4.1 There are numerous situations for which outdoor sound level data are required. These include, but are not limited to, the following:4.1.1 Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source (for example, assessment of the impact due to a proposed use).4.1.2 Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source).4.1.3 Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedence of criteria or non-compliance with laws).4.2 This guide provides a means for selecting measurement locations, operating a sound level meter, documenting the conditions under which the measurements were performed, and recording the results.4.3 This guide provides the user with information to (1) make and document the sound level measurements necessary to quantify relatively steady or slowly varying outdoor sound levels over a specific time period and at specific places and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements.4.4 The user is cautioned that there are many nonacoustical factors that can strongly influence the measurement of outdoor sound levels and that this guide is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. The guide is not applicable when more sophisticated measurement methods or equipment are specified. This guide, depending as it does on simplified manual data acquisition, is necessarily more appropriate for the simpler types of environmental noise situations. As the number of sources and the range of sound levels increase, the more likely experienced specialists with sophisticated instruments are needed.4.5 This guide can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. Criteria for evaluating or analyzing the data obtained are beyond the scope of this guide.4.6 Note that this guide is only a measurement procedure and, as such, does not address the methods of comparison of the acquired data with the specific criteria. No procedures are provided for estimating or separating the influences of two or more simultaneously measured sounds. This guide can be useful in establishing compliance when the measured data are below a specified limit.4.7 Section 8.2.1 outlines a procedure that can be used for a survey of the site boundary; paragraph 8.2.2 for a survey of specified monitoring points; and paragraph 8.2.3 for determining the location and magnitude of maximum sound level.1.1 This guide covers the measurement of A-weighted sound levels outdoors at specified locations or along particular site boundaries, using a general purpose sound-level meter.1.2 Three distinct types of measurement surveys are described:1.2.1 Survey around a site boundary,1.2.2 Survey at a specified location,1.2.3 Survey to find the maximum sound level at a specified distance from a source.1.3 The data obtained using this guide are presented in the form of either time-average sound levels (abbreviation TAV and symbol LAT, also known as equivalent sound level or equivalent continuous sound level abbreviated LEQ and with symbol LAeqT ) or A-weighted percentile levels (symbol LX).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The analyst may use this document to obtain information on the properties of electron spectrometers and instrumental aspects associated with quantitative surface analysis.1.1 The purpose of this guide is to familiarize the analyst with some of the relevant literature describing the physical properties of modern electrostatic electron spectrometers.1.2 This guide is intended to apply to electron spectrometers generally used in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts, capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, in steel, iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:Element Mass Fraction Range, %Aluminum 0.001 to 18.00Antimony 0.002 to 0.03Arsenic 0.0005 to 0.10Beryllium 0.001 to 0.05Bismuth 0.001 to 0.50Boron 0.0005 to 1.00Cadmium 0.001 to 0.005Calcium 0.001 to 0.05Carbon 0.001 to 4.50Cerium 0.005 to 0.05Chromium 0.005 to 35.00Cobalt 0.01 to 75.0Niobium 0.002 to 6.00Copper 0.005 to 10.00Hydrogen 0.0001 to 0.0030Iron 0.01 to 100.0Lead 0.001 to 0.50Magnesium 0.001 to 0.05Manganese 0.01 to 20.0Molybdenum 0.002 to 30.00Nickel 0.005 to 84.00Nitrogen 0.0005 to 0.50Oxygen 0.0005 to 0.03Phosphorus 0.001 to 0.90Selenium 0.001 to 0.50Silicon 0.001 to 6.00Sulfur 0.002 to 0.35Tantalum 0.001 to 10.00Tellurium 0.001 to 0.35Tin 0.002 to 0.35Titanium 0.002 to 5.00Tungsten 0.005 to 21.00Vanadium 0.005 to 5.50Zinc 0.005 to 0.20Zirconium 0.005 to 2.5001.2 The test methods appear in the following order:  SectionsCarbon, Total, by the Combustion and Infrared Absorption or Thermal Conductivity Detection Test Method 10 – 20   Nitrogen by the Inert Gas Fusion and Thermal Conductivity Detection Test Method 32 – 42   Oxygen by the Inert Gas Fusion and Infrared Absorption or Thermal Conductivity Detection Test Method 43 – 54   Sulfur by the Combustion-Infrared Absorption Detection Test Method 55 – 65   Sulfur by the Combustion–Infrared Absorption Test Method (Potassium Sulfate Calibration) – Discontinued 2018  21 – 311.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic device is necessary for computing spectral mismatch parameter (see Test Method E973). Spectral mismatch is used in Test Method E948 to measure the performance of photovoltaic cells in simulated sunlight, in Test Methods E1036 to measure the performance of photovoltaic modules and arrays, in Test Method E1125 to calibrate photovoltaic primary reference cells using a tabular spectrum, and in Test Method E1362 to calibrate photovoltaic secondary reference cells. The spectral mismatch parameter can be computed using absolute or relative spectral responsivity data.5.2 This test method measures the differential spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic device. The procedure requires the use of white-light bias to enable the user to evaluate the dependence of the differential spectral responsivity on the intensity of light reaching the device. When such dependence exists, the overall spectral responsivity should be equivalent to the differential spectral responsivity at a light bias level somewhere between zero and the intended operating conditions of the device. Depending on the linearity response of the DUT over the intensity range up to the intended operating conditions, it may not be necessary to set up a very high light bias level.5.3 The spectral responsivity of a photovoltaic device is useful for understanding device performance and material characteristics.5.4 The procedure described herein is appropriate for use in either research and development applications or in product quality control by manufacturers.5.5 The reference photodetector’s calibration must be traceable to SI units through a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) spectral responsivity scale or other relevant radiometric scale.3 ,4 The calibration mode of the photodetector (irradiance or power) will affect the procedures used and the kinds of measurements that can be performed.5.6 This test method does not address issues of sample stability.5.7 Using results obtained by this test method and additional measurements including reflectance versus wavelength, one can compute the internal quantum efficiency of a device. These measurements are beyond the scope of this test method.5.8 This test method is intended for use with a single-junction photovoltaic cell. It can also be used to measure the spectral responsivity of a single junction within a series-connected, multiple-junction photovoltaic device if electrical contact can be made to the individual junction(s) of interest.5.9 With additional procedures (see Test Methods E2236), one can determine the spectral responsivity of individual junctions within series-connected, multiple-junction, photovoltaic devices when electrical contact can only be made to the entire device’s two terminals.5.10 Using forward biasing techniques5, it is possible to extend the procedure in this test method to measure the spectral responsivity of individual series-connected cells within photovoltaic modules. These techniques are beyond the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method is to be used to determine either the absolute or relative spectral responsivity response of a single-junction photovoltaic device.1.2 Because quantum efficiency is directly related to spectral responsivity, this test method may be used to determine the quantum efficiency of a single-junction photovoltaic device (see 10.10).1.3 This test method requires the use of a bias light.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is used when it is desired to make Brinell type hardness tests very rapidly on a high volume of samples, as in the inspection of the output of a heat-treating furnace.4.2 This practice requires the measurement of indentation depth and eliminates the need to measure the diameter of the indent optically as required in a Brinell hardness test.4.3 This practice is not a standard Brinell hardness test method and does not meet the requirements of Test Method E10.4.4 Since the test forces and method of display of the depth measurement differ between manufacturers of rapid indentation hardness testing equipment, the test results from equipment from different manufacturers are not comparable.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for rapid indentation hardness testing of metallic materials.1.2 This practice includes additional requirements in Annex A1 for the direct, indirect, and daily verification of rapid indentation hardness testing machines.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images, to produce satisfactory and consistent results, and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materials or products.1.1 This practice2 provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of metallic castings using radiographic film as the recording medium.1.2 This standard addresses the achievement of, or protocols for achieving, common or practical levels of radiographic coverage for castings, to detect primarily volumetric discontinuities to sensitivity levels measured by nominated image quality indicators. All departures, including alternate means or methods to increase coverage, or address challenges of detecting non-volumetric planar-type discontinuities, shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier and shall consider Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 5).1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Prediction of neutron radiation effects to pressure vessel steels has long been a part of the design and operation of light water reactor power plants. Both the federal regulatory agencies (see 2.3) and national standards groups (see 2.1 and 2.2) have promulgated regulations and standards to ensure safe operation of these vessels. The support structures for pressurized water reactor vessels may also be subject to similar neutron radiation effects (1, 3-6).2 The objective of this practice is to provide guidelines for determining the neutron radiation exposures experienced by individual vessel supports.3.2 It is known that high-energy photons can also produce displacement damage effects that may be similar to those produced by neutrons. These effects are known to be much less at the belt line of a light water reactor pressure vessel than those induced by neutrons. The same has not been proven for all locations within vessel support structures. Therefore, it may be prudent to apply coupled neutron-photon transport methods and photon-induced displacement cross sections to determine whether gamma-induced dpa exceeds the screening level of 3.0 × 10–4 used in this practice for neutron exposures. (See 1.3.)1.1 This practice covers procedures for monitoring the neutron radiation exposures experienced by ferritic materials in nuclear reactor vessel support structures located in the vicinity of the active core. This practice includes guidelines for:1.1.1 Selecting appropriate dosimetric sensor sets and their proper installation in reactor cavities.1.1.2 Making appropriate neutronics calculations to predict neutron radiation exposures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; units that are not SI can be found in Terminology E170 and are to be regarded as standard. Any values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This practice is applicable to all pressurized water reactors whose vessel supports will experience a lifetime neutron fluence (E > 1 MeV) that exceeds 1 × 1017 neutrons/cm2 or exceeds 3.0 × 10−4 dpa (1).2 (See Terminology E170.)1.4 Exposure of vessel support structures by gamma radiation is not included in the scope of this practice, but see the brief discussion of this issue in 3.2.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For example, (2).)1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is the intent of these procedures to provide recognized methods for testing and reporting the electrical performance of photovoltaic modules and arrays. 5.2 The test results may be used for comparison of different modules or arrays among a group of similar items that might be encountered in testing a group of modules or arrays from a single source. They also may be used to compare diverse designs, such as products from different manufacturers. Repeated measurements of the same module or array may be used for the study of changes in device performance. 5.3 Measurements may be made over a range of test conditions. The measurement data are numerically translated from the test conditions to standard RC, to nominal operating conditions, or to optional user-specified reporting conditions. Recommended RC are defined in Table 1. 5.3.1 If the test conditions are such that the device temperature is within ±2°C of the RC temperature and the total irradiance is within ±5 % of the RC irradiance, the numerical translation consists of a correction to the measured device current based on the total irradiance during the I-V measurement. 5.3.2 If the provision in 5.3.1 is not met, performance at RC is obtained from four separate I-V measurements at temperature and irradiance conditions that bracket the desired RC using a bilinear interpolation method.4 5.3.2.1 There are a variety of methods that may be used to bracket the temperature and irradiance. One method involves cooling the module under test below the reference temperature and making repeated measurements of the I-V characteristics as the module warms up. The irradiance of pulsed light sources may be adjusted by using neutral density mesh filters of varying transmittance. If the distance between the simulator and the test plane can be varied then this adjustment can be used to change the irradiance. In natural sunlight, the irradiance will change with the time of day or if the solar incidence angle is adjusted. 5.4 These test methods are based on two requirements. 5.4.1 First, the reference cell (or module, see 1.1.1 and 4.3.4) is selected so that its spectral response is considered to be close to the module or array to be tested. 5.4.2 Second, the spectral response of a representative cell and the spectral distribution of the irradiance source must be known. The calibration constant of the reference cell is then corrected to account for the difference between the actual and the reference spectral irradiance distributions using the spectral mismatch parameter, which is defined in Test Method E973. 5.5 Terrestrial reference cells are calibrated with respect to a reference spectral irradiance distribution, for example, Tables G173. 5.6 A reference cell made and calibrated as described in 4.3 will indicate the total irradiance incident on a module or array whose spectral response is close to that of the reference cell. 5.7 With the performance data determined in accordance with these test methods, it becomes possible to predict module or array performance from measurements under any test light source in terms of any reference spectral irradiance distribution. 5.8 The reference conditions of 5.3.1 must be met if the measured I-V curve exhibits “kinks” or multiple inflection points. 1.1 These test methods cover the electrical performance of photovoltaic modules and arrays under natural or simulated sunlight using a calibrated reference cell. 1.1.1 These test methods allow a reference module to be used instead of a reference cell provided the reference module has been calibrated using these test methods against a calibrated reference cell. 1.2 Measurements under a variety of conditions are allowed; results are reported under a select set of reporting conditions (RC) to facilitate comparison of results. 1.3 These test methods apply only to nonconcentrator terrestrial modules and arrays. 1.4 The performance parameters determined by these test methods apply only at the time of the test, and imply no past or future performance level. 1.5 These test methods apply to photovoltaic modules and arrays that do not contain series-connected photovoltaic multijunction devices; such module and arrays should be tested according to Test Methods E2236. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In many geographic areas, there is concern about the effect of falling hail upon photovoltaic modules. This test method may be used to determine the ability of photovoltaic modules to withstand the impact forces of hailstones. In this test method, the ability of a photovoltaic module to withstand hail impact is related to its tested ability to withstand impact from ice balls. The effects of impact may be either physical or electrical degradation of the module.4.2 This test method describes a standard procedure for mounting the test specimen, conducting the impact test, and reporting the effects.4.2.1 The procedures for mounting the test specimen are provided to assure that modules are tested in a configuration that relates to their use in a photovoltaic array.4.2.2 Six or more impact locations are chosen to represent vulnerable sites on modules and general locations are listed in Table 1. Only a single impact is specified at each of the impact locations.4.2.3 Resultant speed is used to simulate the speed that may be reached by hail accompanied by wind. The resultant speed used in this test method is determined by vector addition of horizontal wind velocity plus vertical ice ball terminal velocity.4.2.4 Ice balls are used in this test method to simulate hailstones. Hailstones are variable in properties such as shape, density, and frangibility (for fracture characteristics, see Ref (10) in Practice E822). These properties affect factors such as the duration and magnitude of the impulsive force acting on the module and the area over which the impulse is distributed. Ice balls (with a density, frangibility, and terminal velocity near the range of hailstones) are the nearest hailstone approximation known at this time. Ice balls generally are harder and denser than hailstones; therefore, an ice ball simulates the worst case hailstone. Perhaps the major difference between ice balls and hailstones is that hailstones are more variable than ice balls. Ice balls can be uniformly and repeatedly manufactured to assure a projectile with known properties.4.2.5 Ice balls are directed normal to the surface of a test specimen, which transfers the greatest kinetic energy to the test specimen, unlike a non-normal impact at a glancing angle.4.3 Data generated using this test method may be used for the following: (1) to evaluate impact resistance of a module, (2) to compare the impact resistance of several modules, (3) to provide a common basis for selection of modules for use in various geographic areas, or (4) to evaluate changes in impact resistance of modules due to other environmental factors, such as weathering.4.3.1 This test method requires analysis of visual effects, as well as electrical measurements. Visual effects are generally more sensitive than the electrical measurements; therefore, the absolute values for voltage and current are not critical, but repeatable conditions for before and after tests are required for determining electrical changes.4.3.2 A range of observable effects may be produced by impacting various types of photovoltaic modules. Physical effects on modules may vary from no effect to penetration by the ice ball. Some physical changes in the module may be visible when there is no apparent electrical degradation of the module.4.3.3 Electrical changes may vary from no effect to no output. All effects of the impacts must be described in the report so that an estimate of their significance can be made.4.4 This test method does not specify the size or velocity of ice balls or maximum number of impacts to be used in making the test. These determinations will be based on frequency and severity of expected hail occurrences and the intent of the testing.4.4.1 If the testing is being performed to evaluate impact resistance of a single module, or several modules, it may be desirable to repeat the test using several sizes and velocities of ice balls. In this manner, the different effects of various sizes and velocities of ice balls may be determined. However, no point shall be impacted more than once (see 7.10).4.4.2 The size and frequency of hail varies significantly among various geographic areas. If testing is being performed to evaluate modules intended for use in a specific geographic area, the ice ball size should correspond to the level of hail impact resistance required for that area. Information on hail size and frequency can be found in Appendix X1 of Practice E822 and footnotes 3 and 4 of this test method, or may be available from local historical weather records.4.4.3 When testing modules that are designed to be in a stowed position during hail storms, additional impact locations should be chosen accordingly.4.5 The hail impact resistance of modules may change as the materials are exposed to various environmental factors. This test method may be used to evaluate degradation by comparison of hail impact resistance data measured before and after exposure to other such environmental factors.1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the ability of photovoltaic modules to withstand impact forces of falling hail. Propelled ice balls are used to simulate falling hailstones.1.2 This test method defines test specimens and methods for mounting specimens, specifies impact locations on each test specimen, provides an equation for determining the velocity of any size ice ball, provides a method for impacting the test specimens with ice balls, provides a method for determining changes in electrical performance, and specifies parameters that must be recorded and reported.1.3 This test method does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable levels of ice ball impact resistance is beyond the scope of this test method.1.4 The size of the ice ball to be used in conducting this test is not specified. This test method can be used with various sizes of ice balls.1.5 This test method may be applied to concentrator and nonconcentrator modules.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, refer to 5.1, Section 6, Note 8, and Note 9.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Standard value relative humidity environments are important for conditioning materials in shelf-life studies or in the testing of mechanical properties such as dimensional stability and strength. Relative humidity is also an important operating variable for the calibration of many species of measuring instruments.1.1 This practice describes one method for generating constant relative humidity (rh) environments in relatively small containers.1.2 This practice is applicable for obtaining constant relative humidities ranging from dryness to near saturation at temperatures spanning from 0 °C to 50 °C.1.3 This practice is applicable for closed systems such as environmental conditioning containers and for the calibration of hygrometers.1.4 This practice is not recommended for the generation of continuous (flowing) streams of constant humidity unless precautionary criteria are followed to ensure source stability. (See Section 9.)1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 Warning—Saturated salt solutions are extremely corrosive, and care should be taken in their preparation and handling. There is also the possibility of corrosive vapors in the atmospheres over the saturated salt solutions.21.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautionary information see 1.6 and 10.1.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers reusable glass serological pipets used for measuring volumes of liquid. The pipets may be classified into three styles according to operational set-up and should be made with approved glass materials. Each pipet should be straight, of one-piece construction, and properly calibrated. All products should conform to the required dimension of delivery tips, zero gradation line position, dimensions and outflow times, graduation markings, color coding, identification markings, and workmanship.1.1 This specification covers glass serological pipets, used in measuring volumes of liquids.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers a disposable glass Westergren tube used for measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Covered by this specification are Type I (standard Westergren tube used in conventional racks only) and Type II (self-zeroing tubes used with racks that have convenient disposable tube features) Westergren tubes. The tubes shall be manufactured from borosilicate glass (Type I, Class B) or soda lime glass (Type II) into a one-piece construction that is free from visible defects, straight, and of uniform bore, with the ends of the tube cut at right angles to the tube axis and fire polished. In addition, Type II tubes shall be inserted wit an absorbent cotton plug. The tube shall be graduated, with graduation lines at right angles to the tube axis and in units of millimeters.1.1 This specification covers a disposable tube used for measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR (the suspension stability of red cells in diluted, anti-coagulated human blood).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes a color-coding system to identify the anticoagulants used in coating pipets or containers not exceeding 1 mL in volume. Its purpose is to ensure that if a color code is used with an anticoagulant, all manufacturers will be encouraged, though not required, to use the same code.1.1 This specification covers a system to identify the anticoagulants used in coating pipets or containers not exceeding 1 mL in volume.1.2 The purpose of this specification is to ensure that if a color code is used with an anticoagulant, all manufacturers will be encouraged to use the same code; it is not intended to require color coding.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Cycle counting is used to summarize (often lengthy) irregular load-versus-time histories by providing the number of times cycles of various sizes occur. The definition of a cycle varies with the method of cycle counting. These practices cover the procedures used to obtain cycle counts by various methods, including level-crossing counting, peak counting, simple-range counting, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting. Cycle counts can be made for time histories of force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other loading parameters of interest.1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is to determine if a test substance can inactivate viruses in suspension.5.2 Regulatory agencies may require additional testing using in vitro (Practice E1053, Test Method E2197) or in vivo (Test Method E1838) carrier tests for product registration purposes.1.1 This practice is intended to demonstrate the virucidal activity of test substances with viruses in suspension.1.2 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether Good Laboratory Practice regulations (GLPs) are required and to follow them where appropriate (40 CFR, Part 160 for EPA submissions and 21 CFR, Part 58 for FDA submissions).1.3 Refer to the appropriate regulatory agency for performance standards of virucidal efficacy.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The user should consult a reference for the laboratory safety recommendations.21.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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