5.1 This test method covers the measurement of thermal properties for engine coolants (aqueous or non-aqueous) and related fluids.5.2 With each single measurement, the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (α) are measured directly, and volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is determined by the relationship:5.3 The test method is transient and requires only a small amount of specimen and a short duration of time (0.8 s) to run a measurement. These attributes minimize heat convection in the liquid.5.4 The brief application of current to the sensor wire adds very little heat to the test specimen and ten repetitive tests may be applied at 30 s intervals without causing any significant convection or temperature drift.1.1 This test method covers the use of a transient hot wire liquid thermal conductivity method and associated equipment (the System) for the determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity of aqueous engine coolants, non-aqueous engine coolants, and related fluids. The System is intended for use in a laboratory.1.2 The System directly measures thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity without the requirement to input any additional properties. Volumetric heat capacity is calculated by dividing the thermal conductivity by the thermal diffusivity of the sample measured.1.3 This test method can be applied to any aqueous or non-aqueous engine coolants or related fluid with thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 W/m∙K.1.4 This test method excludes fluids that react with platinum.1.5 The range of temperatures applicable to this test method is –20 to 100 °C.1.6 This test method requires a sample of approximately 40 mL.1.7 The System may be used without external pressurization for any fluid having a vapor pressure of 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) or less at the test temperature.1.8 For a fluid having a vapor pressure greater than 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) at the test temperature, external pressurization is required (see Annex A2).1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The solar reflectance of a building envelope surface affects surface temperature and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy. Sunlight absorbed by a roof or by other building envelope surfaces can be conducted into the building, increasing cooling load and decreasing heating load in a conditioned building, or raising indoor temperature in an unconditioned building. It can also warm the outside air by convection. Determination of solar reflectance can help designers and consumers choose appropriate materials for their buildings and communities.5.1.1 The solar reflectance of a new building envelope surface often changes within one to two years through deposition and retention of soot and dust; microbiological growth; exposure to sunlight, precipitation, and dew; and other processes of soiling and weathering. For example, light-colored “cool” envelope surfaces with high initial reflectance can experience substantial reflectance loss as they are covered with dark soiling agents. Current product rating programs require roofing manufacturers to report values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance measured after three years of natural exposure (2, 3). A rapid laboratory process for soiling and weathering that simulates the three-year-aged radiative properties of roof and other building envelope surface materials expedites the development, testing, and introduction to market of such products.5.2 Thermal emittance describes the efficiency with which a surface exchanges thermal radiation with its environment. High thermal emittance enhances the ability of a surface to stay cool in the sun. The thermal emittance of a bare metal surface is initially low, and often increases as it is soiled or oxidized (4). The thermal emittance of a typical non-metal surface is initially high, and remains high after soiling (5).5.3 This practice allows measurement of the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of a roofing specimen after the application of the simulated field exposure.5.4 This practice is intended to be referenced by another standard, such as ANSI/CRRC S100, that specifies practices for specimen selection and methods for radiative measurement.1.1 Practice D7897 applies to simulation of the effects of field exposure on the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surface materials including but not limited to field-applied coatings, factory-applied coatings, single-ply membranes, modified bitumen products, shingles, tiles, and metal products. The solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surfacing materials can be changed by exposure to the outdoor environment. These changes are caused by three factors: deposition and retention of airborne pollutants, microbiological growth, and changes in physical or chemical properties. This practice applies to simulation of changes in solar reflectance and thermal emittance induced by deposition and retention of airborne pollutants and, to a limited extent, changes caused by microbiological growth.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combination of products, physical, chemical and mechanical properties and the significance of those properties should be considered. ASTM test methods are usually performed under laboratory conditions and may not accurately represent field conditions depending on process temperature, environment, and operating conditions. Performance results obtained using ASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance of materials to specifications but do not necessarily predict installed performance. Values stated in the ASTM material standards are those that apply to the majority of materials and not to any specific product; other tested values may exist for specific material applications.4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the understanding of process requirements, temperature control, heat loss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forces on insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind environmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design of piping and equipment needs to be modified to support insulation adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing. Process requirements may dictate the control of critical temperature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimize internal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such as ethylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insulation materials and the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby If these fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flash point could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specified heat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperatures could also dictate thermal design of insulation systems. Environmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient temperatures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methods of its securement. A combination of these factors plays a significant role in the selection of insulation materials and application methods to provide long-lasting trouble-free service.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the purchaser's specifications. However, some specialty insulation systems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork, precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installation requirements specified by the insulation system manufacturer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulation requires protection of some type, be it protection from the elements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solar radiation, protection from external forces that can cause mechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, or any combination of these. This protection can be provided in by metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both, mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending upon the application, service, and economic requirements. Considering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and comparing the initial cost of the insulated portion as a small percentage of that overall cost with the substantially increased operating cost as a result of inefficient insulation protection, it is common sense to provide only the best insulation system available and the best protection for that long-term investment consistent with the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usually a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of the insulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost. However, increased operating costs can result from inefficient protection.4.5 Bid invitations should contain information necessary to determine how guarantees of materials and application will be resolved.4.6 It is recommended that the purchaser provide a quality assurance program that defines the inspection of all materials, material safety data sheets (MSDS), and specific application procedures before and during progress of the insulation work.4.7 During contract negotiations, the contractor and purchaser should discuss and agree to the procedures to be adopted for suitable periodic inspection and maintenance of the insulation systems to ensure that the initial performance of the material will be maintained. And, where applicable, they should agree to the methods of repair and replacement to be adopted in case damage occurs during service or overhaul.1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulation materials, systems design, application methods, protective coverings, guarantees, inspection, testing, and maintenance of thermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in a temperature range of –320 to 1200°F (–195.5 to 648.8°C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines, by applying acceptable current practice while indicating the basic principles by which new materials can be assessed and adapted for use under widely differing conditions. Design engineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and the insulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve as fire protection, this guide does not address the criteria specific to that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fire protection. This guide will however address the fire properties of insulation materials.1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural, acoustical, marine, vehicle transport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design for refractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typically package units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This practice provides guidance for making adequate thermal balance tests of spacecraft and components where solar simulation has been determined to be the applicable method. Careful adherence to this practice should ensure the adequate simulation of the radiation environment of space for thermal tests of space vehicles. This practice also provides the proper test environment for systems-integration tests of space vehicles. However, there is no discussion herein of the extensive electronic equipment and procedures required to support such tests. This practice does not apply to or provide incomplete coverage of the following types of tests: launch phase or atmospheric reentry of space vehicles; landers on planet surfaces; degradation of thermal coatings; increased friction in space of mechanical devices, sometimes called "cold welding"; sun sensors; man in space; energy conversion devices; and tests of components for leaks, outgassing, radiation damage, or bulk thermal properties.1.1 Purpose: 1.1.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to provide guidance for making adequate thermal balance tests of spacecraft and components where solar simulation has been determined to be the applicable method. Careful adherence to this practice should ensure the adequate simulation of the radiation environment of space for thermal tests of space vehicles.1.1.2 A corollary purpose is to provide the proper test environment for systems-integration tests of space vehicles. An accurate space-simulation test for thermal balance generally will provide a good environment for operating all electrical and mechanical systems in their various mission modes to determine interferences within the complete system. Although adherence to this practice will provide the correct thermal environment for this type of test, there is no discussion of the extensive electronic equipment and procedures required to support systems-integration testing.1.2 Nonapplicability—This practice does not apply to or provide incomplete coverage of the following types of tests:1.2.1 Launch phase or atmospheric reentry of space vehicles,1.2.2 Landers on planet surfaces,1.2.3 Degradation of thermal coatings,1.2.4 Increased friction in space of mechanical devices, sometimes called “cold welding,”1.2.5 Sun sensors,1.2.6 Man in space,1.2.7 Energy conversion devices, and1.2.8 Tests of components for leaks, outgassing, radiation damage, or bulk thermal properties.1.3 Range of Application: 1.3.1 The extreme diversification of space-craft, design philosophies, and analytical effort makes the preparation of a brief, concise document impossible. Because of this, various spacecraft parameters are classified and related to the important characteristic of space simulators in a chart in 7.6.1.3.2 The ultimate result of the thermal balance test is to prove the thermal design to the satisfaction of the thermal designers. Flexibility must be provided to them to trade off additional analytical effort for simulator shortcomings. The combination of a comprehensive thermal-analytical model, modern computers, and a competent team of analysts greatly reduces the requirements for accuracy of space simulation.1.4 Utility—This practice will be useful during space vehicle test phases from the development through flight acceptance test. It should provide guidance for space simulation testing early in the design phase of thermal control models of subsystems and spacecraft. Flight spacecraft frequently are tested before launch. Occasionally, tests are made in a space chamber after a sister spacecraft is launched as an aid in analyzing anomalies that occur in space.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice relates to a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for discerning details in a scene.5.2 MRTD values provide estimates of resolution capability and may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower MRTD values indicate better resolution.)5.3 Due to the partially subjective nature of the procedure, repeatability and reproducibility are apt to be poor and MRTD differences less than 0.2 °C are considered to be insignificant.NOTE 1: Values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions may or may not correlate directly with service performance.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) capability of the compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of spatial frequency.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber. 4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100. 4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development. 4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American residential, commercial and industrial buildings, it is not feasible to select a typical surround panel construction for installing the fenestration system test specimen. Furthermore, for high resistance fenestration systems installed in fenestration opening designs and constructions that have thermal bridges, the large relative amount of heat transfer through the thermal bridge will cause the relatively small amount of heat transfer through the fenestration system to have a larger than desirable error. For this reason, the Calibration Transfer Standard and test specimen are installed in a homogeneous surround panel constructed from materials having a relatively high thermal resistance. Installing the test specimen in a relatively high thermal resistance surround panel places the focus of the test on the fenestration system thermal performance alone. Therefore, it is important to recognize that the thermal transmittance results obtained from this test method are for ideal laboratory conditions, and should only be used for fenestration product comparisons unless the thermal bridge effects that have the potential to occur due to the specific design and construction of the fenestration system opening are included in the analysis. 4.5 This test method does not include procedures to determine the heat flow due to either air movement through the specimen or solar radiation effects. As a consequence, the thermal transmittance results obtained do not reflect performances that are expected from field installations. It is possible to use the results from this test method as input to annual energy performance analyses which include solar, and air leakage effects to get a better estimate of how the test specimen would perform when installed in an actual building. To determine the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of fenestration products, refer to NFRC 200. To determine air leakage for windows and doors, refer to Test Methods E283 and E783. 4.6 It is important to recognize that the thermal transmittance, US, value determined in Section 8 is the only true experimental measurement result of this test method. The “standardized” thermal transmittance value, UST, obtained by either the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) or Area Weighting (AW) methods described in Section 8 include adjustments to the thermal transmittance value bases on results from calibration runs described in Section 6. The standardized thermal transmittance is useful for two reasons; it facilitates comparison of test results between different laboratories with different thermal chamber geometries and configurations, and it improves the comparison between test results and computer simulation results. Due to the differences in size, geometry, and climate chamber air flow permitted by this test method, Test Method C1363, and Practice E1423, there can be significant variations in the local surface heat transfer coefficients on the same test specimen installed in different laboratories even though these laboratories measured identical surface heat transfer coefficients on their Calibration Transfer Standards. Inter-Laboratory Comparisons conducted by the NFRC have shown that the effect of this variation is reduced if the standardized thermal transmittance is used for comparison instead of the thermal transmittance. The standardized thermal transmittance is also a useful tool for the evaluation and comparison of experimental results of fenestration systems with computer calculations of the thermal transmittance. that are made because the current Historically, computer calculation methods (NFRC 100) for determining the thermal transmittance were not capable of applying the actual surface heat transfer coefficients that exist on the test specimen while testing at standardized conditions. These current computer calculation methods assumed that uniform standardized surface heat transfer coefficients exist on the indoor and outdoor fenestration product surfaces. Although the next generation of computer simulation programs includes improved radiation heat transfer algorithms, which generate non-uniform surface heat transfer coefficients, the standardized thermal transmittance remains to be a useful tool when comparing test results to computer modeling results. 4.6.1 It is important to recognize that due to radiation effects, the room side or weather side temperature (th and tc, respectively), has the potential to differ from the respective room side or weather side baffle temperatures (tb1 and tb2, respectively). If there is a difference of more than ±1 °C (±2 °F), either on the room side or weather side, the radiation effects shall be accounted for as described in Sections 6 and 9 to maintain accuracy in the calculated surface heat transfer coefficients. Calculating the radiation exchange for highly conductive test specimens or projecting fenestration products as described in Annex A2 is not a trivial task. 4.6.2 The calculation of the standardized thermal transmittance assumes that only the surface heat transfer coefficients change from the calibrated standardized values for the conditions of the test. This assumption is possibly not valid if the surface temperature differentials for the standardized calibration conditions are different from the surface temperature differential that exists on the test specimen during the test. Currently, specifications for the Calibration Transfer Standard give it a thermal transmittance of 1.7 W/(m2·K) [0.3 Btu/(hr·ft2·°F)]. Accordingly, the calculation of the standardized thermal transmittance produces the least error when performed on test specimens with a similar thermal transmittance. 4.6.3 It is important to note that the standardized surface heat transfer coefficients, hh and hc, as calibrated prior to testing a fenestration product using an appropriately sized Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) have the potential to differ from the surface heat transfer coefficients that exist during a hot box test on a specific test specimen. Fenestration systems usually have frame and sash surfaces that introduce two- and three-dimensional convective heat transfer effects which result in variable surface heat transfer coefficients, which differ from the uniform standardized values. As a result of this, the test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients will differ from those obtained with the non-framed, essentially flat Calibration Transfer Standard tested under the same conditions. In this standardizing procedure, it is assumed that the differences are small enough so that the calibration surface heat transfer coefficients can be used to calculate equivalent test specimen average surfaces temperatures, t1 and t2, in order to estimate the actual test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients. It is important to recognize that this assumption will not be accurate for all fenestration products, especially for high thermal transmittance products where the surface heat transfer coefficients are a major portion of the overall thermal resistance and also for fenestration products with significant surface projections (for example, skylights, roof windows, garden windows) where the surface heat transfer coefficients are quite different from the standardized values. 4.6.4 In these situations, it is important to attempt to measure the test specimen surface temperature distributions and then calculate directly the test specimen average area weighted surfaces temperatures, t1 and t2. This area weighting (AW) method also has problems in that the placement of temperature sensors to get an accurate area weighting is not known, especially on high conductivity horizontal surfaces that act as heat transfer extended surfaces (that is, fins). In addition, the placement of many temperature sensors on the test specimen surfaces will affect the velocity fields in the vicinity of these surfaces which will affect the surface temperatures and surface heat transfer coefficients. 1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance. Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof. 1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects. Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area. 1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14. 1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance, UST, which can be used to compare test results from laboratories with vastly different thermal chamber configurations, and facilitates the comparison to results from computer programs that use standard heat transfer coefficients to determine the thermal transmittance of fenestration products. Although this test method specifies two methods of calculating the standardized thermal transmittance, only the standardized thermal transmittance result from one method is reported for each test. One standardized thermal transmittance calculation procedure is the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) Method and another is the Area Weighting (AW) Method (see Section 9 for further descriptions of these two methods). The Area Weighting method requires that the surface temperatures on both sides of the test specimen be directly measured as specified in Practice E1423 in order to determine the surface heat transfer coefficients on the fenestration product during the test. The CTS Method does not use the measured surface temperatures on the test specimen and instead utilizes the calculation of equivalent surface temperatures from calibration data to determine the test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients. The AW shall be used whenever the thermal transmittance, US, is greater than 3.4 W/(m2·K) [0.6 Btu/(hr·ft 2·°F)], or when the ratio of test specimen projected surface area to wetted (that is, total heat transfer or developed) surface area on either side of the test specimen is less than 0.80. Otherwise the CTS Method shall be used to standardize the thermal transmittance results. 1.5 A discussion of the terminology and underlying assumptions for measuring the thermal transmittance are included. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used, for example, for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of two different materials is subjected to temperature variations.5.2 This test method is comparable to Test Method D3386 for testing electrical insulation materials, but it covers a more general group of solid materials and it defines test conditions more specifically. This test method uses a smaller specimen and substantially different apparatus than Test Methods E228 and D696.5.3 This test method may be used in research, specification acceptance, regulatory compliance, and quality assurance.1.1 This test method determines the technical coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques.1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 μm/(m·°C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from −120 °C to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Differential scanning calorimeters are used to determine chemical reaction thermal profiles of materials. One such reaction is the curing of thermosetting resins.5.2 This test method is useful for both specification acceptance and for research.1.1 This test method covers determination of curing parameters of pultrusions resins by differential scanning calorimetry.1.2 This test method is applicable to pultrusion resin solutions with adequate initiator(s).1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from 0 to 200°C.NOTE 1: Resin systems that do not form an adequate baseline are not covered by this test method.1.4 Computer or electronic based instruments or data treatment equivalent to this practice are suitable for use.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 1.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

Part of the function of a shoe is to assist the foot in maintaining body temperature and to guard against large heat changes. The insulating property of a material used in shoe construction is dependent on porosity or the amount of air spaces present. A good insulating material has a low thermal conductivity value, k. The thermal conductivity value increases with an increase in moisture content since the k value for water is high, 14 by 104cal·cm/s·cm4 · °C (0.59 W/m·K).1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the thermal conductivity of leather. The measured parameters are the area, the thickness, and the temperature difference between the two sides of a leather specimen. This test method is not limited to leather, but may be used for any poorly conductive material such as rubber, textiles, and cork associated with the construction of shoes. Specimens up to 0.5 in. (13 mm) thick may be run. This test method does not apply to wet blue.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—Thermal conductivity must be measured under steady-state conditions; however, this transient test method can be used to estimate the thermal conductivity of leather.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Temperature measurements taken from a thermal probe lowered into access ducts in the deep foundation element, or from embedded thermal sensors distributed along the length, can be used to assess the homogeneity and integrity of concrete both inside and outside the reinforcing cage, as well as placement of the cage relative to the center of the curing concrete.3, 4NOTE 4: If flaws are detected, then further evaluation and potential remediation may be warranted to determine if the flaw is a defect. Any interpretation is qualitative and possibly relative to the particular deep foundation element material, construction characteristics of the tested structure, and the apparatus used. Interpretation therefore should contain proper engineering judgment and experience.1.1 These test methods provide procedures for measuring the temperature profile within a deep foundation element constructed using cast-in-place concrete, such as bored piles, drilled shafts, augered piles, diaphragm walls, barrettes, and dams, and alike. The thermal profile induced by the curing concrete can be used to evaluate the homogeneity and integrity of the concrete mass within the deep foundation element.1.2 Two alternative procedures are provided:1.2.1 Method A uses a thermal probe lowered into access ducts installed in the deep foundation element during construction.1.2.2 Method B uses multiple embedded thermal sensors attached to the reinforcing cage installed in the deep foundation element during construction.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 This standard provides minimum requirements for thermal profiling of concrete deep foundation elements. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test, may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.1.7 Limitations—Proper installation of the access ducts or thermal sensors is advised for effective testing and interpretation. If a flaw is detected, then the method does not give the exact type of flaw (for example, inclusion, bulge, honeycombing, lack of cement particles, and alike.) but rather only that a flaw exists. The method is limited primarily to testing the concrete during the early curing process.1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The comparative method of measurement of thermal conductivity is especially useful for engineering materials including ceramics, polymers, metals and alloys, refractories, carbons, and graphites including combinations and other composite forms of each.5.2 Proper design of a guarded-longitudinal system is difficult and it is not practical in a method of this type to try to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning theory of heat flow, temperature measurements, and general testing practices. Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development by research workers of new or methods or improved procedures. However, new or improved techniques must be thoroughly tested. Requirements for qualifying an apparatus are outlined in Section 10.1.1 This test method describes a steady state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity, λ, of homogeneous-opaque solids (see Notes 1 and 2). This test method is applicable to materials with effective thermal conductivities in the range 0.2 < λ < 200 W/(m·K) over the temperature range between 90 K and 1300 K. It can be used outside these ranges with decreased accuracy.NOTE 1: For purposes of this technique, a system is homogeneous if the apparent thermal conductivity of the specimen, λA, does not vary with changes of thickness or cross-sectional area by more than ±5 %. For composites or heterogeneous systems consisting of slabs or plates bonded together, the specimen should be more than 20 units wide and 20 units thick, respectively, where a unit is the thickness of the thickest slab or plate, so that diameter or length changes of one-half unit will affect the apparent λA by less than ±5 %. For systems that are non-opaque or partially transparent in the infrared, the combined error due to inhomogeneity and photon transmission should be less than ±5 %. Measurements on highly transparent solids must be accompanied with infrared absorption coefficient information, or the results must be reported as apparent thermal conductivity, λA.NOTE 2: This test method may also be used to evaluate the contact thermal conductance/resistance of materials and composites.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This practice establishes methods for thermal vacuum bakeout of spacecraft and spacecraft components.1.2 This practice defines the equipment, environment, and certification criteria for each type of bakeout.1.3 The methods defined in this practice are intended to reduce component outgassing rates to levels necessary to meet mission performance requirements of the contamination sensitive hardware. Times, temperatures, and configurations contained in this document have been found to provide satisfactory results. Experienced operators may find that other, similar times, temperatures and configurations have provided satisfactory results. If deviations from these criteria are deemed appropriate, they should be detailed in the bakeout report.1.4 This practice describes three bakeout methods: Method A, using prescribed time and pressure criteria; Method B, using prescribed QCM stabilization rate criteria; and Method C, which measures the QCM deposition rate.1.5 Determination of the acceptable molecular outgassing, selection of the bakeout method, and determination of the specific test completion criteria are the responsibility of the user organization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:Temperature +5 °CHot spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)Cold spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)Center versus end gripping of the barsHot hold time 10 to 15 minCold hold time 10 to 15 minOperator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)Initially cold or heated samplesLast in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO) removal from the furnaceSawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testingBar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This standard is intended to be used by engineers and designers as a guide to assist them in selecting appropriate thermal insulation jacketing materials. As a guide, it can be used to identify performance characteristics that might be necessary for a particular insulation jacketing system. This guide is not a specification and therefore should not be used as such. It might, however, be useful in writing a specification. Specification C921 can also be used to determine properties of jacketing materials for thermal insulation.1.1 This guide covers criteria for selecting thermal insulation jacketing materials and is not intended for use as a performance or product specification.1.2 This guide applies to jacketing materials applied over thermal insulation for piping, ducts, and equipment.1.3 This guide includes jacketing materials used over thermal insulation whether the insulation is in the form of pipe, board, or blanket, or field applied materials that are self-supporting, including insulating cements.1.4 This guide does not include covers or other retaining walls that contain loose fill, other nonsupporting insulation materials, or conduits or containers for buried insulation systems.1.5 This guide does not include mastics and coatings and their reinforcements.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Insulations that are used as a part of the thermal insulation system in contact with austenitic stainless steels have the potential to become contaminated with water soluble corrosive ions which, in turn, if permitted to reach the stainless steel surface, are possible to contribute to external stress corrosion cracking (ESCC). Therefore, it is important to reduce the exposure of such insulating materials to water-soluble corrosive ion compounds at all stages of manufacture, handling, shipping, storage, and application. During manufacture, precautions shall be taken to minimize water soluble corrosive ion content, both in the material and as surface contamination. Once the manufacture is complete, care must be exercised during handling, transporting, shipping, storage, receiving, and application to avoid contamination with corrosive ions that can be transported by water through the insulation materials onto the stainless steel surface. This practice presents criteria which, if followed, will minimize the risks of ESCC associated with the application of insulation materials. It must be emphasized, however, that because of the many variable factors present, complete freedom from ESCC can not be assured under all circumstances, even when following the guidance of this practice.4.2 Continued protection of the insulation and the stainless steel surface from moisture and contamination after the insulation system is installed and over its entire service life is of significant importance. In-service contamination has the potential to occur from many sources; for example, from airborne contaminates, rain or salt spray, periodic fire sprinkler system tests, wash-downs, or process leakage. Weather barrier jacketing systems and proper application shall be chosen to provide long-term protection in the intended use environment.4.3 The entire insulation system shall be periodically inspected and maintained. Insulation that is suspected of contamination shall be retested or immediately replaced. Wash down of insulated pipe and equipment shall be avoided. Whenever possible, protective coatings or finishes shall be applied directly to the stainless steel surface as the primary source of corrosion protection.1.1 This practice is intended to provide guidance and direction in the handling, transporting, shipping, storage, receiving, and application of thermal insulating materials to be used as a surface treatment or as part of the thermal insulation system in contact with austenitic stainless steel.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车