This test method establishes the standard procedure for determining the percentage of volatile matter or gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, in the analysis sample released by refuse-derived fuel (RDF) under specific test conditions for predicting burning characteristics. This may apply to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared. This procedure requires the use of a platinum or fused quartz crucible with closely fitting cover, and a vertical electric tube furnace. Volatile matter is determined by establishing the loss in weight resulting from heating RDF under rigidly-controlled conditions. The measured weight loss, corrected for moisture, establishes the volatile matter content.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percentage of gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, in the analysis sample which is released under specific conditions of the test. The knowledge of the volatile matter content assists in predicting burning characteristics of RDF.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The primary objectives of work at low-level radioactive waste sites are the protection of personnel, prevention of the spread of contamination, minimization of additional wastes, protection of sample data quality, and the unconditional release of equipment used.5.2 Preventing the contamination of equipment used at low-level radioactive waste sites and the decontamination of contaminated equipment are key aspects of achieving these goals.5.3 This practice provides guidance in the planning of work to prevent contamination and when necessary, for the decontamination of equipment that has become contaminated. The benefits include:5.3.1 Minimizing the spread of contamination within a site and preventing the spread outside of the work area.5.3.2 Reducing the potential exposure of workers during the work and the subsequent decontamination of equipment.5.3.3 Minimizing the amounts of additional wastes generated during the work, including liquid, or mixed wastes, including separation of the waste types, such as protective clothing, cleaning equipment, cleaning solutions, and protective wraps and drapes.5.3.4 Improving the quality of sample data and reliability.5.3.5 Selecting equipment based on total life-cycle costs counting labor, waste, containment, disposal, treatment, and additional analytical costs, such as using dedicated or disposable equipment rather than decontaminating between uses.5.4 This practice may not be applicable to all low-level radioactive waste sites, such as sites containing low-level radioactive wastes mixed with chemical or reactive wastes. Field personnel, with assistance from trained radiological control professionals, should have the flexibility to modify the decontamination procedures with due consideration for the sampling objectives, or if past experience supports alternative procedures for contamination protection or decontamination.5.5 This practice does not address the monitoring, protection, or decontamination of personnel working with low-level radioactive wastes.5.6 This practice does not address regulatory requirements that may control or restrict work, the need for permits or regulatory approvals, or the accumulation, handling, or disposal of generated wastes.5.7 This practice does not set the release levels for equipment that has been decontaminated. Release levels are to be determined in advance in the QA/QC planning process. Guidance for release limits can be found in the reference documents.5.8 This practice does not address the regulatory requirements for the handling, labeling, shipping, or storage of wastes or samples.5.9 The decontamination process should be planned to use the least aggressive methods and materials to be used to minimize the generation of additional wastes while resulting in an acceptable decontamination while minimizing the generation of wastes. Studies have found that the use of chemicals can often be avoided, using pressure washes, steam cleaning, or the use of applied heat.5.10 The practice of performing remediation control surveys can decrease the effort required to achieve decontamination release levels.1.1 These practices cover the decontamination of sampling and non-sample contacting equipment used in the sampling of soils, soil gas, sludges, surface water and groundwater at waste sites known or suspected of containing low level radioactive wastes. It may also have application for decontamination of sampling and heavy construction equipment used during remediation activities.1.2 This practice is applicable at sites where low level radioactive wastes are known or suspected to exist. This practice may also be applicable for the decontamination of equipment used in known or suspected transuranic, or mixed wastes when used by itself or in conjunction with Practice D5088.1.3 Procedures are contained in this practice for the decontamination of equipment that comes into contact with the sample matrix (sample contacting equipment), and for ancillary equipment that has not contacted the sample, but may have become contaminated during use (non-contacting equipment). For sample contacting equipment there are four separate procedures (Procedure A through D) in Section 8. For non-contacting equipment, one procedure is presented as covered in Section 9.1.4 The user is reminded of the importance of proper decontamination planning to minimize the amount of decontamination wastes generated and to reduce or eliminate the use of cleaning agents that are themselves hazardous materials. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) radiological surveys and samples that document decontamination effectiveness can be used to modify or enhance decontamination techniques.1.5 This practice is applicable to most conventional sampling equipment constructed of metallic and hard, smooth synthetic materials. Materials with rough or porous surfaces, or having a high sorption rate should not be used in radioactive waste sampling due to the difficulties with decontamination.1.6 In those cases where sampling will be periodically performed, such as sampling of wells, consideration should be given to the use of dedicated sampling equipment if legitimate concerns exist for the production of undesirable or unmanageable waste byproducts, or both, during the decontamination of tools and equipment.1.7 This practice does not address regulatory requirements for personnel protection or decontamination, or for the handling, labeling, shipping, or storing of wastes or samples. Specific radiological release requirements and limits must be determined by users in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.1.8 Other jurisdictions may have equivalent requirements. For additional information in the United States, for example, see United States Department of Energy (DOE) 10 CFR Part 835 and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 10 CFR Part 20.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.

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The collection and treatment of the sample as specified herein is intended for the specific purpose of determining the total moisture in a laboratory sample of RDF.This test method is available as the method for the determination of total moisture unless alternative techniques or modifications have been agreed upon by involved parties.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in RDF as it exists at the time it is sampled. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to test procedures are required for valid results. The standard is available to producers, vendors, and consumers as a total, two-stage moisture method.1.2 Since RDF can vary from extremely wet (water saturated) to relatively dry, special emphasis must be placed on sampling, sample preparation, and the method of determination.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section .

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3.1 General descriptions for the manual sampling of petroleum products are given in Practice D4057. However, a number of aviation fuel properties are established or affected by trace levels of polar or other compounds. Measurement significance therefore requires that the sample containers not add or adsorb any materials. This practice presents types and preparations of sampling containers found satisfactory for the determination of water separation, copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, lubricity, and trace metal content. The choice of construction materials is an important factor, particularly in the case of aviation turbine fuel, where thermal stability can be degraded by the presence of very low concentrations of copper. The use of copper or copper based alloys shall be eliminated from aviation sampling apparatus. An approval procedure for new containers is also given.3.2 Two properties, particulate contamination and free water content, involve materials easily removed by any sampling container. These properties should be determined by placing the sample directly into the measuring apparatus and not using containers to transport the sample to the measuring equipment.3.3 Recommendations in this practice provide guidance for immediate use and for storage of samples. Immediate use involves sample storage for periods less than 24 h.1.1 This practice2 covers the types of and preparation of containers found most suitable for the handling of aviation fuel samples for the determination of critical properties affected by trace contamination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The analysis of many types of water for metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry, direct current plasma emission spectrophotometry, or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitates the use of a digestion practice in order to ensure the proper statistical recovery of the metals from the sample matrix. The use of closed vessel microwave techniques will speed the complete recovery of metals from the water matrices and eliminate sample contamination from external sources.1.1 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample digestion for total metals in water using closed vessel microwave heating technique. This practice is applicable to surface, saline, domestic, and industrial wastewater.1.2 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.1.3 This practice can be used with the following ASTM standards, providing the user determines precision and bias based on this digestion practice: Test Method D857, Test Methods D858, Test Methods D1068, Test Methods D1687, Test Methods D1688, Test Methods D1691, Test Methods D1886, Test Method D1976, Practices D3370, Test Methods D3557, Test Methods D3559, Practice D3919, Test Method D4190, Practice D4453, Practice D4691, and Test Method D5673.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Chain-of-custody procedures are a necessary element in a program to assure one’s ability to support data and conclusions adequately from the time samples are collected until sample disposal. In a legal or regulatory situation custody documentation alone is not sufficient. A complete data defensibility scheme should be followed that fits the given situation.5.2 In applying the sample chain-of-custody procedures in this guide, it is assumed that all of the other elements of data defensibility have been applied, if applicable.5.3 Because there is no definitive program that guarantees legal defensibility of data integrity in any given situation, this guide provides a description and discussion of a comprehensive list of possible elements of a chain-of-custody program, all of which have been employed in actual programs but are given as options for the development of a specific chain-of-custody program. In addition, within particular chain-of-custody elements, this guide proscribes certain activities to assure that if these options are chosen, they will be implemented properly.1.1 This guide contains a comprehensive discussion of potential requirements, in the analysis of water, for a sample chain-of-custody program and describes the procedures involved in sample chain-of-custody. The purpose of these procedures is to provide accountability for and documentation of sample integrity from the time samples are collected until sample disposal.1.2 These procedures are intended to document sample possession during each stage of a sample’s life cycle, that is, during collection, shipment, storage, and the process of analysis.1.3 Sample chain-of-custody is just one aspect of the larger issue of data defensibility (see 3.2.2 and Appendix X1).1.4 A sufficient chain-of-custody process, that is, one that provides sufficient evidence of sample integrity in a legal or regulatory setting, is situationally dependent. The procedures presented in this guide are generally considered sufficient to assure legal defensibility of sample integrity. In a given situation, less stringent measures may be adequate. It is the responsibility of the users of this guide to determine their exact needs. Legal counsel may be needed to make this determination.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended to create specimens of GCCM products appropriate for testing for the determination of index properties. Cured (hardened) samples are not necessarily intended to represent a field application of GCCM products, but would be representative of the correct amount of water applied to a known style of product and provide a basis for consistent and repeatable index property testing.1.1 This standard practice specifies a set of instructions for preparing samples of geosynthetic cementitious composite mat (GCCM) for index property testing.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.3.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this practice are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be measured. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in the analytical methods for engineering design.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Gloss measurements are used to qualify a raw material or finished product.5.2 Sample preparation will effect the outcome of gloss readings. This practice will eliminate second surface reflection, and allow a more accurate gloss reading of the substrate.5.3 Materials which require this preparation include the following: clear or translucent substrates, colored transparent substrates, and areas printed with clear, translucent, or transparent colored coatings.1.1 This practice covers the method of sample preparation, prior to taking gloss measurements on a membrane switch overlay.1.2 Typical applications include window display areas on a graphic overlay, and surface texture.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Waste samples collected using this practice provide representative samples for analysis in a laboratory using the TCLP.5.2 The TCLP is used to simulate the transfer of lead from buried lead-containing waste into the ground water system upon codisposal of the lead-containing waste and municipal solid waste in unlined solid-waste landfills. The TCLP attempts to simulate rain or ground water leaching, or both. For the procedure to yield a predictor of the subsurface (in-ground) leaching process, a representative sample of the volume of the waste must be selected and submitted for leaching and analysis. The result of the sampling, leaching, and analysis process is used to determine the waste handling and disposal protocols to be followed and to document compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and requirements. This practice addresses the sampling process by defining a component-volume-based method to collect and assemble a representative sample of a solid waste stream that may contain heterogeneous components.5.3 The collection of a volume-based sample of the waste stream is based on the fact that the TCLP leachate lead concentration limit, like other such TCLP limits, was developed based on the spatial dimensions of landfills.5.4 Individuals who use this practice are expected to be trained in the proper and safe conduct of sampling of lead-containing wastes, qualified/certified/licensed as required by those authorities having jurisdiction over such activities, and properly utilize tools and safety equipment when conducting these procedures.5.5 This practice may involve use of various hand and power tools for sampling the components of the waste. It is intended that such tools should be properly and safely used by persons trained and familiar with their performance and use.5.6 In general terms, building components are drilled, sawed, snipped, etc., to collect samples of the various components in proportion to the volume of those components in the entire building. The component samples are assembled, and the resulting assembled sample is analyzed according to the TCLP protocol.1.1 This practice describes a method for selecting samples of building components coated with paints suspected of containing lead. The samples are collected from the debris waste stream created during demolition, renovation, lead hazard control, or abatement projects. The samples are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory for lead.1.1.1 The debris waste stream is assumed to have more than one painted component, for example, metal doors, wood doors, and wood window trim.1.2 This practice is intended for use when sampling to test for lead only and does not include sampling considerations for other metals or for organic compounds. This practice also does not include consideration of sampling for determination of other possible hazardous characteristics of the waste.1.3 This practice assumes that the individual component types comprising the debris waste stream are at least partially segregated and that the volume of each type of component in the debris waste stream may be estimated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These practices should be used only to collect visible samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins and have been field screened as defined by the FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC Coordinated Document for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards. 4.2 These practices provide standardized methods for collecting, packaging, and transporting suspicious visible powder samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins. Collection of a bulk powder material from a nonporous surface using a sterile swab and laminated card as the collection devices to move the material into a container will depend on several factors, including (but not limited to): (1) amount of visible powder present; (2) sample composition; (3) choice of collection device; (4) size and shape of the collection container; (5) ability of the powder to become aerosolized; (6) texture and porosity of the surface; (7) humidity; (8) air movement; and (9) electrostatic properties of powders and collection tools/containers. 4.3 Similarly, these practices standardize methods for sampling suspicious visible powders for on-site analysis, although wipe and swab sampling is often employed in the field for subsequent LRN reference laboratory analysis. The ability to collect suitable samples from nonporous surfaces using a sterile moistened swab will depend on the following factors: (1) swabbing procedure; (2) swab material; (3) sample composition; and (4) texture of the surface. 4.4 These practices standardize suspicious powder collection and packaging procedures and swab sampling procedures in order to reduce exposure risk, to reduce variability associated with sample handling and sample analysis, and to increase reliability of sampling visible powder samples from nonporous surfaces. 4.5 The bulk sample collection practice and the swab sampling practice are recommended for collecting amassed or dispersed powder samples from all nonporous surfaces on which the suspicious powder sample is clearly visible. 4.6 These practices are not recommended for samples on porous materials such as upholstery, carpeting, air filters, or ceiling tiles. 4.7 These practices are recommended for collecting visible powders where the bulk of the powder sample is amassed or dispersed over a limited area (optimally, area should be less than 20 by 20 cm (approximately 8 by 8 in.) or 400 cm2 (approximately 64 in.2). 4.8 These practices are to be performed by personnel who are adequately trained to work with hazardous materials in the hot zone (see NFPA 472, or OSHA - 29 CFR 1910.120). Personnel performing collection or screening under these practices shall be adequately trained in the use of sampling equipment, materials, and procedures. This includes personnel performing the prior initial chemical and radiological screening. Personnel should use the appropriate level of personal protective equipment (PPE) to mitigate hazards during collection and screening. Personnel performing collection or screening under these practices shall be aware of evidence preservation and sampling procedures (NFPA 472 section 6.5). 4.9 These standard practices should be used in accordance with Guide E2770 for best practices for planning, training and evaluation of competency. 1.1 These practices address collection of visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces using a bulk collection method, using a dry swab and laminated card, followed by a swab sampling method using a sterile moistened swab. Bulk powder samples are collected and packaged in a manner that permits the maximum amount of the sample to be safely transported to a reference laboratory within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national Laboratory Response Network (LRN)2 for confirmatory identification and safe storage. If the source of the powder is a letter or small package, that item is also packaged in a manner that permits it to be safely transported to an LRN reference laboratory. A sterile moistened swab may be used to collect residual powder from the nonporous surface and may be used to conduct on-site biological assessments for the purpose of testing for biological agents and toxins. 1.2 These practices are performed in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of a risk assessment including hazard assessment and threat credibility evaluation as recommended and clarified in Guide E2770. The decision to implement these practices and collect a public safety sample will be made by members of the response community of the jurisdiction assuming responsibility through coordination with the FBI and the receiving LRN reference laboratory. 1.3 Sample Collection Method A covers the bulk collection and packaging of suspicious visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. All samples suspected to be biological agents and toxins on nonporous surfaces should be collected according to Sample Collection Method A and sent to an LRN reference laboratory for confirmatory testing. 1.4 Sample Collection Method B covers swab sampling of residual suspicious powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. Swab samples can be used for on-site biological assessment; however results from on-site biological assessments are not definitive; confirmatory testing by the LRN reference laboratory is necessary to make public health decisions. 1.5 These practices incorporate reference guidance for packaging and transport of suspicious visible powders to comply with all appropriate federal regulations regarding biosafety and biosecurity. 1.6 These practices should only be used to collect visible samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins and have been field screened according to reference guidance for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Moisture, as determined by this instrumental test method, is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis using procedures in Practice D 3180.Moisture as determined by this test method, may be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined by Test Method D 3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to an as-received basis using Practice D 3180.Ash yield, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke samples. See Note 1.Note 1—The ash obtained differs in composition and amount from the mineral constituents present in the original coal. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrite into iron oxides and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Ash yield, as determined by this test method, can differ from the amount of ash produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash.Ash yield, as determined by this test method is used, (1) as a principal parameter to evaluate sampling procedures and coal cleaning processes, (2) in the ultimate analysis calculation of oxygen by difference using Practice D 3176, (3) in calculations including material balance, reactivity and yields of products relevant to coal conversion processes such as gasification and liquefaction.Volatile matter yield, when determined as herein described, may be used to (1) establish the rank of coals, (2) indicate coke yield on carbonization, (3) provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or (4) establish burning characteristics.5.6 Fixed carbon is a calculated value. It is the difference between 100 and the sum of the percent moisture, ash, and volatile matter. All percents shall be on the same moisture reference base.5.7 Moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon percents constitute the proximate analysis of coal and coke.5.8 Moisture, ash, and volatile matter are three of the principal parameters used for assessing the quality of coal.1.1 These instrumental test methods cover the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash, and the calculation of fixed carbon in the analysis of coal and coke samples prepared in accordance with Method D 2013 and Practice D 346. Results obtained through the use of the instrumental tests have been shown to differ from those obtained with Test Methods D 3173, D 3174, and D 3175 on some coals and cokes. Where a relative bias between the instrumental methods and Test Methods D 3173, D 3174, and D 3175 for proximate analysis of coal and coke are shown to exist, the instrumental results shall be corrected or the instrument calibrated using samples of known proximate analysis. Test Methods D 3173, D 3174, and D 3175 shall be considered the referee test methods. The instrumental test methods are not applicable to thermogravimetric analyzers using microgram size samples.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Conductivity measurements are typically made on samples of moderate to high ionic strength where contamination of open samples in routine laboratory handling is negligible. Under those conditions, standard temperature compensation using coefficients of 1 to 3 % of reading per degree Celsius over wide concentration ranges is appropriate. In contrast, this test method requires special considerations to reduce trace contamination and accommodates the high and variable temperature coefficients of pure water samples that can range as high as 7 % of reading per degree Celsius. In addition, measuring instrument design performance must be proven under high purity conditions.5.2 This test method is applicable for detecting trace amounts of ionic contaminants in water. It is the primary means of monitoring the performance of demineralization and other high purity water treatment operations. It is also used to detect ionic contamination in boiler waters, microelectronics rinse waters, pharmaceutical process waters, etc., as well as to monitor and control the level of boiler and power plant cycle chemistry treatment chemicals. This test method supplements the basic measurement requirements for Test Methods D1125, D2186, and D4519.5.3 At very low levels of alkaline contamination, for example, 0–1 μg/L NaOH, conductivity is suppressed, and can actually be slightly below the theoretical value for pure water. (1 and 2)4 Alkaline materials suppress the highly conductive hydrogen ion concentration while replacing it with less conductive sodium and hydroxide ions. This phenomenon is not an interference with conductivity or resistivity measurement itself but could give misleading indications of inferred water purity in this range if it is not recognized.1.1 This test method covers the determination of electrical conductivity and resistivity of high purity water samples below 10 μS/cm (above 0.1 Mohm-cm). It is applicable to both continuous and periodic measurements but in all cases, the water must be flowing in order to provide representative sampling. Static grab sampling cannot be used for such high purity water. Continuous measurements are made directly in pure water process lines, or in side stream sample lines to enable measurements on high temperature or high pressure samples, or both.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The method described in this practice provides a procedure to rapidly generate pavement marking samples in the laboratory, suitable for the testing of applied pavement marking properties.5.2 This practice is intended to provide uniform laboratory pavement marking samples that reduce the variability associated with obtaining pavement marking samples in the field.5.3 This practice is particularly useful for directly comparing applied pavement marking properties as impacted by variations in materials, film thickness, and drop-on particle application rates for quality control or development purposes.5.4 This practice can be used in evaluating pavement marking materials formulated and produced in the laboratory and for drop-on particles specifically made and prepared in the laboratory. It can also be used for testing materials that are already manufactured and either stored as work-in-process or placed in its final packaging. When testing manufactured materials in the finished goods state, it is extremely important that a representative sample of the pavement marking material and the drop-on particles are obtained for use, in order to draw the proper conclusions from any testing done on pavement marking samples made from these materials. For proper sampling of thermoplastic pavement markings in a finished good state, it is recommended to follow Practices D7307 and D7308. For proper sampling of liquid pavement marking with both single and multicomponent materials, it is recommended to follow Practice D8008.1.1 This practice covers a procedure and apparatus for producing a representative laboratory pavement marking sample by applying a pavement marking material onto a suitable substrate, followed immediately with an application of drop-on particles consisting of retroreflective optics or other functional particles such as skid resistance particles suitable for laboratory testing or display. Examples of pavement marking materials appropriate for this practice would include waterborne traffic paint, solvent borne traffic paint, and plural component pavement markings such as epoxy, modified epoxy, polyurea, methyl methacrylate, and thermoplastic pavement markings. Plural component materials with extremely fast gel times might not be appropriate for this practice because the material gels too quickly to allow proper embedment of the drop-on particles.1.2 The finished sample will consist of a pavement marking material applied in a liquid state to a sample substrate at the prescribed film thickness, with drop-on particles applied at the prescribed drop rate and embedment level on the surface of the pavement marking material, and then properly cured. The drop-on particles may consist of retroreflective optics such as glass beads or composite optics, or non-retroreflective particles such as skid resistant particles, or several of these items in combination.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard except where noted in the practice. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is specifically designed to describe simple robust statistical methods for use in proficiency testing programs.5.2 Proficiency testing programs can use the methods in this practice for the purpose of comparing testing results obtained from a group of participating laboratories. The practice describes evaluation of individual laboratory results using the interquartile range and Tukey inner and outer fences.5.3 In addition, the data obtained in proficiency testing programs may contain information regarding repeatability (within-lab) and reproducibility (between-lab) testing variation. Repeatability information is possible only if the program uses more than one sample. See Method B. Proficiency testing programs often have a greater number of participants than might be available for conducting an interlaboratory study to determine the precision of a test method (such as described in Practice E691). Precision estimates obtained for the larger number of participants in a proficiency testing program, along with the corresponding wider variation of test conditions, can provide useful information to standards developers regarding the precision of test results that can be expected for a test method when in actual use in the general testing community.5.4 To estimate the precision of a test method, the participants must use the same test method to obtain their test results, and testing must be performed under the conditions required for repeatability and reproducibility. The precision estimates are applicable to the property levels and material types included in the testing program. The precision of a test method may vary considerably for different material types and at different property levels.5.5 This practice may be useful to proficiency testing program administrators and provides examples of statistical methods along with explanations of some of the advantages of the suggested methods of analysis. The analyses resulting from the application of methods described in this practice may be used by laboratories as part of their quality control procedures, accrediting bodies to assist in the evaluation of laboratory performance, and ASTM International technical committees (and other organizations charged with the task of writing, maintaining, or improving test methods) to obtain information regarding reproducibility and repeatability.5.6 There are many types of proficiency testing programs in existence and many methods exist for analyzing the data resulting from the interlaboratory testing. It is not the intention of this practice to call into question the integrity of programs using other methods of analysis. Testing programs using replicate testing of one or more samples (each laboratory submits two or more results for each sample) are directed to Practice E691 or other practices for the description of a method of analysis that may be more suitable to that type of program.AbstractThis practice describes methods for the statistical analysis of laboratory results obtained from interlaboratory proficiency testing programs. As in accordance with Practice E1301, proficiency testing is the use of inter-laboratory comparisons for the determination of laboratory testing or measurement performance. The methods provide direction for assessing and categorizing the performance of individual laboratories based on the relative likelihood of occurrence of their test results, and for determining estimates of testing variation associated with repeatability and reproducibility. Assumptions are that a majority of the participating laboratories execute the test method properly and that samples are of sufficient homogeneity that the testing results represent results obtained from each laboratory testing essentially the same material. Each laboratory receives the same instructions or protocol.1.1 This practice describes methods for the statistical analysis of laboratory results obtained from interlaboratory proficiency testing programs. As in accordance with Practice E1301, proficiency testing is the use of interlaboratory comparisons for the determination of laboratory testing or measurement performance. Conversely, collaborative study (or collaborative trial) is the use of interlaboratory comparisons for the determination of the precision of a test method, as covered by Practice E691.1.1.1 Method A covers testing programs using single test results obtained by testing a single sample (each laboratory submits a single test result).1.1.2 Method B covers testing programs using paired test results obtained by testing two samples (each laboratory submits one test result for each of the two samples). The two samples should be of the same material or two materials similar enough to have approximately the same degree of variation in test results.1.2 Methods A and B are applicable to proficiency testing programs containing a minimum of 10 participating laboratories.1.3 The methods provide direction for assessing and categorizing the performance of individual laboratories based on the relative likelihood of occurrence of their test results, and for determining estimates of testing variation associated with repeatability and reproducibility. Assumptions are that a majority of the participating laboratories execute the test method properly and that samples are of sufficient homogeneity that the testing results represent results obtained from each laboratory testing essentially the same material. Each laboratory receives the same instructions or protocol.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This specification provides uniform requirements for the preparation of test samples used for testing of coatings and linings to be used in nuclear power plants.4.2 At the users discretion, this standard may also be used when preparing samples to be tested for the purpose of assessing performance attributes for coating and lining systems that may be applied in other types of power plants or for other industrial facilities.4.3 Users of this guide must ensure that coatings work complies not only with this guide, but also with the licensee’s plant-specific quality assurance program and licensing commitments.AbstractThis specification defines the size composition and surface preparation requirements for the preparation of test samples used for qualification testing of coatings utilized in nuclear power plant construction and maintenance. All panels should be carbon steel. Materials shall be tested for abrasion, and shall conform to specified requirements of steel samples, and concrete blocks.1.1 This specification defines the size, composition, surface preparation, and coating application variables for preparing samples for evaluating coatings and linings over various substrates.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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