定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 The GESD procedure can be used to simultaneously identify up to a pre-determined number of outliers (r) in a data set, without having to pre-examine the data set and make a priori decisions as to the location and number of potential outliers.3.2 The GESD procedure is robust to masking. Masking describes the phenomenon where the existence of multiple outliers can prevent an outlier identification procedure from declaring any of the observations in a data set to be outliers.3.3 The GESD procedure is automation-friendly, and hence can easily be programmed as automated computer algorithms.1.1 This practice provides a step by step procedure for the application of the Generalized Extreme Studentized Deviate (GESD) Many-Outlier Procedure to simultaneously identify multiple outliers in a data set. (See Bibliography.)1.2 This practice is applicable to a data set comprising observations that is represented on a continuous numerical scale.1.3 This practice is applicable to a data set comprising a minimum of six observations.1.4 This practice is applicable to a data set where the normal (Gaussian) model is reasonably adequate for the distributional representation of the observations in the data set.1.5 The probability of false identification of outliers associated with the decision criteria set by this practice is 0.01.1.6 It is recommended that the execution of this practice be conducted under the guidance of personnel familiar with the statistical principles and assumptions associated with the GESD technique.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Normally, the basic groundwater data are gathered by trained personnel during the field investigation phase of a study. Each agency or company has its own methods of obtaining, recording, and storing the information. Usually, these data are recorded onto forms that serve both in organizing the information in the field and the office, and many times as entry forms for a computer data base. For groundwater data to be of maximum value to the current project and any future studies, it is essential that a minimum set of key data elements be recorded for each site. The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather the minimum set of groundwater data elements that should be collected for entry into any type of permanent file. When obtaining basic data concerning a groundwater site, it is necessary to identify thoroughly that site so that it may be readily field located again with minimal uncertainty and that it may be accurately plotted and interpreted for data parameters in relationship to other sites. For example, information can be presented on scientific maps and in summary tables.1.1 This practice covers what information should be obtained for any individual groundwater site, also known as monitoring location or sampling station. As used in this practice, a site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property. A groundwater site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the groundwater, are appropriate for the use intended (see 6.4.2.3). Note 1—There are many additional data elements that may be necessary to identify a site, but are not included in the minimum set of data elements. An agency or company may require additional data elements as a part of their minimum set. 1.2 This practice includes those data elements that will distinguish a site as to its geographical location on the surface of the earth, political regimes, source identifiers, and individual site characteristics. These elements apply to all groundwater sites. Each category of site, such as a well or spring, may individually require additional data elements to be complete. Many of the suggested components and representative codes for coded data elements are those established by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey and used in the National Water Information Systems computerized data base (1). Note 2—The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather the minimum set of groundwater data elements that should be collected for entry into any type of permanent file. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

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定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

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4.1 A-UGVs navigate, dock, or perform other tasks, or combinations thereof, within for example manufacturing, warehouse, hospital, and other environments. Objects (defined in Terminology F3200 as anything in the environment that is not infrastructure) and obstacles (defined in Terminology F3200 as static or moving objects that obstruct the intended movement) are common within these environments. Objects can cause A-UGV challenges in navigation, docking, etc. (see Test Method F3244, Guide F3470) where the object detection systems must provide the highest level of performance to allow safe and productive vehicle use. ASTM Committee F45 surveyed the A-UGV community of manufacturers, users, and researchers, and determined that a relatively short list of objects are the most common objects that their vehicles must detect and avoid. Additionally, ANSI/ITSDF B56.5 includes three test pieces that represent (1) the human body torso lying horizontally and (2) standing human leg, both with worst case, flat black coatings, and (3) flat objects (for example, boxes, doors, manufactured materials), including a worst case, highly (optically) reflective coating. The survey results are listed here and are considered example objects found in warehousing/manufacturing, healthcare, domestic, and retail environments:4.1.1 Pallets, racking, wheeled carts;4.1.2 Other A-UGVs or AMRs;4.1.3 Steps or stairs;4.1.4 Tables or desks, ladders;4.1.5 Cables or hoses, or both;4.1.6 Chairs, overhangs (that is, on objects);4.1.7 IV poles; and4.1.8 Forklifts/forklift tines.As some objects may not be cost-effectively available for only A-UGV object detection tests (for example, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, and 4.1.8), the remaining objects are potentially more cost-effective as objects and are described in this guide as the standard set of objects.4.2 The objects can vary greatly within their category. For example, pallets can be made of wood, plastic, or metal; have a variety of dimensions; can have wheels or no wheels on the bottom; are not coated or coated with varying reflective coatings. As such, the standard objects set provided in this guide describes a specific set of objects and characteristics that are highly repeatable across their users.4.3 The number of objects within the set is expected to increase as A-UGVs improve in capabilities and intelligence, and therefore, where A-UGV implementations expand.1.1 This standard guide provides a standard set of reference objects for use with automatic, automated, or autonomous unmanned ground vehicles (A-UGVs). The objects set includes typical objects found within industrial areas including, but not limited to: warehouses, hospitals, office spaces, and manufacturing facilities. Also, the objects set includes three test pieces from ANSI/ITSDF B56.5. The objects set is intended for use by A-UGV manufacturers and users to test the performance of A-UGVs when near the object(s). The objects set is minimized to include characteristics that have proven to cause interrupted A-UGV operation. Beyond this set of objects, Test Method F3418 is used to record most any object.1.2 The objects set contains one each of the following items: pallet, racking, ladder, cable cover, table, cart, intravenous (IV) pole, chair, forklift tines, and test pieces shown in ANSI/ITSDF B56.5, including a horizontal cylinder, vertical cylinder, and flat plate. The objects set is not intended to be exhaustive.1.3 It is intended that the objects set mainly includes off-the-shelf items. This standard guide provides a reporting method to provide obstacle information (for example, model, serial number, photograph) to allow obstacle use for exact replication of tests.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversion to imperial units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

Ranked set sampling is cost-effective, unbiased, more precise and more representative of the population than simple random sampling under a variety of conditions (1).3Ranked set sampling (RSS) can be used when:4.2.1 The population is likely to have stratification in concentrations of contaminant.4.2.2 There is an auxiliary variable.4.2.3 The auxiliary variable has strong correlation with the primary variable.4.2.4 The auxiliary variable is either quick or inexpensive to measure, relative to the primary variable.This guide provides a ranked set sampling method only under the rule of equal allocation. This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analysis plans for management of wastes and contaminated media. This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D 5792).1.1 This guide describes ranked set sampling, discusses its relative advantages over simple random sampling, and provides examples of potential applications in environmental sampling.1.2 Ranked set sampling is useful and cost-effective when there is an auxiliary variable, which can be inexpensively measured relative to the primary variable, and when the auxiliary variable has correlation with the primary variable. The resultant estimation of the mean concentration is unbiased, more precise than simple random sampling, and more representative of the population under a wide variety of conditions.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Data at groundwater sites are gathered for many purposes. Each of these purposes generally requires a specific set of data elements. For example, when the groundwater quality is of concern not only are the ‘minimum set of data elements’ required for the site, but information concerning the sample collection depth interval, method of collection, and date and time of collection are needed to fully qualify the data. Another group of elements are recommended for each use of the data, such as aquifer characteristics or water-level records. Normally the more information that is gathered about a site by field personnel, the easier it is to understand the groundwater conditions and to reach valid conclusions and interpretations regarding the site. The data elements listed in this guide and Guides D5408 and D5410 should assist in planning what information can be gathered for a groundwater site and how to document these data. Note 6—Some important data elements may change during the existence of a site. For example, the elevation of the measuring point used for the measurement of water levels may be modified because of repair or replacement of equipment. This frequently occurs when the measuring point is an opening in the pump and the pump is modified or replaced. Because changes cannot always be anticipated, it is preferable to reference the height of the measuring point to a permanent nearby altitude datum. The measuring point is referenced by being the same altitude (zero correction) or above (negative correction) or below (plus correction) the altitude datum. All appropriate measurements should be corrected in reference to the altitude datum before entry into the permanent record. Care must be exercised to keep the relationship of these data elements consistent throughout the duration of the site. Some data elements have an extensive list of components or possible entries. For example, the aquifer identification list described in 6.1.8 has over 5000 entries. Lengthy lists of possible entries are not included in this guide, however, information on where to obtain these components is included with the specific data element. Note 7—This guide identifies other sources, lists, etc., of information required to completely document information about any groundwater site.1.1 This guide covers Part Two of three guides to be used in conjunction with Practice D5254 that delineates the data desirable to describe a groundwater data collection or sampling site. This guide identifies physical descriptors, such as construction and geologic elements, for a site. Part One (Guide D5408) describes additional information beyond the minimum set of data elements that may be specified to identify any individual groundwater site, while Part Three identifies usage descriptors, such as monitoring, for an individual groundwater site. Note 1—A groundwater site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the groundwater are appropriate for the use intended. Note 2—Part One (Guide D5408) includes data confidence classification descriptor (one element), geographic location descriptors (four elements), political regime descriptor (one element), source identifier descriptors (four elements), legal descriptors (nine elements), owner descriptors (two elements), site visit descriptors (three elements), other identification descriptors (two elements), other data descriptors (three elements), and remarks descriptors (three elements). Part Three (Guide D5410) includes monitoring descriptors (77 data elements), irrigation descriptors (four data elements), waste site descriptors (nine data elements), and decommissioning descriptors (eight data elements). For a list of descriptors in this guide, see Section 3. 1.2 These data elements are described in terms used by groundwater hydrologists. Standard references, such as the Glossary of Geology (1) and various hydrogeologic professional publications, are used to determine these definitions. Many of the suggested elements and their representative codes are those established by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey and used in the National Water Information Systems computerized data base (1-19). Note 3—The purpose of this guide is to suggest data elements that can be collected for groundwater sites. This does not uniquely imply a computer data base, but rather data elements for entry into any type of permanent file. Note 4—Component and code lists given with some of the data elements, for example “Type of Spring,” are only suggestions. These lists can be modified, expanded, or reduced for the purpose intended by the company or agency maintaining the groundwater data file. Note 5—Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM. 1.3 This guide includes the data elements desirable to document a groundwater site beyond those given in the “Minimum Set of Data Elements.” Some examples of the data elements are well depth, contributing aquifer, and permanence of spring. No single site will need every data element, for example, springs do not need well depth and well casing data. Each record (group of related data elements) for a site has mandatory data elements, such as the type of lift for the lift record. However, these elements are considered necessary only when that specific record is gathered for the site. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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This specification covers the requirements for austenitic grade stainless steel socket set screws (SSS), sizes M1.6 through M24, having property classes A1-50 and A1-70. The analysis of the screw material shall conform to the chemical composition specified. Socket set screw shall be subjected to torque test, Vickers hardness test, and corrosion resistance test to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for austenitic grade stainless steel socket set screws (SSS), sizes M1.6 through M24, having Property Classes A1-50 and A1-70.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: This specification is the metric companion of Specification F880.1.3 The following hazard caveat pertains only to Section 11, the Test Method Section: This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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