5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after insertion.5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or postcoating treatments, any of which may influence the susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended for devices with other shapes or sizes.1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative weight loss.1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phase transformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100 °C in air.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a procedure to estimate the potential strength of a particular test specimen based upon its measured strength at an age as early as 24 h.4 The early-age test results provide information on the variability of the concrete production process for use in process control.5.2 The relationship between early-age strength of test specimens and strength achieved at some later age under standard curing depends upon the materials comprising the concrete. In this test method, it is assumed that there is a linear relationship between strength and the logarithm of the maturity index. Experience has shown that this is an acceptable approximation for test ages between 24 h and 28 days under standard curing conditions. The user of this test method shall verify that the test data used to develop the prediction equation are represented correctly by the linear relationship. If the underlying relationship between strength and the logarithm of the maturity index cannot be approximated by a straight line, the principle of this test method is applicable provided an appropriate equation is used to represent the non-linear relationship.5.3 Strength projections are limited to concretes using the same materials and proportions as the concrete used to establish the prediction equation.NOTE 1: Confidence intervals developed in accordance with 10.2 are helpful in evaluating projected strengths.5.4 This test method is not intended for estimating the in-place strength of concrete. Practice C1074 provides procedures for using the measured in-place maturity index to estimate in-place strength.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for making and curing concrete specimens and for testing them at an early age. The specimens are stored under standard or accelerated curing conditions and the measured temperature history is used to compute a maturity index that is related to strength gain.1.2 This test method also covers a procedure for using the results of early-age compressive-strength tests to project the potential strength of concrete at later ages.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)21.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Paint spatter generated by roller application is dependent on the properties of both the paint being applied and the paint roller cover used for the application. To eliminate the influence of the paint roller cover as a variable, and thus restrict the spatter-inducing variable to the paint under test only, the paint roller cover is replaced by a standard notched spool roller to generate spatter by a mechanism that simulates that of a paint-applying roller cover.4.2 Although most of the development work to establish this test method was undertaken using latex paints, sufficient work was also done to show its applicability to solvent-reducible paints.4.3 Tests during the development of this test method showed that the spattering properties of paints, like other physical properties, may in time change. Therefore, the results of this test are valid only for the time when the test is run.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of a paint to spatter when applied with a paint roller to a substrate.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 This practice is to be used to measure the length of a specified dip tube from the bottom of the sealing surface to the end of the dip tube in a mechanical pump dispenser.2.2 This practice is to be used to measure the exposed length of a specified dip tube of a mechanical pump dispenser.1.1 This practice covers the measurement technique for a dip tube of a mechanical pump dispenser.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined. The four water treatment levels may be tested individually, all four simultaneously, or any combination of multiple water treatment levels.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.3.2 Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.3.3 Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.3.4 The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.3.5 The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F1570 (Tactile Ratio). Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle better represent the characterization of tactile sensation, previously called “Tactile Ratio” in Test Method F1570.1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F1682 (Travel).1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F1597 (Actuation and Contact Force).1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F1997 (Switch Sensitivity).1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This practice is useful in identifying the major organic constituents in wastewater for support of effective in-plant or pollution control programs. Currently, the most practical means for tentatively identifying and measuring a range of volatile organic compounds is gas-liquid chromatography. Positive identification requires supplemental testing (for example, multiple columns, speciality detectors, spectroscopy, or a combination of these techniques).1.1 This practice covers general guidance applicable to certain test methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of specific organic compounds, or classes of compounds, in water by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography (1, 2, 3, 4).21.2 Volatile organic compounds at aqueous concentrations greater than about 1 mg/L can generally be determined by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Flat-rolled electrical steel master coils are usually slit into narrower coils. Usually these slit coils are punched or sheared into laminations of various shapes. The laminations are then uniformly stacked to become the cores of magnetic devices such as motors and transformers. Stacking of many laminations exhibiting excessive taper causes assembly problems and poor appearance. Nonuniform stack lengths in motors cause imbalance and noise. When the laminations are interleaved in transformers, taper causes air spaces within the core resulting in increased noise, increased exciting current, and higher core loss.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring edge taper and crown of flat-rolled electrical steel coils as produced at the steel mill.1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.3 The following material specifications include requirements for edge taper or crown: A677, A683, A726, A876, and A1086. Specification A840 also includes requirements for edge taper or crown, but it has been withdrawn and reference to it is included for historical purposes.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thermocouples fabricated from thermocouple cable that has been contaminated by moisture or by other impurities may undergo large changes in thermoelectric properties or may fail catastrophically when exposed to high temperatures. Since such contamination usually lowers the electrical resistance between the thermoelements and the sheath substantially, measurement of the insulation resistance can provide a valuable check of insulation quality and cleanliness, and can serve as a basis for rejection of unsuitable material and unreliable components. For manufacturers in particular, low electrical insulation resistance can also be indicative of displaced thermoelements or conductors or defects in the metal sheath which will require further investigation, but all users should be aware of these potential defects when faced with an unacceptable insulation resistance measurement.5.2 This test method is primarily intended for use by manufacturers and users of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples or MIMS cables to verify that measured values of insulation resistance exceed specified minimum values, such as those listed in Specifications E235, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E2181/E2181M, and E2821. Manufacturers and users should be aware, however, that when the insulation resistance is greater than 1 × 108 Ω, disagreement by an order of magnitude in the results obtained with this test method is not unusual. In addition, users of this test method should appreciate that the room temperature insulation resistance of both MIMS cables and of finished thermocouples will change during shipment, storage, and use if the end seals are damaged or defective. Consequently, values of insulation resistance determined by this test method may not necessarily be repeatable.1.1 This test method provides the procedures for measuring the room temperature electrical insulation resistance between the thermoelements and between the thermoelements and the sheath, of a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple or mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple cable or between the conductors and between the conductors and the sheath, of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cable used for industrial resistance thermometers. It may be used to measure the insulation resistance of bulk lengths of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed MIMS cable previously sealed against moisture intrusion or to test a thermocouple having an ungrounded measuring junction. This method cannot be used to test a thermocouple having a grounded measuring junction unless the measuring junction is removed prior to testing, after which the thermocouple may be dealt with in the same manner as a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cable.1.2 This test method applies primarily to thermocouple cables and cable used for industrial resistance thermometers conforming to Specifications E585/E585M, E2181/E2181M, and E2821 and to thermocouples conforming to Specifications E608/E608M and E2181/E2181M, but may also be applied to thermocouples or MIMS cables that are suitable for use in air, whose sheath or thermoelements or conductors are comprised of refractory metals, that are tested in a dry and chemically inert environment, and that may employ compacted ceramic insulating materials other than magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3). Users of this test method should note that specifications dealing with compacted ceramic insulating materials other than magnesia or alumina, which are described in Specification E1652, are not currently available. As a result, acceptance criteria must be agreed upon between the customer and supplier at the time of purchase, or alternatively, judgment and experience must be applied in establishing test voltage levels and acceptable insulation resistance values for these types of thermocouples and MIMS cables.1.3 This test method may be used for thermocouples or MIMS cables having an outside diameter of 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) or larger.1.4 Users of this test method should be aware that the room temperature insulation resistance of a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed thermocouple or MIMS cable will change during shipment, storage, or use if they are not properly sealed.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The g-max values obtained by these procedures are indicative of the impact attenuation characteristics of playing surfaces used for sports such as American football, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, rugby, etc. Optional time history data can be used to further describe these properties.1.1 This test method is used to determine the impact-attenuation characteristics of natural turfgrass and soil playing surface systems with a lightweight portable apparatus. This test method can be used to compare the impact attenuation characteristics of natural playing surface systems, as well as assessing the effects of management practices on the impact attenuation characteristics. This test method also can be used to assess the compactibility of natural playing surfaces by recording g-max values or penetration of successive impacts, or both.1.2 This test method provides a procedure for assessing impact attenuation characteristics in the field, on both actual playing surfaces and research plots. Numerical data will not be comparable to data obtained using a different missile mass or geometry, different drop height, or different standard method, for example, Test Method F1936.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Intervertebral body fusion devices are generally simple geometric-shaped devices, which are often porous or hollow in nature. Their function is to support the anterior column of the spine to facilitate arthrodesis of the motion segment.5.2 This test method is designed to quantify the subsidence characteristics of different designs of intervertebral body fusion devices since this is a potential clinical failure mode. These tests are conducted in vitro in order to simplify the comparison of simulated vertebral body subsidence induced by the intervertebral body fusion devices.5.3 The static axial compressive loads that will be applied to the intervertebral body fusion devices and test blocks will differ from the complex loading seen in vivo, and therefore, the results from this test method may not be used to directly predict in vivo performance. The results, however, can be used to compare the varying degrees of subsidence between different intervertebral body fusion device designs for a given density of simulated bone.5.4 The location within the simulated vertebral bodies and position of the intervertebral body fusion device with respect to the loading axis will be dependent upon the design and manufacturer's recommendation for implant placement.1.1 This test method specifies the materials and methods for the axial compressive subsidence testing of non-biologic intervertebral body fusion devices, spinal implants designed to promote arthrodesis at a given spinal motion segment.1.2 This test method is intended to provide a basis for the mechanical comparison among past, present, and future non-biologic intervertebral body fusion devices. This test method is intended to enable the user to mechanically compare intervertebral body fusion devices and does not purport to provide performance standards for intervertebral body fusion devices.1.3 This test method describes a static test method by specifying a load type and a specific method of applying this load. This test method is designed to allow for the comparative evaluation of intervertebral body fusion devices.1.4 Guidelines are established for measuring test block deformation and determining the subsidence of intervertebral body fusion devices.1.5 Since some intervertebral body fusion devices require the use of additional implants for stabilization, the testing of these types of implants may not be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended usage.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard with the exception of angular measurements, which may be reported in terms of either degrees or radians.1.7 The use of this standard may involve the operation of potentially hazardous equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Testing machines that apply and measure displacement are used in many industries. They may be used in research laboratories to determine material properties, and in production lines to qualify products for shipment. The displacement measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead or actuator displacement over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the displacement value shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or another recognized National Laboratory. Practices E2309 provides a procedure to verify these machines and systems, in order that the measured displacement values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known displacement characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of displacement measuring systems by means of standard calibration devices for static and quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines or displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring systems are not intended to be used for the determination of strain. See Practice E83.1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the displacement measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the displacement-measuring system(s) to be verified.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/E2309M.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means of accelerating the tendency of a material toward spontaneous heating that may eventually lead to a fire. It is applicable to liquids and pastes.5.2 The spontaneous heating behavior of an oil-based material is affected by such factors as the availability of oxygen, the amount of driers present, the degree of polymerization of oils, the surface area of the cellulose material, measures to prevent heat dissipation, and the amount of oil in contact with cellulose material. The degree of spontaneous heating bears little relationship to the type of cellulose material to which an oil-based material comes in contact or whether or not oil soaked materials are first air dried. Small amounts of contaminants, such as oil paint, quartz dust, dirt or drier (for example, materials that might be found on a dirty, oil-soaked rag), can act as catalysts for this reaction.41.1 This test method covers a small-scale laboratory procedure to determine the self heating tendency of oil-based materials by exposure to elevated temperatures in air in a controlled semi-adiabatic system.1.2 This test method has been developed to address an urgent need to identify oil-based materials that may require labeling for spontaneous heating tendency. Studies based on this test method may allow the development of a practice to identify such oil-based materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For safety concerns specific to disposal of solvent-soaked rags, see Appendix X1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Dispersancy is the property that allows oil to suspend and carry away pollutants of diverse sources such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the aging of the oil.5.2 When poured on a specific filter paper, oil that is properly dispersing soot and other insolubles produces an evenly graduated spot. The distribution of the different zones (Fig. 1) will reflect the status of oil dispersancy.FIG. 1 Oil Spot Example and Scheme of the Distribution of the Different Zones5.3 While the oil spreads out on the filter paper, the oil carries contaminants, and due to the lamination phenomenon of the oil film, the particles of same size deposit on the paper on the same concentric zones.5.4 This test method provides a simple technique for condition monitoring of the dispersancy property of in-service lubricants.5.5 An oil that is properly dispersing soot and other insolubles produces an evenly graduated blotter (see Fig. 2—Spot 1). A ring of light debris on the outer circumference of the circular spot also indicates that the oil has retained its dispersancy properties.FIG. 2 Oil Spot Examples5.6 A blotter indicating a high soot load, but even graduation, suggests the oil is still fit for service, but should be watched closely for degradation (see Fig. 2—Spot 2).5.7 When dispersancy begins to fail, the insolubles begin to form a dense ring on the exterior of the absorbing oil drop as in Fig. 2—Spot 3. A brown or yellow stain on the blotter spot indicates oxidation.5.8 Fig. 2—Spot 4 indicates the characteristic dense black dot and sharp periphery that indicates sludge and the loss of dispersancy as the particles have settled in the center and the oil has wicked outward.5.9 From a maintenance perspective, when the ring begins to form around the exterior of the oil blotter, it is time to look at scheduling a drain. If the black dot is allowed to form, the situation is problematic because the undispersed portion of soot that has deposited upon surfaces will not be removed by the oil change. Often, several changes made at frequent intervals will be required to effectively scour the engine clean. Also, if dispersancy performance degrades at an unusually rapid pace, a more extensive review of combustion and ring performance should be undertaken.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the merit of dispersancy of diesel crankcase engine oils as well as other types of engine oils where pollutants of diverse sources such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the oxidation of the oil may contaminate the lubricant.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning, or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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