4.1 This guide provides persons responsible for designing and implementing wastewater sampling programs with a summary of the types of automatic wastewater samplers, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of samplers, and addresses recommended procedures for their use. The field settings are primarily, but not limited to, open channel flows in enclosed (e.g., sewer) systems or open (e.g., streams or open ditches, and sampling pressure lines) systems.1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of automatic wastewater samplers, including procedures for their use in obtaining representative samples. Automatic wastewater samplers are intended for the unattended collection of samples that are representative of the parameters of interest in the wastewater body. While this guide primarily addresses the sampling of wastewater, the same automatic samplers may be used to sample process streams and natural water bodies.1.2 The guide does not address general guidelines for planning waste sampling activities (see Guide D4687), development of data quality objectives (see Practice D5792), the design of monitoring systems and determination of the number of samples to collect (see Guide D6311), operational details of any specific type of sampler, in-situ measurement of parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpretation of resultant data (see Guide D6233), or sampling and field quality assurance (see Guide D5612). It also does not address sampling groundwater.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 Exception—The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is for the use of disposable handheld soil core samplers in collecting and storing approximately 5 or 25 g soil samples for volatile organic analysis in a manner that reduces loss of contaminants due to volatilization or biodegradation. In general, an initial soil core sample is collected (see Guides D6169/D6169M and D6282/D6282M) and the disposable handheld soil core sampler is then used to collect the 5 or 25 g soil sample from the initial soil core sample. The disposable handheld soil core sampler can also serve as a sample storage chamber.5.2 The physical integrity of the soil sample is maintained during sample collection, storage, and transfer in the laboratory for analysis or preservation.5.3 During sample collection, storage, and transfer, there is very limited exposure of the sample to the atmosphere.5.4 Laboratory subsampling is not required for samples collected following this guide. The sample is expelled directly from the coring body/storage chamber into the appropriate container for analysis, or preservation, at the analytical laboratory without disrupting the integrity of the sample. Subsampling from the disposable handheld soil core sampler should not be performed to obtain smaller sample sizes for analysis.5.5 This guide specifies sample storage in the disposable handheld soil core sampler at 4 ± 2°C for up to 48 h.5.6 This guide does not use methanol preservation or other chemical preservatives in the field. As a result, there are no problems associated with flammability hazards, shipping restrictions, or dilution of samples containing low volatile concentrations due to solvents being added to samples in the field.5.7 The disposable handheld soil core samplers are single-use devices. They should not be cleaned or reused.5.8 This disposable handheld soil core samplers cannot be used for collecting cemented material, consolidated material, or material having fragments wider than the mouth of the device or coarse enough to interfere with proper coring techniques.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the laboratory testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, user of this practice should recognize that the framework of practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.1.1 This guide is intended for application to soils that may contain volatile organic compounds.1.2 This guide provides a general procedure and considerations associated with using a disposable handheld soil core sampler to collect and temporarily store a soil sample for volatile organic analysis.1.3 In general, an initial soil sample is collected (see Guides D6169/D6169M and D6282/D6282M) and the disposable handheld soil core sampler is then used to collect the 5 or 25 g soil sample from the initial soil core sample. The disposable handheld soil core sampler can also serve as a sample storage chamber. It is recommended that this standard be used in conjunction with Guides D4547, D4687, D6169/D6169M, D6232, D6282/D6282M, D6418, and D6640, as appropriate, which provide information on the collection of the initial soil core sample.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Diffusive samplers provide a useful sampling option for studying time-weighted average indoor air concentrations of vapor-phase pollutants. They are easy and cost-effective to deploy enabling the collection of relatively large data sets.5.2 The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for the placement and use of diffusive samplers that when uniformly applied enables the user to eliminate many potential interferences that may occur in diffusive sampling of indoor air. Since the analysis of the indoor environment by diffusive sampling is influenced by many factors other than the method of sampling, efforts are made to minimize interfering factors and maintain the air at conditions typical of the measurement location within the vicinity of the diffusive sampler. However, when performing certain diagnostic or special measurements, non-typical indoor air environmental conditions may be desirable or required. Thus, the objectives of a sampling study determine the conditions needed for sampling.5.3 Diffusive sampling provides for time integrated measurements. Diffusive samplers are usually placed in an indoor environment over a time period to obtain a time weighted average concentration; hence, interfering factors potentially occurring over this period should be anticipated and eliminated where possible. Diffusive samplers often lack the sensitivity to measure short-term peak concentrations.5.4 With suitable instruction regarding placement of diffusive samplers, placement, and retrieval of the samplers can be performed by unskilled personnel (for example, occupants).1.1 This guide covers the placement and use of diffusive samplers in an indoor environment.1.2 The primary use of diffusive samplers is to measure the exposure concentrations of specific gaseous air contaminants for occupants in a variety of indoor environments.1.3 Diffusive samplers within this guide are used to measure concentrations of air contaminants in residences, public buildings, offices, and other non-industrial environments. A diffusive sampler is any air sampler that does not utilize electrical or mechanical power in order to supply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within the sampler and that samples according to Fick’s first law of diffusion.1.4 The purpose of this guide is to ensure uniformity of sampling within a variety of indoor environments and to facilitate comparison of results.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is significant for determining performance relative to ideal sampling conventions. The purposes are multifold:5.1.1 The conventions have a recognized tie to health effects and can easily be adjusted to accommodate new findings.5.1.2 Performance criteria permit instrument designers to seek practical sampler improvements.5.1.3 Performance criteria promote continued experimental testing of the samplers in use with the result that the significant variables (such as wind speed, particle charge, etc.) affecting sampler operation become understood.5.2 One specific use of the performance tests is in determining the efficacy of a given candidate sampler for application in regulatory sampling. The accuracy of the candidate sampler is measured in accordance with the evaluation tests given here. A sampler may then be adopted for a specific application if the accuracy is better than a specific value.NOTE 1: In some instances, a sampler so selected for use in compliance determinations is specified within an exposure standard. This is done so as to eliminate differences among similar samplers. Sampler specification then replaces the respirable sampling convention, eliminating bias (3.2.6), which then does not appear in the uncertainty budget.5.3 Although the criteria are presented in terms of accepted sampling conventions geared mainly to compliance sampling, other applications exist as well. For example, suppose that a specific aerosol diameter-dependent health effect is under investigation. Then for the purpose of an epidemiological study an aerosol sampler that reflects the diameter dependence of interest is required. Sampler accuracy may then be determined relative to a modified sampling convention.1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance of personal samplers of non-fibrous respirable aerosol. The samplers are assessed relative to a specific respirable sampling convention. The convention is one of several that identify specific particle size fractions for assessing health effects of airborne particles. When a health effects assessment has been based on a specific convention it is appropriate to use that same convention for setting permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment and for monitoring compliance. The conventions, which define inhalable, thoracic, and respirable aerosol sampler ideals, have now been adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO 7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, Ref (1)),2 developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed in Ref (3) and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed in Refs (3, 4).1.2 This practice is complementary to Test Method D4532, which specifies a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone.3 The sampler evaluation procedures presented in this practice have been applied in the testing of the 10-mm cyclone as well as the Higgins-Dewell cyclone.3 ,4 Details on the evaluation have been published (5-7) and can be incorporated into revisions of Test Method D4532.1.3 A central aim of this practice is to provide information required for characterizing the uncertainty of concentration estimates from samples taken by candidate samplers. For this purpose, sampling accuracy data from the performance tests given here can be combined with information as to analytical and sampling pump uncertainty obtained externally. The practice applies principles of ISO GUM, expanded to cover situations common in occupational hygiene measurement, where the measurand varies markedly in both time and space. A general approach (8) for dealing with this situation relates to the theory of tolerance intervals and may be summarized as follows: Sampling/analytical methods undergo extensive evaluations and are subsequently applied without re-evaluation at each measurement, while taking precautions (for example, through a quality assurance program) that the method remains stable. Measurement uncertainty is then characterized by specifying the evaluation confidence (for example, 95 %) that confidence intervals determined by measurements bracket measurand values at better than a given rate (for example, 95 %). Moreover, the systematic difference between candidate and idealized aerosol samplers can be expressed as a relative bias, which has proven to be a useful concept and is included in the specification of accuracy (3.2.13, 3.2.13.1, 3.2.13.3).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended to provide the conventions adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO 7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The definition of respirable aerosol is the basis for recommended exposure levels (REL) of respirable coal mine dust as promulgated by NIOSH (Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust (15)). The respirable aerosol definition also forms the basis of the NIOSH sampling method for respirable particulates not otherwise regulated (NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (16)).4.2 The convention can be used for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of aerosolized particles, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling. The convention to be used is not always straightforward, but generally depends on what part of the respiratory system is affected by the aerosol particles. The conventions are often applied for approximating mass fractions, but they may also be used in the evaluation of total surface area or the number of particles in the collected material.4.3 The conventions constitute a part of the performance characteristics required of aerosol samplers for collecting aerosol according to the relevant health effects. This guide therefore does not specify particular samplers for measuring the aerosol fractions defined here. Detailed guidelines for evaluating any given sampler relative to the conventions are available (CEN EN 13205, six parts). Several advantages over instrument specification can be attributed to the adoption of these performance-associated conventions:4.3.1 The conventions have a recognized relationship to health effects.4.3.2 Performance criteria permit instrument designers to seek practical sampler improvements.4.3.3 Performance criteria promote continued experimental testing of the samplers in use with the result that the significant variables (such as wind speed, particle charge, and so forth) affecting sampler operation become understood.1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers of specific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-fibrous airborne aerosol. Such samplers are used for assessing health effects and in the setting of and testing for compliance with permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment. The conventions have been adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO 7708), the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1).2 The conventions were developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed (3) by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed by the ACGIH (3) and by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) (4). Conventions are given here for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions.1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D4532, which describes the performance of respirable dust cyclones and operational procedures for use. The procedures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still valid although the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from use with previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on these instruments have been published (5-11).1.3 Limitations: 1.3.1 The definitions given here were adopted by the agencies listed in 1.1 in part on the basis of expected health effects of the different size fractions, but in part allowing for available sampling equipment. The original adoption by CEN was, in fact, for the eventual setting of common standards by the EC countries while permitting the use of a variety of instrumentation. Deviations of the sampling conventions from health-related effects are as follows:1.3.1.1 The inhalable fraction actually depends on the specific air speed and direction, on the breathing rate, and on whether breathing is by nose or mouth. The values given in the inhalable convention are for representative values of breathing rate and represent averages over all wind directions.1.3.1.2 The respirable and thoracic fractions vary from individual to individual and with the breathing pattern. The conventions are approximations to the average case.1.3.1.3 Each convention applies strictly to a fraction penetrating to a region, rather than depositing. Therefore, samples collected according to the conventions may only approximate correlations with biological effects. For example, the respirable convention overestimates the fraction of very small particles deposited in the alveolar region of the respiratory system because some of the particles are actually exhaled without being deposited (12). In many workplaces, these very small particles contribute insignificantly to the sampled mass. Furthermore, the large variability between individuals and the details of clearance may be as important as this type of effect.1.3.1.4 The thoracic convention applies to mouth breathing, for which aerosol collection is greater than during nose breathing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice describes the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths that can be used for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container configurations in order to insure isokinetic sampling.5.2 This practice is designed to be used by field personnel collecting whole-water samples from open channel flow.1.1 This practice covers the maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected suspended-sediment sampler-nozzle-container configurations.1.2 This practice explains the reasons for limiting the transit-rate ratio and depths that suspended-sediment samplers can be correctly used.1.3 This practice give maximum transit-rate ratios and depths for selected isokinetic suspended-sediment sampler/nozzle/container size for samplers developed by the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project.1.4 Throughout this practice, a samplers lowering rate is assumed to be equal to its raising rate.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical component of environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments, and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatory objectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected, stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the results of any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly. Addressing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aid the interpretations of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulation results and may allow comparisons between studies.5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important component of water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonly include physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests or bioaccumulation tests, as well as benthic community analyses. The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, and storage methods will help provide high quality samples with which accurate data can be obtained for the national inventory and for other programs to prevent, remediate, and manage contaminated sediment.5.3 It is now widely known that the methods used in sample collection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation of sediments and interstitial waters can influence the physicochemical properties and the results of chemical, toxicity, and bioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in an appropriate and systematic manner will provide more accurate sediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sediment studies.5.4 This standard provides current information and recommendations for collecting and handling sediments for physicochemical characterization and biological testing, using procedures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, most accurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy particular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality data collection.5.5 This standard is intended to provide technical support to those who design or perform sediment quality studies under a variety of regulatory and non-regulatory programs. Information is provided concerning general sampling design considerations, field and laboratory facilities needed, safety, sampling equipment, sample storage and transport procedures, and sample manipulation issues common to chemical or toxicological analyses. Information contained in this standard reflects the knowledge and experience of several internationally-known sources including the Puget Sound Estuary Program (PSEP), Washington State Department of Ecology (WDE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Environment Canada. This standard attempts to present a coherent set of recommendations on field sampling techniques and sediment or interstitial water sample processing based on the above sources, as well as extensive information in the peer-reviewed literature.5.6 As the scope of this standard is broad, it is impossible to adequately present detailed information on every aspect of sediment sampling and processing for all situations. Nor is such detailed guidance warranted because much of this information (for example, how to operate a particular sampling device or how to use a Geographical Positioning System (GPS) device) already exists in other published materials referenced in this standard.5.7 Given the above constraints, this standard: (1) presents a discussion of activities involved in sediment sampling and sample processing; (2) alerts the user to important issues that should be considered within each activity; and (3) gives recommendations on how to best address the issues raised such that appropriate samples are collected and analyzed. An attempt is made to alert the user to different considerations pertaining to sampling and sample processing depending on the objectives of the study (for example, remediation, dredged material evaluations or status and trends monitoring).5.8 The organization of this standard reflects the desire to give field personnel and managers a useful tool for choosing appropriate sampling locations, characterize those locations, collect and store samples, and manipulate those samples for analyses. Each section of this standard is written so that the reader can obtain information on only one activity or set of activities (for example, subsampling or sample processing), if desired, without necessarily reading the entire standard. Many sections are cross-referenced so that the reader is alerted to relevant issues that might be covered elsewhere in the standard. This is particularly important for certain chemical or toxicological applications in which appropriate sample processing or laboratory procedures are associated with specific field sampling procedures.5.9 The methods contained in this standard are widely applicable to any entity wishing to collect consistent, high quality sediment data. This standard does not provide guidance on how to implement any specific regulatory requirement, or design a particular sediment quality assessment, but rather it is a compilation of technical methods on how to best collect environmental samples that most appropriately address common sampling objectives.5.10 The information presented in this standard should not be viewed as the final statement on all the recommended procedures. Many of the topics addressed in this standard (for example, sediment holding time, formulated sediment composition, interstitial water collection and processing) are the subject of ongoing research. As data from sediment monitoring and research becomes available in the future, this standard will be updated as necessary.1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining, storing, characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evaluations and describes samplers that can be used to collect sediment and benthic invertebrates (Annex A1). This standard is not meant to provide detailed guidance for all aspects of sediment assessments, such as chemical analyses or monitoring, geophysical characterization, or extractable phase and fractionation analyses. However, some of this information might have applications for some of these activities. A variety of methods are reviewed in this guide. A statement on the consensus approach then follows this review of the methods. This consensus approach has been included in order to foster consistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommended methods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflect progress in our understanding of sediments and how to best study them. This version of the standard is based primarily on a document developed by USEPA (2001 (1))2 and by Environment Canada (1994 (2)) as well as an earlier version of this standard.1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part of restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of our natural resources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and human health. Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll 2002 a, b (3)(4)). Sediment also serves as a reservoir for contaminants in sediment and therefore a potential source of contaminants to the water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumers of those organisms. These contaminants can arise from a number of sources, including municipal and industrial discharges, urban and agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and port operations.1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal and sublethal effects in benthic (sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. In addition, natural and human disturbances can release contaminants to the overlying water, where pelagic (water column) organisms can be exposed. Sediment-associated contaminants can reduce or eliminate species of recreational, commercial, or ecological importance, either through direct effects or by affecting the food supply that sustainable populations require. Furthermore, some contaminants in sediment can bioaccumulate through the food chain and pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers even when sediment-dwelling organisms are not themselves impacted (Test Method E1706).1.4 There are several regulatory guidance documents concerned with sediment collection and characterization procedures that might be important for individuals performing federal or state agency-related work. Discussion of some of the principles and current thoughts on these approaches can be found in Dickson, et al. Ingersoll et al. (1997 (5)), and Wenning and Ingersoll (2002 (6)).1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:  Section  1Referenced Documents  2Terminology  3Summary of Guide  4  5Interferences  6Apparatus  7Safety Hazards  8Sediment Monitoring and Assessment Plans  9Collection of Whole Sediment Samples 10Field Sample Processing, Transport, and Storage of Sediments 11Sample Manipulations 12Collection of Interstitial Water 13Physico-chemical Characterization of Sediment Samples 14Quality Assurance 15Report 16Keywords 17Description of Samplers Used to Collect Sediment or Benthic Invertebrates Annex A11.6 Field-collected sediments might contain potentially toxic materials and should thus be treated with caution to minimize occupational exposure to workers. Worker safety must also be considered when working with spiked sediments containing various organic, inorganic, or radiolabeled contaminants, or some combination thereof. Careful consideration should be given to those chemicals that might biodegrade, volatilize, oxidize, or photolyze during the exposure.1.7 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The advantages of the depth-integrating samplers are as follows:4.1.1 The samplers provide the only means by which a representative sample of phytoplankton can be obtained from a stream.4.1.2 The variety of sampler designs result in the availability of a sampler that can be used in virtually all velocities of flow.4.1.3 Samples of known volumes can be obtained.4.1.4 A quantitative sample is obtained. Nanno- and ultraplankton are not lost from the sampling device.4.1.5 Some of the samplers can be used in water up to 55 m deep.4.1.6 Many of the samplers are light-weight and can be used without auxiliary equipment.4.2 The disadvantages of the depth-integrating samplers are as follows:4.2.1 The samplers can be used only in flowing streams having a velocity greater than 1.5 ft3/s.4.2.2 Some of the samplers are heavy and require the use of auxiliary equipment, such as a crane with hoist.4.2.3 The collection of samples can be very time-consuming.4.3 There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using depth-integrating samplers. They are as follows:4.3.1 The nozzle of the sampler should be inspected periodically for chips, cracks, or other signs of damage and replaced as necessary.4.3.2 The sample from each vertical profile must be combined with other similar samples in a common container. If the combined sample is subsequently subdivided, it must be thoroughly mixed before doing so.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quantitative samples of a phytoplankton community by use of depth-integrating sampler. The method is suitable for use in flowing waters.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may be needed to confirm or rule out variations within a target population. This practice describes the design and operation of commercially available grab and discrete depth samplers for persons responsible for designing or implementing sampling programs, or both.4.2 These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids in tanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water. Some may be used from the edge or bank of the sampling site, whereas some can only be used from a platform, boat, or bridge over the sampling site. Some of the devices described are suitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueous and other liquids with few or no suspended solids.4.3 Practice D5743 provides guidance for sampling drums, tanks, or similar containers.4.4 This practice does not address general guidelines for planning waste sampling activities (Guide D4687), development of data quality objectives (Practice D5792), the design of monitoring systems and determination of the number of samples to collect (Practice D6311), in situ measurement of parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpretation of resultant data (Guide D6233), sample preservation, sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D5612), or the selection of sampling locations or obtaining a representative sample (Guide D6044).1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and procedures for collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whose upper surface can be accessed by the suitable device. These devices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriately sized and located sampling port.1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages and limitations of the following commonly used equipment, some of which can be used for both grab and discrete depth sampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler, Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler, liquid profiler, peristaltic pump, and the Syringe sampler.1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of these samplers.1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices for collecting ground water.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Gas or vapor sampling is often accomplished by actively pumping air through a collection medium such as activated charcoal. Problems associated with a pump – inconvenience, inaccuracy, and expense – are inextricable from this type of sampling. The alternative covered by this practice is to use diffusion for moving the compound of interest onto the collection medium. This approach to sampling is attractive because of the convenience of use and low total monitoring cost.5.2 However, previous studies have found significant problems with the accuracy of some samplers. Therefore, although diffusive samplers may provide a plethora of data, inaccuracies and misuse of diffusive samplers may yet affect research studies. Furthermore, worker protections may be based on faulty assumptions. The aim of this practice is to counter the uncertainties in diffusive sampling through achieving a broadly accepted set of performance tests and acceptance criteria for proving the efficacy of any given diffusive sampler intended for use.1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performance of diffusive samplers of gases and vapors for use over sampling periods from 4 to 12 h and for wind speeds less than 0.5 m/s. Such sampling periods and wind speeds are the most common in the indoor workplace setting. This practice does not apply to static or area sampling in wind speeds less than 0.1 m/s, when diffusion outside the sampler may dominate needed convection from the ambient air to the vicinity of the sampler. Given a suitable exposure chamber, the practice can be extended to cover sampler use for other sampling periods and conditions. The aim is to provide a concise set of experiments for classifying samplers primarily in accordance with a single sampler accuracy figure. Accuracy is defined (3.2.2) in this standard so as to take into account both imprecision and uncorrected bias. Accuracy estimates refer to conditions of sampler use which are normally expected in a workplace setting. These conditions may be characterized by the temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and ambient wind speed, none of which may be constant or accurately known when the sampler is used in the field. Furthermore, the accuracy accounts for the effects of diffusive loss of analyte on the estimation of time-weighted averages of concentrations which may not be constant in time. Aside from accuracy, the samplers are tested for compliance with the manufacturer’s stated limits on capacity, possibly in the presence of interfering compounds.1.2 This practice is an extension of previous research on diffusive samplers (1-14)2 as well as Practices D4597, D4598, D4599, and MDHS 27. An essential advance here is the estimation of sampler accuracy under actual conditions of use. Furthermore, the costs of sampler evaluation are reduced.1.3 Knowledge gained from similar analytes expedites sampler evaluation. For example, interpolation of data characterizing the sampling of analytes at separated points of a homologous series of compounds is recommended. At present the procedure of (9) is suggested. Following evaluation of a sampler in use at a single homologous series member according to the present practice, higher molecular weight members would receive partial validations considering sampling rate, capacity, analytical recovery, and interferences. The test for diffusive analyte loss can be omitted if the effect is found negligible for a given sampler or analyte series.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Often during environmental investigations, soils are analyzed after being collected from the surface, the vadose zone (Terminology D653), and sometimes from below the groundwater table to identify and quantify the presence of a chemical contaminant. A contaminant is a substance that is typically hazardous and either is not normally present or that occurs naturally but is of an uncharacteristically high concentration (Guide D4687). A three-dimensional spatial array of samples can often provide information as to the source and route(s) of migration of the contaminant. The resultant information is used to direct remedial and corrective actions or can be used for monitoring purposes. Obtaining a soil sample with a core barrel sampler involves driving this device into the ground and then retrieving it for sample processing. Several methods for advancing a core barrel are generally acceptable (for example, Test Method D1586; Practices D1587, D3550, and D6151; Guides D5784, D5875, D5876, D6169, and D6282). Drilling methods that use drilling fluids (liquids or air) should be avoided because they are more susceptible to cross-contamination (Guide D6286) (see 6.1.6).5.2 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining soils from core barrel samplers for chemical and physical analysis, with an emphasis on the collection and handling procedures that maintain the representativeness of the chemical contaminants of concern. Core barrel samplers are initially empty (hollow) until they are pushed into the ground to collect and retrieve a cylindrical soil sample with minimal disturbance. The selection of equipment and the sample handling procedures are dependent on the soil properties, the depth of sampling, and the general properties of the chemical contaminants of concern, that is, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and inorganic constituents. The sampling procedures described are designed to maintain representative concentrations of the contaminants regardless of their physical state(s), that is, solid, liquid, or gas.1.2 This practice covers soil samplers used in Guide D6169 on soils and rock sampling and included in Guide D6232 for waste sampling. Guide D6169 provides additional information on samplers and procedures that will preserve representative contaminate concentrations. Guide D6282 is on direct-push soil samplers that are most frequently used for environmental work. Guide D4547 addresses special sampling of soils for volatile compounds. This standard does not include sediment samplers in Guide D4823, but the same principles may apply to handling of those cores. Guide D4700 includes information on shallow manual push soil samplers.1.3 Five general types of core barrel samplers are discussed in this practice: split-barrel, soil corer, ring-lined barrel, thin-walled tube, and solid-barrel samplers.1.4 This document does not cover all the core barrel devices that are available for the collection of soil samples.1.5 The procedures described may or may not be applicable to handling of samples for assessing certain geotechnical properties, for example, soil porosity.NOTE 1: Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration, the site should be checked for underground utilities.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method covers the determination of respirable dust concentration in workplace atmospheres.5.2 Variations of the test method are in world-wide use for determining compliance relative to occupational exposure levels.5.3 The test method may be used to verify dust control measures.5.4 The test method may also be applied in research into health effects of dust in an occupational setting.1.1 This test method provides details for the determination of respirable dust concentration defined in terms of international convention in a range from 0.5 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres, depending on sampling time. Specifics are given for sampling and analysis using any one of a number of commercially available cyclone samplers.1.2 The limitations on the test method are a minimum weight of 0.1 mg of dust on the filter, and a maximum loading dependent on sampler type and time of sampling. The test method may be used at higher loadings if the flow rate can be maintained constant.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The following is a non-exclusive list of standards to which this guide applies: Guide D6062; Test Methods D4185, D4532, D6785, D7035, D7439, D7948; and Practices D6061 and D6552.5.2 The applicability of this guide to other standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22, but not the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04, should be considered where analyte entry into the sampler is considered the sample and where analyte adherence to internal sampler surfaces (“walls”) is likely to scavenge analyte from the collection substrate.5.3 Aerosol samplers typically consist of a filter or other collection substrate, for example an impaction plate or foam, supported in a container or holder. The entire device typically is considered an aerosol sampler. The sampling efficiency of the aerosol sampler, that is, the ratio of the concentration collected by the collection substrate to the undisturbed concentration in the air, has three components: (1) aspiration (or entry) efficiency; (2) transport efficiency (depending on design, both from entry “plane” to internal separator and from any internal separator to collection substrate); and (3) penetration (through the internal separator). For a sampler of a specific design, the three efficiency components are functions of particle (aerodynamic) size and flow rate. The aspiration efficiency also depends on wind speed and direction, while the sampler’s angle to the vertical influences both the aspiration efficiency and the transport efficiency. Ideally, when a sampler is designed and tested for its sampling performance, or both, it should first be established what is considered as the collected sample (that is, the deposit on the collection substrate, but also any deposits on any internal surfaces if these are to be analysed).5.4 Part of the aerosol entering a sampler will deposit on the internal surfaces of the sampler prior to reaching the collection substrate. There are number of mechanisms by which this can occur, including bounce from the filter, inertial impaction, gravitational settling and electrostatic attraction after entry. In addition, after sample collection, if the collection substrate is transported while mounted in the sampler, it is possible that particles originally deposited on the collection substrate may dislodge during transportation. Such particles can thereby contribute to deposits on the walls, as well as on the base of any cover plate or plug. All particles found elsewhere than on or in the collection substrate are often loosely termed “wall deposits.” If the sample of interest entails the entire aspirated air particulate into the container or holder (sampler), it is necessary to account for these wall deposits, especially if it cannot be shown that they should be disregarded.5.5 The research underpinning the information in this guide has arisen partly from studies of inert particles (3, 4), but mostly from investigations of methods for the determination of airborne metalliferous particulates (2, 5-15). However, the issues at hand are also important in sampling airborne organic materials, including bacterial endotoxin (16), wood (17), and pharmaceutical dusts (18); another relevant study reported results from investigations in thermosetting plastics, wood, paper, and animal breeding (19). Except in the case of very large wood dust particles, there is no evidence to suggest that wall deposited particles are sufficiently different from those found on the collection substrate to warrant their exclusion (13, 14). Wall deposits are not limited to aerosol samplers for larger airborne particles but may also be found in samplers for finer particles (20, 21). There may be a justification for excluding wall deposits where the performance of an aerosol sampler tested to EN 13205 shows appropriate compliance with the relevant ISO 7708 size-selective convention without their inclusion.5.6 The findings of studies that have been carried out to assess wall deposits in two commonly used samplers are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. A commonly used sampler, the 37-mm closed-face polystyrene cassette (CFC), is specified as the sampler of choice in many U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) methods (1). While the specific methods may not explicitly call for the recovery and analysis of CFC wall deposits, inclusion of wall deposits is called for by both agencies (22). Another widely used sampler, the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) personal inhalable sampler, was specifically developed for the purpose of collecting the inhalable fraction of aerosol in accordance with ISO 7708 specifications (23). Wall deposits in this sampler were noted during its development and are specifically included as part of the sample (24), although no standard protocol has been published for their inclusion other than for gravimetric analysis. Side-by-side studies have shown little difference between these two samplers when used to collect aerosol in metals industries (12), provided they are analyzed by the same procedure (that is, filter only or filter plus wall deposits). Fewer studies have been carried out in non-metal industries. However, in the study of sewage composting facilities (16), wall deposits of endotoxin exceeded 40 % of the total sample in 34 % of cassettes and exceeded more than half the total sample in some. In the laboratory study of wood dust (17) 85 % of the sample aspirated was found on the cassette walls. In the pharmaceutical industry study (18), averages of 51 %, 62 %, and 72 % of the sample was found on non-filter internal surfaces, depending on compound. Figure 8.2 of Aitken and Donaldson (3) provides a graph of mass faction wall deposits of inert particles in the IOM sampler versus particle size. Although the actual data points are not provided the median is approximately 18 % and the maximum approximately 55 %, in accordance with the data in Table 2. Witschger, et al., (4) provides similar data, with a maximum wall deposit of 50 %. While both these studies were performed in a laboratory, Lidén, et al., (19) presents averages of 24–37 % wall deposits in a range of field samples from non-metal industries, depending on industry.5.7 The Gesamtsstaubprobenhame (GSP) inhalable sampler, and similar metal or plastic versions referred to as a conical inhalable sampler (CIS), has not been the subject of similar extensive investigations of wall deposits. While the GSP met the inhalable convention in a European study without considering wall deposits for particles up to 25 µm AED (25), for particles up 50 µm AED it under-samples by an average of 21 % with respect to the IOM sampler (when wall deposits are considered in the IOM sampler) (26). A study of wall deposits at a lead mine concentrate mill (5) showed up to 40 % (median 24 %) of total aspiration on the walls, while the laboratory wood study (17) found an average of 42 %, suggesting that wall deposits be considered with this sampler. Other samplers not specified in this practice may also have wall deposits; these should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.8 No pattern has been discerned that might allow for correction factors to be used in any single sampler without introducing too great an uncertainty into the result (1, 12)). Therefore, it is necessary to account for the wall deposits in all cases where the sample is meant to include the total aspirated aerosol into the sampler. On the other hand, enough data have now been accumulated to allow rough assumptions to be made regarding the effect of wall deposits on a large population of samples, either historically or for predictive purposes, including estimating the proportion of likely overexposures. These estimates become more precise where there is a body of data involving filter-only and filter plus wall deposits from the specific environment of interest.5.9 Samplers for the ISO 7708 respirable fraction of dust have filters contained in holders downstream of (after) the size-separation device, typically a cyclone. These sample holders, where not electrically conductive, have also been shown to exhibit significant proportions of wall deposits. In a study of field samples (19), up to 32 % of total collected quartz was found on the walls of 2-piece non-conductive styrene cassettes and up to 55 % on the walls of 3-piece styrene non-conductive cassettes, which is similar to what was found in laboratory studies (20).1.1 Many methods for sampling airborne particulate matter entail aerosol collection on a substrate (typically a filter) housed within a container (or holder), the whole apparatus being referred to as an aerosol sampler. In operation, the sampler allows a vacuum (pressure below ambient or room air pressure) to be applied to the rear of the substrate so that sampled air will pass through the substrate, leaving collected particles on the substrate for subsequent analysis. The sampler may also protect the substrate, while the opening (orifice) of the container may further play some role in determining what size range(s) of particles approach the collection substrate (size-selective sampling).1.2 All particles entering the container orifice are considered part of the sample, unless stated otherwise in the method, but not all particles are necessarily found on the substrate after sampling (1).2 Particles may be deposited on the inner walls of the sampler during sampling or may be deposited on the inside walls of the sampler or on the orifice plug or cap following transportation (2). These particles are often loosely referred to as wall deposits. This guide presents background on the importance of these wall deposits and offers procedures by which these deposits can be assessed and included in the sample.1.3 Wall deposits may also occur in multi-stage samplers (for example, cascade impactors), but this guide does not cover such samplers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Regulations such as those promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration in Title 29CFR 1910.1000 designate that certain hazardous gases and vapors must not be present in the workplace air at concentrations above specific values.5.2 This practice, when used in conjunction with an analytical technique, such as that given for organic compounds in Test Method D3687, may provide a means for the determination of time-weighted airborne concentrations of many of the hazardous gases and vapors in applicable regulations (for example, Title 29CFR 1910.1000), as well as others.5.3 The manufacturer’s literature should be consulted for the appropriate list of chemicals which may be sampled by a particular device.1.1 This practice covers the sampling of workplace atmospheres for the presence of certain gases or vapors by means of diffusion across a specified quiescent region and subsequent sorption on a solid sorbent (1).21.2 A list of organic compounds which are applicable to solid sorbent sampling where the sorbent is contained in a bed through which air is passed is given in Annex A1 of Practice D3686. Diffusive samplers may be applicable to a similar range of compounds but this must be confirmed by reference to the individual sampler manufacturer’s literature.1.3 The valid use of diffusive samplers depends on the existence of actual laboratory or field validation, or both. Guidance on validation can be obtained from published protocols (2-6). This practice is not designed to cover the verification, validation, or specific test procedures used to assess the accuracy or precision of diffusive samplers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Combining slug test methods with the use of direct push installed groundwater sampling devices provides a time and cost-effective method that was previously not available for evaluating spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity (K) in unconsolidated aquifers. Current research (Ref (4)) has found that small (decimeter) scale variations in hydraulic conductivity may have significant influence on solute transport and therefore design of groundwater remediation systems. Other investigators (Ref (5)) report that spatial variation in K is believed to be the main source of uncertainty in the prediction of contaminant transport in aquifers. They found that increasing the data density for K in model input noticeably reduced the uncertainty of model prediction. Because of increased efficiency and reduced costs, the combination of slug test methods with DP groundwater sampling devices makes it possible to obtain the additional information required to reduce uncertainty in contaminant transport models and improve remedial action design.5.2 The data obtained from application of this practice may be modeled with the appropriate analytical method to provide information on the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the screened formation in a timely and cost effective manner.5.3 The appropriate analytical method selected for analysis of the data will depend on several factors, including, but not limited to, the aquifer type (confined, unconfined, leaky) well construction parameters (partially or fully penetrating), and the type of aquifer response observed during the slug test (overdamped or underdamped). Some of the appropriate methods may include Test Methods D4104, D5785, D5881 and D5912. A thorough review of many slug test models and analytical methods is provided in Ref (1).5.4 Slug tests may be conducted in materials of lower hydraulic conductivity than are suitable for pumping tests. Slug tests may be used to obtain estimates of K for aquitards consisting primarily of silts and clays. Special field procedures may be required.5.5 The pneumatic slug test provides some advantages when compared to pumping tests or slug tests conducted by other methods.5.5.1 Some of the advantages relative to pump tests include:5.5.1.1 No water added to or removed from the well. An important consideration when water quality must not be altered for purposes of environmental sampling.5.5.1.2 Large volumes of water not removed from the well as during a pumping test. An important consideration if the groundwater is contaminated and will require disposal as a regulated waste.5.5.1.3 Slug tests usually require only a fraction of the time needed to complete a pump test.5.5.1.4 No large diameter pumping well or down well pump required.5.5.1.5 Slug tests provide information on K for the formation in the vicinity of the well.5.5.2 Some advantages relative to slug tests using water or a mechanical slug include:5.5.2.1 No water added to or removed from the well or DP sampler to conduct the test. Generally does not change water quality for sampling. Use of vacuum to induce a falling head test could result in loss of volatiles from water in the well column. Additional purging may be required before sampling for volatile contaminants.5.5.2.2 Pneumatic initiation of the slug test provides clean, high quality data with minimal noise, especially important in high hydraulic conductivity formations and small diameter wells.5.5.2.3 In small diameter DP tools, inserting a mechanical slug or adding water may be difficult or even preclude accurate measurement of changing water levels.5.5.3 Some disadvantages of slug tests as compared to pumping tests include:5.5.3.1 Slug tests provide information on K for the formation only in the vicinity of the well, not a large scale average value as obtained from a pumping test.5.5.3.2 Most slug test analytical methods can provide information only on aquifer transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. Pumping test analysis can provide additional information on aquifer parameters such as specific storage, etc.5.5.4 Some disadvantages of the pneumatic slug test relative to slug tests using water or a mechanical slug include:5.5.4.1 Airtight seals needed on the well casing or drive rods.5.5.4.2 The screen must remain below the water level throughout the slug test. Wells screened across the water table cannot be slug tested with the pneumatic method.5.5.4.3 Pressure transducers and electronic acquisition methods usually required for pneumatic slug testing. Not always needed for manual methods.5.5.4.4 Equilibration of water level after pressure (or vacuum) applied to the wellhead increases time required to complete the slug test, especially important in low-K formations.5.6 Direct push methods provide some advantages as compared to conventional drilling methods for the installation of wells and temporary groundwater monitoring devices to be used for slug testing. Some of the advantages include:5.6.1 DP methods minimize generation of soil cuttings reducing waste handling and disposal costs at contaminated sites during the installation of permanent wells (Guide D6724, Practice D6725) and temporary groundwater monitoring devices (Guide D6001).5.6.2 Several types of temporary groundwater monitoring devices may be installed by DP methods (Guide D6001). These tools may be installed at various depths and various locations for slug testing and groundwater sampling in unconsolidated materials. Most of these tools are extracted for decontamination and multiple re-use, and can minimize the need for permanent well installations.5.6.3 Short screens may be used to slug test discrete depth intervals to document vertical and lateral variations of K within an aquifer in a cost and time effective manner.5.6.4 Equipment required to install DP wells and temporary groundwater samplers are often smaller and more mobile than conventional rotary drilling equipment. This can make site access easier and more rapid.5.6.5 Other direct push screening and sampling methods, for example Guide D6282 on soil sampling, can be used to detect test zones in advance of slug testing, which helps with knowledge of test location.5.6.6 Direct push tests are minimally intrusive.5.6.7 Direct push tests are generally more rapid and less expensive than other drilling methods.5.7 Some disadvantages of DP methods as compared to conventional rotary drilling include:5.7.1 DP methods generally provide a smaller diameter bore hole than traditional rotary drilling. This may limit the size of equipment than can be placed down hole.5.7.2 Direct push tools are designed to penetrate unconsolidated materials only. Other rotary drilling methods will be required to penetrate consolidated rock.5.7.3 Some subsurface conditions may limit the depth of penetration of DP methods and tools. Some examples include thick caliche layers, cobbles or boulders, or very dense materials, such as high density glacial tills.Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection of soils and rock, or both. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.1.1 This standard practice covers the field methods used to conduct an instantaneous change in head (slug) test when pneumatic pressure is used to initiate the change in head pressure within the well or piezometer. While this practice specifically addresses use of pneumatic initiation of slug tests with direct push tools these procedures may be applied to wells or piezometers installed with rotary drilling methods when appropriate.1.2 This standard practice is used to obtain the required field data for determining hydraulic properties of an aquifer or a specified vertical interval of an aquifer. Field data obtained from application of this practice are modeled with appropriate analytical procedures (Test Methods D4104, D5785, D5881, D5912, Ref (1)2).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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