4.1 In this practice it is recognized that effectiveness, safety, and durability of an RBS depends not only on the quality of the materials, but also on proper installation.4.2 Improper installation of an RBS will reduce the thermal effectiveness, cause fire risks and other unsafe conditions, and promote deterioration of the structure in which it is installed. Improper installations include fires caused by: (1) heat buildup in recessed lighting fixtures, (2) deterioration or failure of electrical wiring components, and (3) deterioration in wood structures and paint failure as a result of moisture accumulation.4.3 This practice provides direction for the installation of RBS products in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings vary greatly and care shall be taken to ensure safe and effective installation.4.4 In this practice, requirements are presented that are both general and specific in nature and practical. They are not intended as specific instructions unless so indicated. The user shall consult the manufacturer for application and installation methods. The requirements in this practice shall be the minimum material and installation requirements for RBS.1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, builder, and the installer of radiant barrier systems (RBS) for use in commercial/industrial building construction not otherwise restricted from use. The scope is limited to instruction relative to the use and installation of RBS, including a surface(s) normally having an emittance of 0.1 or less, such as metallic foil or metallic foil deposits, mounted on substrates. Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low-emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard radiant transfer across the airspace: (2) low-emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant transfer to, or from, building inhabitants; and (3) low-emittance surface at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant transfer to, or from, radiant heating or cooling systems.1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through the post-installation procedure. It does not cover the production of the radiant barrier materials. (See Specification C1313.)1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer’s installation instructions but shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supercede local, state, federal, or international codes.1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the applicable codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for installation of radiant barrier materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of commercial/industrial building construction that affect the installation of RBS.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 5 and 7.1.7 When the installation or use of radiant barrier materials, accessories, and systems has the potential to pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the use of the product of the company and shall also specify protective measures.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.4.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtain test data on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densities related to the end uses of the product.4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these products range from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 500 mm (20 in.). Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installed thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation techniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.4.4 Loose-fill insulations provide coverage information using densities selected by manufacturers to represent the product settled densities. Generally, it is necessary to know the product thermal performance at a representative density. Some coverage charts utilize multiple densities to show that greater thickness installations usually result in higher installed densities. The use of multiple densities can be detected from the coverage chart by calculating the density for several different thermal resistance levels. (The density for a given thermal resistance can be calculated from the coverage chart by dividing the minimum mass per unit area by the minimum thickness.) If the calculated densities are significantly different at different thermal resistances, the multiple density strategy has been used.4.5 When applicable specifications or codes do not specify the nominal thermal resistance level to be used for comparison purposes, a recommended practice is to use the Rsi (metric) = 3.3 m2K/W (RIP = 19 [h ft2F/Btu]) label density and thickness for that measurement.4.6 If the density for test purposes is not available from the coverage chart, a test density shall be established by use of applicable specifications and codes or, if none apply, agreement between the requesting body and the testing organization.4.7 Generally, thin sections of these materials are not uniform. Thus, the test thickness must be greater than or equal to the product’s representative thickness if the results are to be consistent and typical of use.NOTE 1: The representative thickness is specific for each product and is determined by running a series of tests in which the density is held constant but the thickness is increased. The representative thickness is defined here as that thickness above which there is no more than a 2 % change in the resistivity of the product. The representative thickness is a function of product blown density. In general, as the density decreases, the representative thickness increases. Fortunately, most products are designed to be blown over a small range of densities. This limited range yields a range of representative thicknesses between 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 in.) for most products. To simplify the process for this Practice, the representative thickness for the C687 tests shall be determined at the midpoint of the blown density range. Once this is accomplished, all thermal testing on this product is conducted at a thickness that is greater or equal to the representative thickness.4.7.1 For this practice, the minimum test thickness shall be 100 mm (4 in.) or the representative thickness, whichever is larger. If the test is to represent an installation at a lesser thickness, the installed thickness shall be used.4.8 Because of the high cost of construction and operation of large test equipment, it is impractical to test at the higher thicknesses at which products are used. For purposes of this practice, it is acceptable to estimate the thermal resistance at any thickness from the thermal resistivity obtained from tests on the product at the minimum test thickness (see 4.7.1) and at the density expected for the proposed thickness.4.9 In principle, any of the standard methods for the determination of thermal resistance are suitable for loose-fill products. These include Test Methods C177, C518, C1114, and C1363. Of these test methods, the heat flow meter apparatus, Test Method C518, is preferred.4.10 The thermal resistance of low-density insulations depend upon the direction of heat flow. Unless otherwise specified, tests shall be performed for the maximum heat flow condition, that is, a horizontal specimen with heat flow-up.4.11 Specimens shall be prepared in a manner consistent with the intended installation procedure. Products for pneumatic installation shall be pneumatically applied (blown), and products for pour-in-place installation shall be poured into specimen frames.4.12 Loosefill insulation installed in attic applications will have heat flow up during the winter. At winter design conditions in many areas, the winter design temperature difference will cause convective heat transfer to occur within some loose-fill insulations. The procedure outlined in Practice C687 is not applicable to that measurement unless a Test Method C1363 test apparatus is used to reproduce the correct boundary conditions. To determine how seasonal differences can affect product performance, use Practice C1373. Practice C1373 measures the expected winter thermal performance of loose-fill insulation under simulated winter design temperature conditions and provides specimen requirements necessary for that determination.1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine the thermal resistance of loose-fill building insulations at mean temperatures between −20 and 55°C (−4 to 131°F).1.2 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-fill thermal insulation products including but not limited to fibrous glass, rock/slag wool, or cellulosic fiber materials; granular types including vermiculite and perlite; pelletized products; and any other insulation material installed pneumatically or poured in place. It does not apply to products that change their character after installation either by chemical reaction or the application of binders or adhesives, nor does it consider the effects of structures, containments, facings, or air films.1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible product comparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulation material which has been preconditioned to a relatively dry state. Consideration of changes of thermal performance of a hygroscopic insulation by sorption of water is beyond the scope of this practice.1.4 The sample preparation techniques outlined in this practice do not cover the characterization of loose-fill materials intended for enclosed applications. For those applications, a separate sample preparation technique that simulates the installed condition will be required. However, even for those applications, some other aspects of this practice are applicable.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This standard covers a classification for field requirements, office overhead, and profit for use in construction estimating. This classification is common to all forms of construction, and its components are an integral part of any construction cost estimate. The classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, design, and construction phases of building. This standard also ensures consistency in the economic evaluation of construction work across time and from project to project, which enhances reporting at all stages in construction, from feasibility and planning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal. This classification is not based on permanent physical elements of construction. Rather, the classification items are major, non-permanent, cost components common to all construction work. They perform the same function and provide for similar needs regardless of the design, specification, construction method, or materials used in the physical construction. The basis of classification and description of field requirements, description of office overhead and profit individual element are also detailed.1.1 This standard covers a classification for field requirements, office overhead, and profit for use in construction estimating. This classification is common to all forms of construction, and its components are an integral part of any construction cost estimate. The classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, design, and construction phases of building. Used in conjunction with UNIFORMAT II and other elemental classifications, including Classification E2168, it also ensures consistency in the economic evaluation of construction work across time and from project to project. Through consistency in estimating and cost recording it enhances reporting at all stages in construction—from feasibility and planning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal—and is a necessary part of the reporting process described in Practice E1804.1.2 This classification applies to all construction work.1.3 This classification is not based on permanent physical elements of construction (as defined and classified in Classification E1557). Rather, the classification items are major, non-permanent, cost components common to all construction work. They perform the same function and provide for similar needs regardless of the design, specification, construction method, or materials used in the physical construction.

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1.1 This terminology relates to the economic evaluation of building construction as used in other standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings, and it does not necessarily correspond to the terminology used in other areas of accounting and economics.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide provides recommendations for the enclosure commissioning process from its project planning through design, construction and occupancy and operation phases. This guide is intended for various building types. Although Practice E2813 defines two levels of enclosure commissioning, fundamental and enhanced, complex buildings and Owners seeking a higher level of assurance may require more intensified enclosure commissioning than the minimum requirements described in this guide and Practice E2813.135.2 The process uses performance-oriented practices and procedures to verify that the project is achieving the expectations described in the OPR and defined by the contract documents throughout the delivery of the project.5.3 The BECx process is recommended to begin during the pre-design phase and continues through the occupancy and operations phase. The process includes specific tasks during each project phase.5.4 The commissioning process is outlined in ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 202. It is recommended that the reader understand the process provided in that document. This standard guide and Practice E2813 provide a specific process related to the building enclosure commissioning.5.5 Note that the enclosure commissioning process should not infringe upon the authority or responsibility of the Owner, the project’s designers or contractors. The CxG and BECxG can identify areas of concern relative to the OPR, which are discussed with the Owner and other stakeholders; however it is the Owner who directs the project, Cx team, and BECx team. It is recommended that the BECxP be engaged in pre-design phase to define the scope of BECx so that the Owner’s agreements with the project team (including the contractor) clearly define the scope of contracted tasks that interface with BECx process.5.6 BECx does not replace a traditional design/construction process but is meant to enhance and be an integral part of that process by validating the design and verifying the construction meets the requirements described in the OPR and defined by the contract documents.5.7 In this guide, the performance objectives for attributes of the building enclosure as required by an Owner are considered. Enclosure attributes to be considered include the control of moisture, condensation, heat flow, air flow, water vapor flow, noise, fire, vibrations, energy, light, infrared radiation (IR), ultraviolet radiation (UV), as well as the structural performance, durability, resiliency, security, reliability, aesthetics, value, constructability, maintainability over its life cycle, and sustainability of the enclosure elements to meet or exceed the expectations described in the OPR and defined by the contract documents. The commissioning objectives for a building’s enclosure may vary by the Owner’s requirements. The objectives contained in the OPR may vary by occupancy, use, size, and the project requirements, which may include other requirements across these or other variables.5.7.1 Note that this guide is not a one-size-fits-all “how to” standard guide on avoiding poorly performing building enclosures.5.8 Approach: 5.8.1 The sequence of work for the BECx team commences by assembling the documentation of the OPR at the inception of a project. The sequence continues with the conveyance and interpretation of this information by the BECxG throughout the building delivery process. Throughout the process, the BECxP verifies that the BECxG’s work product is consistent with this guide and Practice E2813. The BECx process has been structured to coincide with the phases of a generic project with pre-design, design, bidding and negotiation, construction, occupancy, and operations phases. If circumstances require Owners to adopt the BECx process during the design or construction phase of a project, implementation at that point in time shall capture the information that would have been developed had the BECx process begun at project inception. Beginning the BECx process at project inception will maximize benefits to the project.5.8.2 Although this guide focuses upon building enclosure systems, a successful whole building commissioning process should carefully document and verify interfaces between interdependent building systems. Even if the building enclosure is the singular focus of this Cx process, coordination among disciplines is essential for overall building project success.1.1 Purpose—This guide provides procedures, methods and documentation techniques that may be used in the application of the building enclosure commissioning (BECx) process. This guide is complementary to Practice E2813 and is aligned with ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 202 and ASHRAE Guideline 0.1.2 Extent—The process outlined in this standard guide applies to each building delivery phase from pre-design through occupancy and operation. The specific application of this guide may vary to suit the Owner, the project delivery method and the building project as described in the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR), and as defined by the contract documents.1.3 Primary Focus—The primary focus of this process includes, but may not be limited to, new construction of building enclosures, existing building enclosures undergoing substantial renovation or alteration, and continuous commissioning of enclosure systems.1.4 Contractual and Regulatory Obligations—The methods described in this guide are not intended to supersede or otherwise replace the contractual obligations reserved specifically for the parties responsible for the design and construction of a building or structure, nor to alter the roles, responsibilities and duties that may otherwise be assigned to those parties by applicable regulatory or statutory law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide may be used by design professionals and others in the building construction industry to provide factual support for professional judgment of materials, products, or systems during the design development of new and remedial building exterior enclosure construction.4.2 This guide is intended to provide guidance to the user of this standard in the evaluation and qualification of materials, products, or systems with which they do not have substantial, long-term experience or that are intended to be employed in a new or different manner. The standard may be used to investigate and assess the probable performance of such materials, products, or systems in relation to the proposed use on or as part of a building exterior enclosure.4.3 The procedures outlined in Section 5 will help guide the user in making informed selections based on the materials, products, or systems performance history on constructed projects and provide information on limitations of use, the manufacturer’s performance history, and current status. The use of this guide will reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of in-service performance problems with materials, products, or systems.4.4 The procedures listed in this guide are intended for use in selecting materials, products, or systems that are critical to the safety, function, or serviceability of a building, or where they constitute substantial components of the work. The recommendations in this guide are not applicable to all materials, products, or systems that can be incorporated in buildings. The user must exercise appropriate judgment and care regarding the need when applying the various procedures included in this guide, including the use of the form included in Appendix X1, with regard to particular materials, products, or systems, and specific buildings. Materials, products, or systems that will be used for a noncritical or incidental use usually do not require an exhaustive evaluation. Materials, products, or systems with which the user has first-hand experience do not generally require an exhaustive evaluation since many of the evaluation tasks listed herein should have been performed previously.4.5 Appendix X1 is provided for the user of this guide as a tool in organizing their thoughts and approach to application of the guide. It may also provide useful documentation to the user for both the building under current consideration and as a future reference for other buildings. Other forms of documentation may be developed by contract agreements or requirements of authorities having jurisdiction.NOTE 1: Often components of a building’s exterior enclosure construction are tested in the laboratory to help assure adequate performance. Laboratory evaluation of materials, products, or systems is not described in this guide.1.1 This guide covers guidance to design professionals in the evaluation of materials, products, or systems with which they are not familiar and to help determine that the selected materials, products, or systems are suitable for use on or as a part of a building’s exterior enclosure.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32 m) long by 20-in. (508 mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow and flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 5 1/2 min.4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side.1.2 Test Method E84 is a 10-min fire-test response method. The following standards address testing of materials in accordance with test methods that are applications or variations of the test method or apparatus used for Test Method E84:1.2.1 Materials required by the user to meet an extended 30-min duration tunnel test shall be tested in accordance with Test Method E2768.1.2.2 Wires and cables for use in air-handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 262.1.2.3 Pneumatic tubing for control systems shall be tested in accordance with UL 1820.1.2.4 Combustible sprinkler piping shall be tested in accordance with UL 1887.1.2.5 Optical fiber and communications raceways for use in air handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with UL 2024.NOTE 1: Annex A13 includes additional information describing a standard other than those listed in this section that also utilizes a modification of the apparatus used for Test Method E84.1.3 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements.1.4 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support.1.5 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers standard specification for steel sheet metallic coated by the hot-dip process and coil-coated with organic films for exterior exposed building products. The substrate shall conform to all requirements of the appropriate specification for the steel sheet product. Material classification includes zinc-coated (galvanized), aluminum-zinc alloy-coated, and aluminum coated steel sheets. The recommended minimum coating mass designations for use in exterior exposed building applications shall be indicated. The properties of the substrate and the organic coating system, combined with the method of forming, shall determine the life expectancy and general appearance of the final product.1.1 This specification covers steel sheet metallic coated by the hot-dip process and coil-coated with organic films for exterior exposed building products. Sheet of this designation is furnished in coils, cut lengths, and formed cut lengths. Building products include corrugated and various types of roll and brake-formed configurations.1.2 The substrate is available in several different metallic-coated steel sheet products as enumerated in 4.1, depending on the requirements of the purchaser.1.3 Coating systems supplied under this specification consist of a primer coat covered by various types and thicknesses of top coats. The combination of primer and top coat is classed as either a two-coat thin-film system or as a two-coat (or more) thick-film system. Typical top-coating materials are: polyester, silicone polyester, acrylic, fluoropolymer, plastisol, or polyurethane.1.4 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A755) or SI units [as A755M]. Values in inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. Each system shall be used independently of each other.1.5 Unless the order specifies the “M” designation (SI units), the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units.1.6 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method, known as the calibrated hot box method, provides for the laboratory measurement of heat transfer through a specimen under controlled air temperature, air velocity, and radiation conditions established in a metering chamber on one side and in a climatic chamber on the other side. It is primarily intended for measurements under steady-state conditions and at temperatures typical of normal building applications. Heat transfer through the specimen is determined from net measured heat input to the metering chamber, corrected for the estimated loss through the chamber walls and estimated loss flanking the specimen at its perimeter, both estimates being based upon calibrations using specimens of known thermal properties. Heat loss through the metering chamber walls is limited by highly insulated walls, and, when necessary, by control of the surrounding ambient temperature, or by use of a partial guard. In the normal configuration, the metered area of the specimen is surrounded by perimeter insulation rather than by additional specimen area as is used in the guarded hot box Test Method C236. 1.2 The calibrated hot box method is specially suited for large nonhomogeneous specimens such as building structures and composite assemblies of building elements. It can be used for measurements of individual building elements such as windows and doors. Recommended practices for measurement of window and door thermal performance are being developed in Committees C-16 and E-6. The calibrated hot box method may also be used to investigate the effect of structural members, piping, electrical outlets, or construction defects, such as insulation voids, on the performance of a building section. The calibrated hot box may also be used for nonhomogeneous specimens not necessarily related to buildings, or for homogeneous specimens. Examples of the design, construction, calibration, operation, and use of calibrated hot boxes are given in the References (1-13). Note 1-The guarded hot box method, Test Method C236, is an alternative for such measurements. 1.2.1 Since a full specimen is normally tested in the calibrated hot box, it is unnecessary and improper to install internal convection barriers in excess of those normally a part of the specimen. Such barriers would be required for a vertical specimen with internal cavities extending above or below the metered area. 1.3 When constructed to measure heat transfer in the horizontal direction, the calibrated hot box can be used for testing walls and other vertical structures and is commonly called a wall test apparatus. When constructed to measure heat transfer in the vertical direction it can be used for testing roof, ceiling, floor, and other horizontal structures and is commonly called a floor/ceiling test apparatus. Other orientations are allowable, and the same apparatus may be used for both vertical and horizontal testing if it can be rotated or reassembled in either orientation. 1.4 This method is established for steady-state tests; however, the apparatus may be operated under dynamic (nonsteady-state) conditions, either periodic or nonperiodic, in which temperatures are changed during the test as, for example, to follow a diurnal cycle. This standard does not establish procedures or criteria for conducting dynamic tests or for analysis of dynamic data but does require full reporting of test conditions and data analysis. 1.5 This test method provides for forced-air velocity either parallel or perpendicular to the specimen surface. It also allows operation under natural convection conditions. Note 2-For either parallel or perpendicular forced-air velocity conditions, care should be taken to quantify the amount of air leakage between the climatic and metering chambers. This may be done by one of several techniques: ( ) tracer gas methods, or ( ) calibration of the air flow rate as a function of the pressure difference using Test Method E283. For many window or door systems, it may be desirable to minimize the air leakage by sealing the window crack length with tape or caulk. 1.6 This method does not provide for mass transfer of air or moisture through the specimen during measurements of heat transfer. Such measurements, however, are not disallowed and if undertaken, all test conditions must be fully reported. Note 3-Air infiltration or moisture migration can significantly alter net heat transfer. Complicated interactions and dependence upon many variables, coupled with only a limited experience in testing under such conditions, make it inadvisable to attempt standardization at this time. Further considerations for such testing are given in Appendix X1.2. 1.7 This method is primarily intended for use at temperatures typical of normal building applications. The usual consideration is to duplicate naturally occurring outside conditions, which in temperate zones may range from approximately -48°C to 85°C and normal inside residential temperatures of approximately 21°C. Other temperatures for industrial or special uses may be designed and engineered into the test facility. Note 4-Primary units in this method are SI, but both SI and inch-pound units must be used in the report. Table 1 provides conversion factors between inch-pound units and SI. 1.8 When operated under steady-state conditions with temperatures held constant during a test, the results may be expressed as either thermal resistance, R, thermal conductance, C, overall thermal resistance, Ru, or transmittance, U. This test method allows two procedures to be used in the determination of thermal resistance, R. The choice between the two procedures depends, to some extent, upon the uniformity of the specimen and thus upon whether sufficiently uniform surface temperatures exist that they can be measured by temperature sensors and a representative average obtained. For some specimens the choice may be arbitrary and must be made by the user of the method, or by the sponsor of the test, or it may be specified in applicable regulations or specifications. In all cases the procedures used must be fully reported. The two procedures are: 1.8.1 For uniform and nearly uniform specimens, the average surface temperatures may be determined from area-weighted measurements from the temperature sensors installed as directed in 5.7.1. The thermal resistance, R, is then calculated using the measured heat transfer and the difference in the average temperatures of the two surfaces. 1.8.2 For very nonuniform specimens, meaningful average surface temperatures will not exist. In this case the thermal resistance, R, is calculated by subtracting surface resistances for the two surfaces from the measured overall thermal resistance, Ru. These surface resistances shall be determined from tests conducted under similar conditions (Note 5), but using a uniform test specimen of approximately the same thermal resistance. Note 5-Surface resistances have been found to depend significantly on the magnitude of the heat flux as well as the ambient conditions affecting the surface. It is important that the heat flux for the uniform specimen be similar to that through the nonuniform specimen and that air temperature, air velocity, and the temperature of surfaces that exchange radiation with the specimen also be similar. 1.8.3 Generally the overall thermal resistance, Ru, or the thermal transmittance, U, should be determined under the conditions of interest. When this is not possible or when directed by applicable agreements or regulations, the overall resistance, Ru, may be determined from the thermal resistance, R, obtained as directed in 1.8.1 or 1.8.2, by adding standardized surface resistances. One source of standardized resistances is ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals Volume . Note 6-Overall resistances, Ru, obtained from measured resistances, R, by adding standardized surface resistances typical of different conditions may not agree with overall resistances that would be measured directly under those conditions. Discrepancies are especially likely for nonuniform specimens with high conductance surface elements connected to thermal bridges when measured resistances, R, are obtained under still air conditions and the standardized surface resistances are typical of high wind velocities. The user is cautioned to be aware of such possible discrepancies. 1.9 This test method sets forth the general requirements covering a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating procedures. Detailed directions for these considerations are not given but must be chosen within the constraints of the general requirements. 1.9.1 This test method does not specify all details necessary for the construction and operation of the apparatus. Decisions on details of sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data are left to the judgment of the user or to applicable product specifications or to government or other regulations. 1.10 In order to assure the level of precision and accuracy expected, persons applying this test method need to possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures are advisable for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method. 1.11 It is recommended that the performance of an apparatus be proven by satisfactory measurements on appropriate standard specimens from the national standards laboratory of jurisdiction or, if such standards are not available, by satisfactory comparisons in an interlaboratory round-robin program or by satisfactory comparisons with a proven guarded hot box, Test Method C236. 1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers rigid plastic PVC and CPVC exterior compounds composed of poly (vinyl chloride), chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride), vinyl chloride copolymers or vinyl chloride blends, and the necessary compound ingredients intended for use in making building products. The compounding ingredients may consist of lubricants, stabilizers, nonpoly-(vinyl chloride) resin modifiers, colorants or pigments, or both, and inorganic fillers. It is intended to provide classification of base compounds used to manufacture PVC and CPVC exterior building products. The means for classifying and identifying rigid PVC building products compounds are provided as follows: kind of resin in compound, impact resistance, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity in tension, deflection temperature under a specific load and coefficient of linear expansion. PVC compound shall be in the form of cubes, pellets, granules, free-flowing powder blends, or compacted powder blends. Materials shall be of uniform composition and size and shall be free of foreign matter to a level that is not expected to affect processability, serviceability, or finished product appearance adversely.1.1 This specification covers rigid plastic PVC and CPVC Exterior compounds composed of poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), vinyl chloride copolymers or vinyl chloride blends, and the necessary compound ingredients intended for use in making building products. The compounding ingredients are permitted to consist of lubricants, stabilizers, nonpoly(vinyl chloride) resin modifiers, colorants or pigments, or both, and inorganic fillers.1.2 This specification is intended to provide classification of base compounds used to manufacture PVC and CPVC exterior building products. It is acceptable to determine physical properties by evaluating compounds of any color.NOTE 1: Two year weathering studies, without specific requirements for color change and physical property change, are recommended for all colors of new compounds and compounds for new applications to provide the basis for agreement between producer and buyer on the suitability of the compound for the intended application.1.3 The requirements in this specification are intended for qualification, as well as for quality control of compounds used to manufacture building products. They are not applicable to finished building products.1.4 It will be necessary, in special cases, to select specific compounds for unusual applications that require consideration of other properties not covered in this specification.1.5 The rate of burning test, Test Method D635, is used in this specification only as a screening test for identification of certain properties of the PVC compound; there is no flammability test or flammability requirement for the compound.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.9 It is possible that rigid PVC recycle plastic meeting the requirements of this specification will be usable in some applications. Refer to the specific requirements in the Materials and Manufacture Section of the applicable product standard.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard describes terms and definitions and descriptions of terms used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices (related to building seals and sealants) consistent with the scope and areas of interest of ASTM Committee C24.1.2 Definitions and descriptions of terms are written to ensure that building seals and sealants standards are properly understood and interpreted.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Historical Overview—Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which were built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors.5.2 Sustainability—As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact.5.3 Building Code Impact—Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines, and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal, and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are:Australian Earth Building HandbookCalifornia Historical Building CodeChinese Building StandardsEcuadorian Earthen Building StandardsGerman Earthen Building StandardsIndian Earthen Building StandardsInternational Building Code / provisions for adobe constructionNew Mexico Earthen Building Materials CodeNew Zealand Earthen Building StandardsPeruvian Earthen Building StandardsThis guide draws from those documents and the global experience to date in providing guidance on earthen construction to engineers, building officials, and regulatory agencies.5.4 Audience—There are two primary and sometimes overlapping markets for earthen construction and for this guide:5.4.1 Areas with Historical or Indigenous Earthen Building Traditions—In places where earthen architecture is embedded in the culture, or there is little practical or economical access to other building systems, this guide can set a framework for increasing life safety and building durability.5.4.2 Areas with a Nascent or Reviving Interest in Earthen Architecture—In places where earth is sometimes chosen over other options as the primary structural material, this guide provides a framework for codification and engineering design.1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems.NOTE 1: Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment.1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems.1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ).1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components.1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers agencies engaged in system analysis and compliance assurance for manufactured building. The administrative agency may utilize the services and facilities of building-evaluation agencies in carrying out its responsibilities for evaluating manufactured building systems. By providing criteria for evaluating these agencies, this standard's objective is to (1) utilize the voluntary standards system to provide a common base for the various regulatory approaches employed by the authorities having jurisdiction, and (2) make provision for varying degrees of optional technical support for the certification of manufactured building. The system analysis agency is responsible for determining whether a building system, including the design, materials, and fabrication process, is in conformance with applicable requirements. The documents of the system analysis function are: product description document, compliance assurance manual, and installation documents. The general procedures for system analysis are presented in details. The tasks of system analysis project manager, technical staff evaluating building systems, technical staff evaluating compliance assurance manuals, and project manager evaluating building systems are presented in details. The requirements and criteria for compliance assurance agencies are presented. The task of compliance assurance agency project manager, technical staff preparing compliance assurance manuals, compliance assurance supervisor of inspection, and compliance assurance inspector are presented in details.1.1 This specification provides the criteria for the administrative agency that has regulatory authority as granted by the authority having jurisdiction AHJ to evaluate the capabilities and qualifications of building evaluation agencies, that performs system analysis or compliance assurance or both for certification of manufactured building on behalf of an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) that meet the needs of regulatory programs. Administrative agencies and building evaluation agencies (third-party agencies) are the primary users of the standard.1.2 To establish an appropriate degree of intra- and inter-state credibility regarding building system evaluations made through governmental or private agencies, the authorities having jurisdiction should utilize an oversight and approval process for the building-evaluation agencies that provide the services of system analysis or compliance assurance on behalf of the AHJ that may include: approval by the AHJ for both oversight and or auditing of the regulatory body, or approval by the AHJ and oversight, and or auditing by an independent auditor for the regulatory body, or approval with the AHJ and oversight, and auditing by an independent accreditation agency.1.3 Building-evaluation agencies examined under this specification may include governmental or private agencies or both.1.4 Practice E651 may be used to support the evaluation of building-evaluation agencies. Other criteria such as independence, financial stability, and objectivity may need to be considered.NOTE 1: Practice E651 is intended as a companion standard to Specification E541 and includes questions that should be asked of system analysis and compliance assurance agencies in order for the administrative agency to evaluate their competency.1.5 These criteria set forth the minimum personnel requirements and the technical and organizational procedures required for building-evaluation agencies engaged in evaluating manufactured building.1.6 Criteria are included for building-evaluation agencies evaluating innovative as well as conventional building systems, against applicable requirements.1.7 Building-evaluation agencies involved in testing, quality assurance, and evaluating building components can be evaluated by using Specification E699.1.7.1 Specification E699 is used in conjunction with Specification E541 and Practice E651. This specification defines the minimum requirements for agencies engaged in inspections and testing performance in accordance with ASTM standards for factory-built building components and assemblies. The criteria in this specification are provided for assessing the competence of an agency to properly perform designation testing, quality assurance, and inspection.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 5.1 This guide is intended to assist and provide recommendations for an end-user of NDE imaging systems by providing an introduction to the basic principles of DICONDE for the control and maintenance of electronic NDE data. This guide is not intended to control the acceptability of the materials or components examined.5.2 Recommended End-users: 5.2.1 Personnel responsible for the creation, display, transfer, or storage of digital nondestructive evaluation results will use this guide.5.2.2 Personnel responsible for the purchase and implementation of NDT systems conforming to the DICONDE standard will use this guide.1.1 The display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive evaluation data in a common, open format is necessary for the effective interpretation and preservation of evaluation results. ASTM International has developed common open standards for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) based on the ubiquitous healthcare industry standard Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM). This guide provides an overview of DICONDE data archiving considerations and building information models for the efficient storing and locating of such data.1.2 This guide provides an overview of how to manage ASTM DICONDE data from standard practices found in 2.2 for the display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive test data.1.3 This guide provides an overview of how to utilize the DICOM standard found in 2.4 for the display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive test data for test methods not explicitly addressed by a DICONDE standard practice but having an equivalent medical imaging modality.1.4 This guide provides recommendations for the storage of nondestructive digital test data not addressed in 1.2 or 1.3.1.5 Units—Although this guide contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this guide are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice recognizes that effectiveness, safety, and durability of reflective insulation depends not only on the quality of the insulating materials, but also on proper installation.4.2 There is potential for reduced thermal effectiveness, fire risks and structural deterioration when the insulation is improperly installed. Specific potential hazards from improper installation include fires caused by (1) heat build-up in recessed lighting fixtures, and (2) deterioration in wood structures and paint failure due to moisture accumulation.4.3 This practice provides procedures for the installation of reflective insulation in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings vary greatly and in some cases additional care must be taken to ensure safe and effective installation.4.4 This practice presents requirements that are general in nature and practical. They are not intended as specific installation instructions. The user shall consult the manufacturer for specific applications/installations.1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, and installer of reflective insulation for use in building construction. The scope is limited to recommendations relative to the use and installation of thermal insulation consisting of one or more surfaces, having an emittance of 0.1 or less such as metallic foil or metallic deposits unmounted or mounted on substrates and facing enclosed air spaces. The reflective insulation covered by this practice must meet the requirements of Specification C1224.1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through post-installation procedure. It does not cover the production of the insulation materials.1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer's installation instructions, but shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supercede local, state, or federal codes.1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the applicable codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for the installation of thermal insulation materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of construction that affect the installation of insulation.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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