4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur components is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur compounds provides useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in liquid petroleum products in concentrations from 0.01 % to 0.4 % by mass (Note 1). A special sulfate analysis procedure is described in Annex A1 that permits the determination of sulfur in concentrations as low as 5 mg/kg.NOTE 1: The comparable lamp method for the determination of sulfur in liquefied petroleum gas is described in Test Method D2784. For the determination of sulfur in heavier petroleum products that cannot be burned in a lamp, see the high pressure decomposition device method (Test Method D129) the quartz tube method (IP 63), or the high-temperature method (Test Method D1552).1.2 The direct burning procedure (Section 9) is applicable to the analysis of such materials as gasoline, kerosine, naphtha, and other liquids that can be burned completely in a wick lamp. The blending procedure (Section 10) is applicable to the analysis of gas oils and distillate fuel oils, naphthenic acids, alkyl phenols, high sulfur content petroleum products, and many other materials that cannot be burned satisfactorily by the direct burning procedure.1.3 Phosphorus compounds normally present in commercial gasoline do not interfere. A correction is given for the small amount of acid resulting from the combustion of the lead anti-knock fluids in gasolines. Appreciable concentrations of acid-forming or base-forming elements from other sources interfere when the titration procedure is employed since no correction is provided in these cases.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. Generally, two controls are recommended: one known to have poor durability and one known to have good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.5.2.2 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in the same model of apparatus should not be made unless reproducibility has been established among devices for the material to be tested.5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.NOTE 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.NOTE 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.NOTE 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.NOTE 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The apparatus exposes specimens to light, heat, and optionally moisture, often to attempt to replicate specimen property changes observed in outdoor and indoor end-use environments. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.5.2 This practice allows a wide range of exposure conditions that may produce significantly different results. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from its use unless accompanied by a report in conformance with Section 10 detailing the specific operating conditions.5.2.1 A control (a similar material of known performance) should be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a reference for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use two different control materials: one known to have relatively poor durability and one known to have relatively good durability. At least three replicates of each test specimen and control material should be exposed concurrently to permit statistical evaluation of results.5.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different apparatus (even if the apparatus is the same model) using the identical setpoints and operational controls should not be made unless reproducibility has been established between apparatus for the material to be tested.5.4 Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering apparatus.5.5 It is recommended that users follow good laboratory practices in order to reduce variability in exposures (1).81.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles and procedures for operating a xenon arc lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as humidity, rain, or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.NOTE 1: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.NOTE 2: Practice G151 describes general procedures and performance requirements to be used when exposing materials in an apparatus that uses laboratory light sources.1.3 Test specimens are exposed to light from an optically-filtered xenon arc lamp under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of optical filters in combination with xenon arc light sources are described.1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151.NOTE 3: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This practice is technically similar to the following ISO documents: ISO 4892-2, ISO 16474-2, ISO 105-B02, ISO 105-B04, ISO 105-B05, ISO 105-B06, and ISO 105-B10.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the lamp(s), it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Photovoltaic modules and components must be resistant to prolonged exposure to solar radiation, moisture and heat. Degradation of polymeric components, delamination at the encapsulant and other interfaces, and moisture ingress are among the degradation modes known to decrease the output of photovoltaic modules. IEC qualification standards for PV modules include tests intended to uncover whether solar ultraviolet radiation induced degradation may cause early-life failures. This practice provides general and specific guidance on performing tests that meet the requirements of the ultraviolet radiation conditioning exposures in the IEC qualification standards.4 Other protocols exist that may also conform to the IEC test requirements.5.2 In the qualification test sequence, this UV preconditioning exposure is conducted prior to the thermal cycling and humidity freeze tests. These tests were included to replicate a delamination failure observed in modules.55.3 IEC exposure methods should not be considered as long-term weathering tests. Exposure to moisture in the form of condensation or water spray is not a requirement of the UV exposure tests in IEC PV module qualification standards. Inclusion of moisture is typically a consideration in weathering tests.5.4 Variation in test results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the acceptable limits of this standard. In particular, reciprocity of degradation among varying irradiance levels should not be assumed. Consequently, no reference to this practice should be made without an accompanying report prepared in accordance with Section 9 that describes the specific operating conditions used.5.5 Correlation between this practice and long term performance of PV modules in real-world installations has not been determined. Although experience has shown these methods are effective in screening for unstable materials and systems, it is unknown at this time if degradation due to prolonged solar ultraviolet exposure can be replicated by extending the time and energy dosage of the exposures described in this practice. The most effective use of this practice is as a comparative tool for evaluating materials and systems. Consequently, the use of controls or reference materials of known performance is recommended; refer to Practice G151, Section 6.2.4.1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions for performing ultraviolet conditioning exposures on photovoltaic modules or mini-modules using fluorescent ultraviolet lamps in accordance with Practices G151 and G154. This practice covers test conditions that meet the requirements for UV preconditioning in initial qualification tests of photovoltaic modules or mini-modules as published in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Application of an EL lamp (or other diffuse lighting source) to illuminate a device has a functional purpose and must meet specifications to satisfy the functional requirements of the device.4.2 Illumination of the device or application can be affected by variations in the quality, efficiency, and design of the lamp and any attendant mounting or shading fixtures.4.3 This test method addresses only the optical and visual appearance of the lamp and not its electrical function.4.4 This test method is non-destructive.4.5 This test method is described for application to the illumination layer in which case the results apply to that layer only. However, it may be desirable and practical to apply the test to a further assembly or to a fully assembled device with built in illumination. In such a case, the results refer specifically to the subassembly or the entire device respectively.1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the uniformity of the luminance of an electroluminescent (EL) lamp. While written specifically for the purpose of evaluating EL devices, which are intrinsically very uniform, it can be applied (judiciously) to the measurement of any diffuse, essentially planar, light source. For specific purposes, it can be applied to partially assembled devices into which the illumination is installed (such as a membrane switch) as a diagnostic for the performance of the entire device. In such a case it must be understood that the results pertain only to the partial assembly and will be modified as the further assembly proceeds.1.2 The method is to take a 2-dimensional set of measurements, sampling the surface of the unit under test with appropriate density. The method is restricted to measuring luminance only, since variations in color will also show as luminance non-uniformity especially in any photoptically calibrated measuring device.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification is intended to set forth the packaging requirements for lamp fuel and torch fuel intended for use by consumers in and around the household and which contain 10 % or more petroleum distillates with a viscosity of less than 100 SUS (Saybolt universal viscosity) at 100 °F.1.2 The specification is not intended to cover materials defined as flammable or extremely flammable.1.3 This packaging specification is intended to set forth design and performance requirements related to packaging, closures, and product labeling.1.4 This specification applies to pourable lamp fuel and torch fuel containers with a rated capacity of less than 5 gal intended for household use.1.5 Exemptions—Products defined as a pesticide by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) are exempt from Section 5.1 labeling requirements.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 To provide a standardized test method that can be used for a valid comparison of luminance time curves, color changes and cosmetic changes between lamps of various designs, fabrication techniques, and sources.1.1 This test method establishes the procedures for determining the visible performance change, which is defined by luminance, color and cosmetic appearance of an electroluminescent lamp during operation over an extended time.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Material resistance to photodegradation caused by exposure to artificial UVC light sources is a growing concern due to the use of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases.5.2 Materials and products intended for direct sunlight exposure are typically designed to resist the effects of the UVA and UVB light reaching the earth’s surface, but generally they are not tested to determine the effects of exposure to UVC, which is filtered out by the atmosphere.5.3 Compared to light in the UVA and UVB regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, UVC light, when absorbed by a material, can cause photodegradation to proceed at different rates and by different mechanisms as well as confining degradation to a thinner surface layer.5.4 Indoor materials and products, which typically are not designed to withstand significant ultraviolet light exposure, are at even greater risk of premature degradation when subjected to UVC exposure.5.5 This practice is intended to induce property changes consistent with those experienced by materials exposed to artificial UVC light sources with a similar spectral irradiance distribution to those specified in this practice.1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a low-pressure mercury lamp apparatus to assess degradation of materials due to exposure to UVC light; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the photodegradation effects that occur when materials are exposed to artificial light sources that emit radiation primarily in the UVC wavelength band, particularly in the range of 240 nm to 280 nm. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.NOTE 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.NOTE 2: A common use of UVC light sources is for the disinfection of surfaces and air, a process known as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). Water disinfection applications using UVC light sources have been in use for many decades.1.3 This practice does not cover other light sources (e.g. LEDs, excimer lamps, etc.) or any lamps that emit wavelengths primarily outside the range in 1.2.1.4 Specimens are exposed to UVC light controlled to a specified irradiance level under controlled temperature conditions.1.5 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration caused by exposure to light, heat, and water is a property of significance in many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of ultraviolet solar irradiance, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as, atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. (Warning—Variation in operating conditions within the accepted limits of this practice will not necessarily provide the same results. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared in accordance with Section 8 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance with this practice.)NOTE 2: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.5,6 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.4.3 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G154. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, temperature of the room in which the device operates, temperature control, and condition and age of the lamp.1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for using a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus exposure of plastics conducted in accordance with Practices G151 and G154. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions best suited for plastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard and ISO 4892-3 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical contact.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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It is important to have the sulfur content of liquefied petroleum gases at low enough concentration to meet government regulations. The presence of sulfur can result in corrosion of metal surfaces. Sulfur can be poisonous to catalysts in subsequent processing.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in liquefied petroleum gases containing more than 1 μg/g. Specimens should not contain more than 100 μg/g of halogens.1.2 To attain the quantitative detectability that the test method is capable of, stringent techniques must be employed and all possible sources of sulfur contamination must be eliminated. In particular, cleaning agents, such as common household detergents which contain sulfates, should be avoided.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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