5.1 This standard is useful for characterizing the wettability of surfaces. A surface that is easy to wet is one over which a coating is more likely to give good adhesion and appearance and less likely to suffer surface tension related defects such as crawling, cratering, pinholing and orange peel.5.2 This standard also can be used to test pigment surfaces for wettability, particularly by potential surfactant- or resin-based dispersants or mill bases. Easily wetted pigments are more likely to be easy to disperse and dispersants/mill bases that wet pigments of interest are more likely to disperse those pigments well.5.3 Although the contact angle is governed by the surface tensions of the test liquid and test surface, the angle cannot provide a surface tension value directly.5.4 A low advancing contact angle value (<45°) is indicative of wetting and angles of 10 to 20° are indicative of excellent wetting.5.5 Water can be used as a test liquid to establish (via the advancing contact angle) whether a surface is hydrophilic (angle <45°), hydrophobic (angle >90°) or somewhere in-between (angle of 45 to 90°). Water contact angles have been used to estimate surface cleanliness before and after cleaning operations, ease of wettability of surfaces by waterborne coatings and the effectiveness of rinsing processes.5.6 An organic liquid such as a solvent also can be used to characterize a substrate, coating or pigment. The resultant contact angle will depend on the surface tensions of the liquid and the test surface. A low surface tension (energy) test surface will not be wet by a high surface tension liquid.5.7 In addition to water and solvents, a surfactant dispersion or dispersant solution can be used to test a pigment surface. Any test liquid that is a potential dispersant for a test pigment must wet the pigment well or it will not work as a dispersant.5.8 Contact angle measurements can be used to map surfaces in terms of hydrophilicity, presence of low surface tension components or contaminants, or variations in composition. Other analytical methods such as infrared microscopy would be needed to identify the chemical moieties that give the contact angle differences.5.9 This test method can be used on nearly all coatings and substrates and may be extended to pigments by compressing the pigment powder into a solid disk.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the angle of contact when a drop of liquid is applied to a coated surface, substrate, or preformed disk of pigment.1.2 There are two types of contact angles, advancing and receding. This standard deals only with advancing contact angles.1.3 This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturer’s instructions for the device being used to make the measurements, but is not intended to replace them.1.4 A common test liquid is water, but many other liquids such as solvents, surfactant and dispersant solutions and even liquid paints can be used.1.5 This practice is based on goniometry, which involves the observation of a sessile drop of test liquid on a solid substrate.1.6 Although contact angles are governed by surface tension, this standard cannot be used to measure surface tension directly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method can be used to determine in-place permeability of synthetic turf playing field systems, playing field systems with pad and or premolded drainage boards, playing field systems with premolded panel base systems, porous and non porous pavement systems in order to confirm compliance with design specifications and or evaluate existing as-built conditions. The simplicity of the test method, the quickness of the procedure, and the limited requirement for special tools and apparatus’ makes this ideal for performing a large quantity of tests over a large area such as a sports field.5.2 Synthetic turf field systems tend to drain under several flow regimes. The first flow regime is surface flow where water travels across the surface from typically higher elevations to lower elevations. The second flow regime is flow through the turf surface and base system. The third flow regime is lateral flow, which has two parts. Lateral flow within the section of the turf surface and lateral flow within the pre-molded drainage board, porous pavement and or base stone system below the turf. These are depicted diagrammatically in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Basic Flow Regime Diagram5.3 This test method can provide owners, designers and turf system builders with a clear indication of actual in-field permeability flow rates with limited effect of lateral flow through base systems and no effect from head pressure.5.4 This test method can be used to determine the effectiveness of treatments intended to reduce the effect of hydrophobicity which has been known to decrease the permeability of some synthetic turf infill materials and components.5.5 The observable performance of the test method enables one to determine permeability by both a quantitative and qualitative measure.1.1 This test method may be used to determine the permeability rate of synthetic turf playing field systems, playing field systems with pad or premolded drainage boards, or both, playing field systems with premolded panel base systems, porous and non porous pavement systems, or base stone systems in the field, or a combination thereof, by non-confined area flood test method. This system is suitable for use on the finish synthetic turf playing surface and on the stone base system below the playing system.1.2 This test method is applicable for synthetic turf playing field systems and stone bases where system is designed for permeability through the synthetic turf surface and or through a base stone surface. It is also suitable for synthetic turf playing systems that are directly underlined with resilient and nonresilient pre-molded drainage boards systems and porous pavement base systems. The method tests a larger surface area than confined ring test methods and decreases the effect lateral flow within the surface and or stone base system due to the large increase in the ratio of test surface area to the synthetic turf playing system and stone base system thickness. The method is intended to more accurately mimic natural storm flow conditions by eliminating the effect of head pressure created by the water column height which creates a pressure flow condition at the surface of the test area that does not exist naturally.1.3 This test method is intended for finish-graded and compacted stone or finished surfaces that are installed with cross-slope gradients of less than 2.0 % or under conditions where the effect of cross-slope is mitigated by high system permeability. High sloping systems tend to have high sloping base systems which may impact results due to increases in the lateral flow within the section caused increased hydraulic energy caused by larger slopes.1.4 This test method is not applicable for conditions or locations in-which surface flow, due to high surface cross-slope or proximity, carries water flow from the test site to surface and subsurface drainage trenches or structures.1.5 Further, this test method may be impacted if preformed directly after a significant rainfall event in cases where the downstream capacity of the receiving drainage system is taxed to the extent that water backs up in the downstream system.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for a series of standards.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a large effect on pilling. Fabrics may be tested as received or after refurbishing, or both (laundering or drycleaning, or both). Interested parties shall agree on the state of fabric to be tested. The state of tested fabric shall be reported..5.5 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast. These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely on the number of pills. The development of pills may be accompanied by other surface phenomena, such as loss of cover, color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall acceptability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the characteristics of the pills and the other factors affecting the surface appearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and not rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series of standards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of the fabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageous when the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing their number with respect to their size and contrast, as a combined measure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because of the excessive time required for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.6 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 to 1 (no pilling to very severe pilling).5.7 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a result of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, and finish. The applicability of this test method to nonwoven fabrics has not been determined.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.NOTE 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Reflective insulation, radiant barrier and vinyl stretch ceiling materials are evaluated in accordance with Test Method E84 to comply with building or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, a specimen mounting procedure for reflective insulation, radiant barrier and vinyl stretch ceiling materials.5.2 The material shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.5.3 Specimen preparation and mounting procedures for materials not described in this practice shall be added as the information becomes available.5.4 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.5.5 This practice shall not apply to rigid foam plastics with or without reflective facers.5.6 This practice shall not apply to site-fabricated stretch systems covered by Practice E2573.1.1 This practice describes a procedure for specimen preparation and mounting when testing reflective insulation, radiant barrier and vinyl stretch ceiling materials to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.1.2 This practice is for reflective insulation materials and radiant barrier materials intended for mechanical fastening to substrates or building structural members, or intended to be mounted to a substrate with an adhesive.1.3 Specimens of reflective insulation materials and radiant barrier materials intended for mechanical fastening shall be prepared and mounted in accordance with 6.1. Specimens of reflective insulation materials and radiant barrier materials intended to be mounted to a substrate with an adhesive shall be prepared and mounted in accordance with 6.2. If the reflective insulation material or sheet radiant barrier material includes manufacturer recommended installation instructions with the option to be installed either by mechanical attachment or adhered, the insulation material shall be tested by both mounting procedures as outlined in 6.1 and 6.2.1.4 Specimens of vinyl stretch ceiling materials shall be prepared and mounted in accordance with 6.1.NOTE 1: Vinyl stretch ceiling materials are mechanically fastened.1.5 This practice shall apply to reflective insulation materials and radiant barrier materials as defined in Section 3.1.6 This practice shall apply to reflective plastic core insulation materials as defined in 3.2.3. Reflective plastic core insulation materials are one specific type of reflective insulation materials.1.7 This practice shall apply to vinyl stretch ceiling materials as defined in Section 3.1.8 This practice shall not apply to rigid foam plastics with or without reflective facers.1.9 This practice shall not apply to site-fabricated stretch systems covered by Practice E2573.1.10 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.1.11 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.1.12 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.1.13 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.14 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This practice gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 8.1.15 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.17 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide provides recommendations for recording walkway surface investigation, evaluation, and incident report data pertaining to slips, trips, stumbles, and falls. It is intended to aid individuals or entities in the development of their own special reporting system. It is recognized that a user may use this guide in its entirety or may extract only those segments providing the level of information recommended. Depending on the intended use, a report form may be designed to be used alone or as a supplement to or incorporated within another report form. This guide is not a final report form. It lists items that may be considered for inclusion into a questionnaire, document, or report.4.2 Potential users include persons interested in the prevention and investigation of slip, trip, stumble, and fall phenomena, such as insurance company loss control specialists, industrial and commercial safety professionals, plant and facilities management personnel, forensic engineers, and research personnel concerned with factor correlation, statistics acquisition, loss control, and cost control.4.3 This guide provides uniform language appropriate for creating a form for manually recording information regarding pedestrian walkway evaluations and slip, trip, and fall incidents.4.4 Recommendations for Reporting—Information specific to site location and case identification is given in 6.2; information specific to walkway evaluation is given in 6.3; information specific to slip, trip, and fall incidents is given in 6.4.1.1 This guide provides a listing of items that may be useful in recording and evaluating the conditions of a walkway surface, including ramps and stairs, that may involve a slip, stumble, or trip that may result in a fall.1.2 This guide provides a listing of data that may be useful in investigating, evaluating, and reporting a slip, stumble, trip, slip and fall, stumble and fall, or trip and fall incident.1.3 Nomenclature is provided to obtain uniform language for reports.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers requirements for rigid or flat seat type, two channeled race surface, thrust roller bearings intended for use in slow rotating or oscillating applications where pure thrust loads are applied. The thrust bearing shall be made of the specified high carbon chromium alloy steel. Requirements for (1) physical properties such as heat treatment, (2) dimensions and mass, and (3) surface finish are specified. Dimensions of retainer type, steering gear service and retainerless type, intermittent operation, are illustrated.1.1 This specification covers requirements for rigid or flat seat type, two channeled race surface, thrust roller bearings.1.2 Intended Use—The bearings covered in this specification are intended for use in slow rotating or oscillating applications where pure thrust loads are applied.1.3 This specification contains many of the requirements of MS17169, which was originally developed by the Department of Defense and maintained by the Defense Supply Center in Richmond. The following government activity codes may be found in the Department of Defense, Standardization Directory SD-1.2Preparing Activity Custodians Review ActivitiesDLA-GS4 Army-AT Army-MI  Navy-MC Air Force-84  Air Force-99    DLA-GS4  1.4 For design feature purposes, this specification takes precedence over procurement documents referenced herein.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by a cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers and similar heat transfer apparatus in unfinned end diameters of a specific size. Tubes shall be furnished with unenhanced ends in the annealed condition and shall be suitable for rolling-in operations. Each tube shall be subject to a nondestructive eddy current test, and either a pneumatic or hydrostatic test.1.1 This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which at least part of the external or internal surface has been enhanced by cold forming for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers, coils, and similar heat transfer apparatus in diameters up to and including 1 in. [25.4 mm]. The base tube wall thickness is typically at least 0.049 in. [1.245 mm] average, but lighter gauge may be negotiated with the manufacturer.1.2 Tubing purchased to this specification will typically be inserted through close-fitting holes in tubesheets, baffles, or support plates spaced along the tube length such as defined in the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer’s Association (TEMA) Standard.2 The tube ends will also be expanded, and may then be welded. Tube may also be bent to form U-tubes or be coiled or otherwise formed, although tight radii may require unenhanced length for the bends.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the order. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only: Section 8, 9, 10 and S1 of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Phytoplankton are basic to the food chain in all aquatic environments. In addition, they have long been considered to be important indicators of water-quality conditions. Phytoplankton data are also frequently used in the planning and design of water-treatment facilities and reservoirs.1.1 This test method covers determining the density and taxonomic classification of phytoplankton. It is applicable both to relatively sparse or dense phytoplankton concentrations, provided the suspended-sediment concentration is low. The Sedgwick Rafter (S-R) method requires less costly apparatus than does the inverted microscope method but gives less accurate results. The inherent inaccuracy in the Sedgwick-Rafter method is due to the design of the counting chamber and cannot be circumvented by a different choice of optics. For this reason, the S-R method is limited to the use of objective lenses having a working distance of approximately 1.6 mm or more. With 10× oculars the maximum overall magnification is approximately 250×. High concentrations of suspended sediment can obscure the algal cells, and thus cause interference.1.2 This test method is applicable to both freshwater and marine samples.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary information see Section 8.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Because of the direct association of phytoplankton with the water and the water masses that move in response to wind-or-gravity-generated currents, the species composition and abundance of phytoplankton are related to water quality. Moreover, the phytoplankton directly affect water quality, notably dissolved oxygen, pH, concentrations of certain solutes, and optical properties. At times the abundance or presence of particular species of algae result in nuisance conditions (2).4.2 Organisms of the phytoplankton communities are collected and studied for many reasons, and the techniques used will vary with the study objectives. In the design of a sampling program and in the selection of techniques, the investigator must take into consideration the uniqueness of each study area and the natural characteristics of phytoplankton communities.4.3 The principal factors to consider when collecting phytoplankton are the uneven distribution, composition, and abundance of phytoplankton in space and time. Phytoplankton blooms can occur quickly and can be of short duration. Succession of taxa can occur in a matter of 1 to 2 weeks. Furthermore, phytoplankton abundance and composition can change abruptly in the horizontal plane. There also can be remarkable numerical and qualitative differences between depths. The heterogeneous abundance and composition can occur not only over small areas but also over large areas. The uneven distribution makes it difficult to collect a representative sample from a given area and makes replication of samples and, especially, an adequate vertical and horizontal sampling program essential (3).1.1 This classification covers both qualitative and quantitative techniques that are used commonly for the collection of phytoplankton. The particular techniques that are used during an investigation are dependent upon the study objectives. Of additional importance in the selection of a technique is the uneven distribution of organisms both temporally and spacially. This classification describes qualitative and quantitative ways of collecting phytoplankton from inland surface waters. Specifically, qualitative samplers include conical tow nets and pumps; quantitative samplers include the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler, Juday plankton trap, water sampling bottles, and depth-integrating samplers.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The g-max values obtained by these procedures are indicative of the impact attenuation characteristics of playing surfaces used for sports such as American football, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, rugby, etc. Optional time history data can be used to further describe these properties.1.1 This test method is used to determine the impact-attenuation characteristics of natural turfgrass and soil playing surface systems with a lightweight portable apparatus. This test method can be used to compare the impact attenuation characteristics of natural playing surface systems, as well as assessing the effects of management practices on the impact attenuation characteristics. This test method also can be used to assess the compactibility of natural playing surfaces by recording g-max values or penetration of successive impacts, or both.1.2 This test method provides a procedure for assessing impact attenuation characteristics in the field, on both actual playing surfaces and research plots. Numerical data will not be comparable to data obtained using a different missile mass or geometry, different drop height, or different standard method, for example, Test Method F1936.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Surface cracks are among the most common defects found in structural components. An accurate characterization and understanding of crack-front behavior is necessary to ensure successful operation of a structure containing surface cracks. The testing of laboratory specimens with surface cracks provides a means to understand and quantify surface crack behavior, but the test results must be interpreted correctly to ensure transferability between the laboratory specimen and the structure.5.2 Transferability refers to the capacity of a fracture mechanics methodology to correlate the crack-tip stress and strain fields of different cracked bodies. Traditionally, the correlation has been based on the presence at fracture of a dominant, asymptotically singular, crack-tip field with amplitude set by the value of a single parameter, such as the stress intensity factor, KI, or the J-integral. For components and specimens with high crack-tip constraint, the singular crack-tip field dominates over microstructurally significant size scales for loads ranging from globally linear-elastic conditions to moderately large-scale plasticity. For specimens with low crack-tip constraint, a dominant single-parameter crack-tip field exists only at low levels of plasticity. At higher levels of plasticity, the opening mode stress of the low constraint specimen is lower than predicted by the single-parameter, asymptotically singular fields. Therefore, low constraint specimens often exhibit larger fracture toughness than do high constraint specimens. If feasible, users are strongly encouraged to generate high constraint fracture toughness data using methods such as Test Methods E399 or E1820 prior to testing the surface crack geometry.5.2.1 To address this phenomenon, two-parameter fracture criteria are used to include the influence of crack-tip constraint. Crack-tip constraint has been quantified using various scalar parameters including the T-stress (10, 11, 12), Q (13, 14), stress triaxiality (15, 16), and αh (17, 18). Fracture toughness in a two-parameter methodology is not a single value, but rather is a curve that defines a critical locus of fracture toughness and constraint values (2). Fig. 2 illustrates a toughness-constraint locus for application of two-parameter fracture mechanics to structures. A structural analysis provides the driving force curve for the configuration of interest, and is plotted with the toughness-constraint locus obtained from specimen test data. Crack extension is predicted when the driving force curve passes through the toughness-constraint locus.5.3 Tests conducted with this method provide data to assist in the prediction of structural capability in the presence of a surface crack by including a measure of crack-tip constraint in the interpretation of fracture toughness values. This improves the correlation of test specimen and structural conditions. To achieve the most accurate comparison, the conditions tested in accordance with this test method should match the structure as closely as possible. For conservative structural assessment, the user should ensure that conditions in the test specimen produce higher levels of constraint relative to the structure in application of the data. Factors that influence test specimen conditions include, but are not limited to, specimen geometry, a/c, a/B, loading conditions, as well as the amount and type of crack extension that occurred during the test.NOTE 3: The use of a constraint-based framework for the analysis of surface cracks permits a more realistic assessment of structural capability. This approach generally leads to a less conservative assessment than would be achieved, for example, by using a measure of high-constraint fracture toughness obtained from testing standard C(T) and SE(B) specimens of the material following Test Method E1820. It is essential that constraint effects measured in surface crack tests with this method be applied to any structural assessment with the requisite understanding to maintain appropriate levels of conservatism.5.4 This test method does not address environmental effects or loading rate effects that may be significant in assessing service integrity.1.1 This test method describes the method for testing fatigue-sharpened, semi-elliptically shaped surface cracks in rectangular flat panels subjected to monotonically increasing tension or bending. Tests quantify the crack-tip conditions at initiation of stable crack extension or immediate unstable crack extension.1.2 This test method applies to the testing of metallic materials not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness. Materials are assumed to be essentially homogeneous and free of residual stress. Tests may be conducted at any appropriate temperature. The effects of environmental factors and sustained or cyclic loads are not addressed in this test method.1.3 This test method describes all necessary details for the user to test for the initiation of crack extension in surface crack test specimens. Specific requirements and recommendations are provided for test equipment, instrumentation, test specimen design, and test procedures.1.4 Tests of surface cracked, laboratory-scale specimens as described in this test method may provide a more accurate understanding of full-scale structural performance in the presence of surface cracks. The provided recommendations help to assure test methods and data are applicable to the intended purpose.1.5 This test method prescribes a consistent methodology for test and analysis of surface cracks for research purposes and to assist in structural assessments. The methods described here utilize a constraint-based framework (1, 2)2 to evaluate the fracture behavior of surface cracks.NOTE 1: Constraint-based framework. In the context of this test method, constraint is used as a descriptor of the three-dimensional stress and strain fields in the near vicinity of the crack tip, where material contractions due to the Poisson effect may be suppressed and therefore produce an elevated, tensile stress state (3, 4). (See further discussions in Terminology and .) When a parameter describing this stress state, or constraint, is used with the standard measure of crack-tip stress amplitude (K or J), the resulting two-parameter characterization broadens the ability of fracture mechanics to accurately predict the response of a crack under a wider range of loading. The two-parameter methodology produces a more complete description of the crack-tip conditions at the initiation of crack extension. The effects of constraint on measured fracture toughness are material dependent and are governed by the effects of the crack-tip stress-strain state on the micromechanical failure processes specific to the material. Surface crack tests conducted with this test method can help to quantify the material sensitivity to constraint effects and to establish the degree to which the material toughness correlates with a constraint-based fracture characterization.1.6 This test method provides a quantitative framework to categorize test specimen conditions into one of three regimes: (I) a linear-elastic regime, (II) an elastic-plastic regime, or (III) a field-collapse regime. Based on this categorization, analysis techniques and guidelines are provided to determine an applicable crack-tip parameter for the linear-elastic regime (K or J) or the elastic-plastic regime (J), and an associated constraint parameter. Recommendations are provided to assess the test data in the context of a toughness-constraint locus (2). For tension loading, a computer program referred to as TASC V1.0.2 (Tool for Analysis of Surface Cracks) may be used to perform the analytical assessments in Section 9, Analysis of Results. The user is directed to other resources for evaluation of the test specimen in the field-collapse regime when extensive plastic deformation in the specimen eliminates the identifiable crack-front fields of fracture mechanics.NOTE 2: TASC. The computer program TASC is available at no charge either at https://software.nasa.gov/software/MFS-33082-1 or at https://sourceforge.net/projects/tascnasa/. The use of TASC relieves the user of the burden of performing unique elastic-plastic finite element analyses for each test performed in the elastic-plastic regime. For the purposes of this standard, TASC calculations are equivalent to finite element analysis results. Users of TASC should follow the methodologies in Annex A6 for establishing analysis material property inputs. Documentation on the development, verification and validation of TASC is provided in references (5, 6, 7, 8).1.7 The specimen design and test procedures described in this test method may be applied to evaluation of surface cracks in welds; however, the methods described in this test method to analyze test measurements may not be applicable. Weld fracture tests generally have complicating features beyond the scope of data analysis in this test method, including the effects of residual stress, microstructural variability, and non-uniform strength. These effects will influence test results and must be considered in the interpretation of measured quantities.1.8 This test method is not intended for testing surface cracks in steel in the cleavage regime. Such tests are outside the scope of this test method. A methodology for evaluation of cleavage fracture toughness in ferritic steels over the ductile-to-brittle region using C(T) and SE(B) specimens can be found in Test Method E1921.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.10 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method will provide an indication of the ability of the vacuum cleaner in removing dry debris from hard surface floors. The cleaning ability in the laboratory test will not be the same as in home cleaning; however, in most cases, a vacuum cleaner that performs well in the laboratory will clean well in a home.4.2 To provide a uniform basis for measuring the performance described in 1.1, standardized test hard surface flooring and standardized test debris are used.1.1 This test method provides only a laboratory test for determining the relative hard surface floor-cleaning ability of household/commercial vacuum cleaners when tested under specified test conditions.1.2 This test method is applicable to household/commercial types of upright, canister, combination, and stick vacuum cleaners that use a dry primary dirt receptacle and are intended for cleaning hard surface floors as a primary or secondary function.1.3 This test method applies only to the removal of dry debris from hard surface floors, not the removal of embedded dirt from carpet.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the radial sectioning technique 2,3,4 for measurement of the thickness of thin surface layers, made by a wide variety of processes, on metals, alloys, carbides, and oxides. 1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of a wide variety of surface layer types where the interface between the layer and substrate is discernible by natural color or reflectivity differences or by means of color or reflectivity differences due to etching or staining. 1.3 This test method does not pertain to layer thickness measurements made by analysis of compositional variations. 1.4 This test method deals only with the recommended test method and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any coating method. 1.5 The measurement values stated are in the metric system, as defined in Standard E380. 1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

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1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.1.2 This terminology does not cover every defect or imperfection possible for whitewares or related products. The standard is not intended to be an all inclusive document for ceramic imperfections. New defect types may be created as ceramic processes, materials, and technology evolve.1.3 Some of the imperfection photos utilize magnification for clarity in documentation. Unless otherwise noted, typical observation conditions for detection of tile imperfections/defects shall consist of current ANSI A137.1 viewing criteria for the specific defect type1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The different combinations of SMD types, attachment medias, circuit substrates, plating options, and process variation can account for significant variation in test outcome.3.2 The SMD shear strength test is useful to manufacturers and users for determining the bond strength of the component to the membrane switch circuit.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear integrity of materials and procedures used to attach surface mount devices (SMD) to a membrane switch circuit.1.2 This test method is typically used to indicate the sufficient cure of conductive adhesive or underfill, or both. In general, this test method should be used prior to encapsulant. This test may also be used to demonstrate the Shear Force with encapsulation.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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