specification provide a procedure to access multiple states of photochromic glazing specimens.1.2 This specification does not apply to other types of dynamic glazing which require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance, such as electrochromic glazings.1.3 This specification covers environmentally controlled dynamic glazing (ECDG) in monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, or pre-assembled, permanently sealed insulating glass units with one or more cavities in which at least one lite is an ECDG (which may be in the form of a laminated lite or a single pane with coatings or film applied). This specification is also applicable to ECDG devices in pre-assembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open. As applicable, this specification also requires conformance to Specification E2190.1.4 This specification is applicable only to monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, and sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems.1.5 Qualification under this specification is intended to provide a basis for evaluating the aging performance of environmentally controlled dynamic glazing in monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, and sealed insulating glass units.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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