5.1 This test method provides statistical and graphical information concerning floor surface profiles.5.2 Results of this test method are for the purpose of: 5.2.1 Establishing compliance of random or fixed-path trafficked floor surfaces with specified tolerances,5.2.2 Evaluating the effect of different construction methods on the waviness of the resulting floor surface,5.2.3 Investigating the curling and deflection of concrete floor surfaces,5.2.4 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the profile characteristics of other surfaces, and5.2.5 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the levelness characteristics of surfaces.5.3 Application: 5.3.1 Random Traffic—When the traffic patterns across a floor are not fixed, two sets of survey lines, approximately equally spaced and at right angles to each other, shall be used. The survey lines shall be spaced across the test section to produce lines of approximately equal total length, both parallel to and perpendicular to the longest test section boundary. Limits are specified in 7.2.2 and 7.3.2.5.3.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffic—For surfaces primarily intended for defined wheel path traffic, only two wheel paths and the initial transverse elevation difference (“side-to-side”) between wheels shall be surveyed.5.3.3 Time of Measurement—For new concrete floor construction, the elevation measurements shall be made within 72 h of final concrete finishing. For existing structures, measurements shall be taken as appropriate.5.3.4 Elevation Conformance—Use is restricted to shored, suspended surfaces.5.3.5 RMS Levelness—Use is unrestricted, except that it is excluded from use with cambered surfaces and unshored, elevated surfaces.1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using the inch-pound system of units.NOTE 1: This test method is the companion to SI Test Method E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method.NOTE 2: This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to, clay or concrete paver units.1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean or the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides statistical and graphical information concerning floor surface profiles.5.2 Results of this test method are for the purpose of the following: 5.2.1 Establishing compliance of random or fixed-path trafficked floor surfaces with specified tolerances;5.2.2 Evaluating the effect of different construction methods on the waviness of the resulting floor surface;5.2.3 Investigating the curling and deflection of concrete floor surfaces;5.2.4 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the profile characteristics of other surfaces; and5.2.5 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the levelness characteristics of surfaces.5.3 Application: 5.3.1 Random Traffic—When the traffic patterns across a floor are not fixed, two sets of survey lines approximately equally spaced and at right angles to each other shall be used. The survey lines shall be spaced across the test section to produce lines of approximately equal total length, both parallel to and perpendicular to the longest test section boundary. Limits are specified in 7.2.2 and 7.3.2.5.3.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffic—For surfaces primarily intended for defined wheel path traffic, only two wheel paths and the initial transverse elevation difference (“side-to-side”) between wheels shall be surveyed.5.3.3 Time of Measurement—For new concrete floor construction, the elevation measurements shall be made within 72 h of final concrete finishing. For existing structures, measurements shall be taken as appropriate.5.3.4 Elevation Conformance—Use is restricted to shored, suspended surfaces.5.3.5 RMS Levelness—Use is unrestricted, except that it is excluded from use with cambered surfaces and unshored, elevated surfaces.1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using SI units.NOTE 1: This test method is the companion to inch-pound Test Method E1486.NOTE 2: This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to clay or concrete paver units.1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean; or by the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are the root mean squares, RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

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5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.NOTE 1: In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10−5 in.3.1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume–loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Maps, automobile odometers, and highway and distance markers are not sufficiently accurate to describe the length of a route for tire testing purposes. The proposed procedure describes a test method for measuring the length of a road course with sufficient accuracy for tire testing purposes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the accurate length measurement of road courses used for testing all types of pneumatic tires on various associated vehicles.1.2 This test method is intended for use on public highways or closed circuit test courses, or both, that cannot be measured practically by surveying techniques.1.3 Use of this test method requires that the surface of the test course to be measured shall be sufficiently smooth to preclude bounce or hop of the fifth wheel, which will affect the accuracy of the measurement. The normal highway surface is adequate for this test method.1.4 It is not the intent or scope of this test method to encompass distance measurements of test courses whose surfaces are irregular, broken up, jagged, and so forth, such as rock courses, Belgian block, “rumble” surfaces, and the like. Snow- and ice-covered surfaces also are excluded.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The test method provides a screening device that permits differentiation among products having distinctly different leakage characteristics (Note 1). It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is it intended to distinguish between wheel bearing greases showing similar or borderline leakage.Note 1—It is possible for skilled operators to observe significant changes in other important grease characteristics that occurred during the test. Such additional information can be of special interest to individual operators. The observations, however, are subject to differences in personal judgment among operators, and cannot be used effectively for quantitative rating.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed laboratory conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard information see 8 and Annex A2.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method differentiates among greases having distinctly different low-temperature characteristics. This test is used for specification purposes and correlates with its precursor which has been used to predict the performance of greases in automotive wheel bearings in low-temperature service.5 It is the responsibility of the user to determine the correlation with other types of service.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values, calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m at −40 °C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing greases having distinctly different high-temperature characteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is it intended to distinguish between the products having similar high-temperature performance properties.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening greases with respect to life performance for automotive wheel bearing applications.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating the high-temperature life performance of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.NOTE 1: Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased test severity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 Exception—Apparatus dimensions in inches are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1 – 8.4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车