1.1 This specification describes a framework for an interchange format to address the current and future needs of additive manufacturing technology. For the last three decades, the STL file format has been the industry standard for transferring information between design programs and additive manufacturing equipment. An STL file contains information only about a surface mesh and has no provisions for representing color, texture, material, substructure, and other properties of the fabricated target object. As additive manufacturing technology is quickly evolving from producing primarily single-material, homogenous shapes to producing multimaterial geometries in full color with functionally graded materials and microstructures. There is a growing need for a standard interchange file format that can support these features.1.2 The additive manufacturing file (AMF) may be prepared, displayed, and transmitted on paper or electronically, provided the information required by this specification is included. When prepared in a structured electronic format, strict adherence to an extensible markup language (XML)(1) schema is required to support standards-compliant interoperability. The adjunct to this specification contains a W3C XML schema and Annex A1 contains an implementation guide for such representation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This standard also does not purport to address any copyright and intellectual property concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to meet any intellectual property regulations on the use of information encoded in this file format.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.NOTE 3: Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.NOTE 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers trailer cycles, intended to be pulled behind bicycles, with seat post attachment, for transporting children. It includes test methods for confirming that this specification is satisfied.1.1 This specification covers trailer cycles, intended to be pulled behind bicycles, with seat post attachment, in order to transport children. It includes test methods for confirming that this specification is satisfied.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The following safety caveat applies to the chemical, mechanical, or physical, or a combination thereof, test methods described herein and is meant specifically for those performing the tests (in an effort to provide them with notice to take the appropriate precautions when conducting the tests). This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Photovoltaic modules are electrical dc sources. dc sources have unique considerations with regards to arc formation and interruption, as once formed, the arc is not automatically interrupted by an alternating current. Solar modules are energized whenever modules in the string are illuminated by sunlight, or during fault conditions.5.2 With the rapid increase in the number of photovoltaic system installations, this guide attempts to increase awareness of methods to reduce the risk of fire from photovoltaic systems.5.3 This guide is intended for use by module manufacturers, panel assemblers, system designers, installers, and specifiers.5.4 This guide may be used to specify minimum requirements. It is not intended to capture all conditions or scenarios which could result in a fire.1.1 This guide describes basic principles of photovoltaic module design, panel assembly, and system installation to reduce the risk of fire originating from the photovoltaic source circuit.1.2 This guide is not intended to cover all scenarios which could lead to fire. It is intended to provide an assembly of generally accepted practices.1.3 This guide is intended for systems which contain photovoltaic modules and panels as dc source circuits, although the recommended practices may also apply to systems utilizing ac modules.1.4 This guide does not cover fire suppression in the event of a fire involving a photovoltaic module or system.1.5 This guide does not cover fire emanating from other sources.1.6 This guide does not cover mechanical, structural, electrical, or other considerations key to photovoltaic module and system design and installation.1.7 This guide does not cover disposal of modules damaged by a fire, or other material hazards related to such modules.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers welded wire mesh fence fabric produced from steel wire or metallic-coated steel wire. The metallic-coated fabric may be polymer coated after fabrication. This specification identifies the three major classifications of welded wire mesh fence fabric - Panel Sizes Model A, B, and C - and the test methods conducted on the welded wire fabric. It also indicates the physical properties, dimension, tolerance, and workmanship of the welded wire mesh fence fabric.1.1 This specification covers welded wire mesh fence fabric produced from steel wire or metallic-coated steel wire. The metallic-coated fabric may be polymer coated after fabrication.1.2 Welded wire mesh fence fabric is produced in four types, based on the kind of coating, as described in Section 4.1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units or SI units. Values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values in the two systems are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independent of the other, without combining values in any way.1.4 This specification references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, 13.4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 702元 / 折扣价： 597 元 加购物车

This practice is intended as an aid for establishing a suitable procedure for the heat treatment of magnesium alloys to achieve the proper physical and mechanical properties. Air chamber furnaces that may be either electrically heated, or oil- or gas-fired, are usually used for the heat treatment process. Each furnace must be gas tight, have suitable equipment for protective atmosphere, be equipped with a high-velocity fan or any other comparable means for circulating the atmosphere, and designed so that no direct radiation from the heating elements or impingement of the flame on the magnesium. It is also important that the furnace be calibrated before it is used initially and after any change in the furnace. Likewise, temperature-measurement systems should be regularly checked for accuracy.1.1 This practice is intended as an aid in establishing a suitable procedure for the heat treatment of magnesium alloys to assure proper physical and mechanical properties.1.2 Times and temperatures are typical for various forms, sizes, and manufacturing methods and may not exactly describe the optimum heat treatment for a specific item. Consequently, it is not intended that this practice be used as a substitute for a detailed production process or procedure.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Procurement practices encourage industry innovation and provide flexibility to achieve the benefits of continuous improvement.5.2 There is an evolving industrial product quality philosophy that recognizes the need for quality policy changes that will provide producers with opportunities and incentives toward improvement of product quality and cooperative relationships between the producer and the consumer.5.3 Process controls and statistical control methods are the preferable means of preventing nonconformances, controlling quality, and generating information for improvement. An effective process control system may also be used to provide information to assess the quality of deliverables submitted for acceptance. Producers are encouraged to use process control and statistical control procedures for their internal control and to submit effective process control procedures in lieu of prescribed sampling requirements to the consumer for approval.5.4 Sampling inspection by itself is an inefficient industrial practice for demonstrating conformance to the requirements of a contract and its technical data package. The application of sampling plans for acceptance involves both consumer and producer risks; and increased sampling is one way of reducing these risks, but it also increases costs. Producers can reduce risks by employing efficient processes with appropriate process controls. To the extent that such practices are employed and are effective, risk is controlled and, consequently, inspection and testing can be reduced.5.5 The following points provide the basis for this standard:5.5.1 Producers are required to submit deliverables that conform to requirements and to generate and maintain sufficient evidence of conformance.5.5.2 Producers are responsible for establishing their own manufacturing and process controls to produce results in accordance with requirements.5.5.3 Producers are expected to use recognized prevention practices such as process controls and statistical techniques.5.6 This standard also provides a set of sampling plans and procedures for planning and conducting inspections to assess quality and conformance to contract requirements. This standard eliminates acceptable quality levels (AQL's) and associated practices within specifications.5.7 Applicability—This standard, when referenced in the contract, specification, or purchase order, is applicable to the prime producer, and should be extended to subcontractors or vendor facilities. The quality plans are to be applied as specified in the contract documents, and deliverables may be submitted for acceptance if the requirements of this standard have been met.5.8 Applications—Quality plans and procedures in this standard may be used when appropriate to assess conformance to requirements of the following:5.8.1 End items,5.8.2 Components or basic materials,5.8.3 Operations or services,5.8.4 Materials in process,5.8.5 Supplies in storage,5.8.6 Maintenance operations,5.8.7 Data or records, and5.8.8 Administrative procedures.NOTE 1: Use of the word “product” throughout this standard also refers to services and other deliverables.5.9 Product Requirements—The producer is required to submit product that meets all contract and specification requirements. The application of the quality plans or procedures of this standard does not relieve the producer of responsibility for meeting all contract product requirements. The producer's quality system, including manufacturing processes and quality control measures, will be established and operated to consistently produce products that meet all requirements. Absence of any inspection or process control requirement in the contract does not relieve the producer of responsibility for assuring that all products or supplies submitted to the consumer for acceptance conform to all requirements of the contract.5.10 Limitations—The sampling plans and procedures of this standard are not intended for use with destructive tests or where product screening is not feasible or desirable. In such cases, the sampling plans to be used will be specified in the contract or product specifications.AbstractThis guide establishes lot or batch and continuous sampling plans using MIL-STD-1916 as a basis. It represents an alternative sampling approach to attributes sampling (MILSTD-105E, same as Practice E2234), variables sampling (MILSTD-414, Practice E2762), and continuous sampling (MILSTD-1235B, Practice E2819). This standard provides a set of sampling plans and procedures for planning and conducting inspections to assess quality and conformance to contract requirements. This standard eliminates acceptable quality levels (AQL’s) and associated practices within specifications.1.1 This guide establishes lot or batch and continuous sampling plans using MIL-STD-1916 as a basis. It represents an alternative sampling approach to attributes sampling (MIL-STD-105E, same as Practice E2234), variables sampling (MIL-STD-414, Practice E2762), and continuous sampling (MIL-STD-1235B, Practice E2819).1.2 This guide provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-1916 in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-1916 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-1916 is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this guide. The original wording of “Government” in MIL-STD-1916 has been changed to “consumer”, and “contractor” has been changed to “producer” to make this standard more generic.1.3 Purpose—To encourage producers supplying goods and services to its consumers to submit efficient and effective process control (prevention) procedures in place of prescribed sampling requirements. The goal is to support the movement away from an AQL-based inspection (detection) strategy to implementation of an effective prevention-based strategy including a comprehensive quality system, continuous improvement and a partnership with the consumer. The underlying theme is a partnership between consumer and the producer, with the requisite competence of both parties, and a clear mutual benefit from processes capable of consistently high quality products and services. The objective is to create an atmosphere where every noncompliance is an opportunity for corrective action and improvement rather than one where acceptable quality levels are the contractually sufficient goals.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as follows:  Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1  Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2  Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A31.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in Section 6.1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision given in Test Method D445 may be used.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide standardization in the value setting of calibration cotton standards to be used for cotton classification instrument calibration.5.2 The practice provides procedures for the value setting for calibration cotton standards. These procedures are for use by cotton fiber testing organizations that establish standard values on candidate bales that will be utilized as calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments on the level of the benchmark cottons.NOTE 1: Benchmark cottons are of high value and of limited supply. Long term accuracy and stability of the internationally recognized USDA cotton standards are dependent on long term maintenance of the benchmark cottons. Therefore, distribution of the benchmark cottons will be tightly controlled by the USDA.1.1 This practice provides instructions for the development of calibration cotton standards by establishing cotton fiber values for micronaire, length, uniformity index, and strength. The purpose of calibration cotton standards is for calibration of cotton classification instruments to the level of the internationally recognized United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Benchmark Reference Cotton Standards. The USDA has established calibration cotton standards for domestic upland and Extra Long Staple (ELS) cottons and this practice provides an instruction for other geographical regions to establish their own calibration cotton standards for cotton classification instruments.1.2 This practice shall be used for the establishment of calibration cottons for the testing of Upland and ELS cottons.1.3 Only saw ginned cottons shall be used in this practice. Roller gin cottons are not valid for use due to higher measurement variability.1.4 The calibration cotton established by this practice is not valid for use as a micronaire calibration standard. The micronaire standard value is not for the instrument calibration of the micronaire module; it is utilized by the instrument for the correction of the strength measurement during the calibration routine.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers the construction, operation, and safety requirements for a shipboard oil pollution abatement system (OPAS) that processes oily waste and allows selective suction from all oily waste holding tanks, waste oil, dirty oil, and drain tanks and the bilges of all oily water generating spaces for operation within the U.S. Contiguous Zone as excepted by local regulatory authorities. This specification covers the entire system from the point of entering the system until the oil-water mixture is treated and discharged overboard. It includes minimizing oily waste generation, the oily waste holding tank, the oil-water separation device, the control system, feed and recirculation pump(s), a secondary treatment device, and an automatic stopping device.1.1 This specification covers the design, manufacture, installation, performance, and operation of a shipboard oil pollution abatement system (OPAS) that collects, transfers, and processes all the oily waste generated from incidental operation of machinery spaces. This specification applies to commercial and public vessels and is intended for use by designers, manufacturers, purchasers, installers, and operators of shipboard OPAS to determine the requirements for system design, equipment manufacture, equipment purchase, system integration and installation, and system in-service operation. This specification and its supplementary sections may be tailored to meet the specific user’s needs to cover from OPAS new construction to retrofitting of individual OPAS equipment.1.2 OPAS is comprised of drain tanks, bilge suctions, transfer pumps, Oily Bilge Water Holding Tanks, Oil Residue (sludge) Tanks, 15 ppm Bilge Separator systems, 15 ppm Bilge Alarm, automatic stopping device, and deck connections. The 15 ppm Bilge Separator is considered to be applicable for use to separate oily bilge water and ballast water from fuel oil tanks. Treatment of ballast water is addressed in other regulations/standards and is not addressed herein.1.3 This specification covers the system from the point of entering the OPAS until the oil-water mixture is treated, the clean water meeting the applicable discharge limits is discharged overboard, and the separated oil is contained for on shore disposal or further treatment. It also includes concepts for minimizing oily waste generation. This specification is intended to augment the existing regulations, provide the user options to meet their specific needs, and should not be considered a replacement for overriding regulation.1.4 It is recognized that the development and testing of high capacity separating equipment designed for dealing with effluent from cargo tanks on tankers pose special problems and such equipment is not required to be tested under International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) resolution MEPC.107 (49) nor is it covered in this specification1.5 There are means to reduce the volume of bilge or process oily waste, or both, that are not considered 15 ppm Bilge Separators systems. Examples include incinerators, evaporators, combinations thereof, and other technologies. Such processes may require addressing all potential issues with the system such as toxicology and emissions to atmosphere. Such means or processes, or both, are out of scope of this specification.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide establishes procedures to help parties involved in unit price piping insulation contracts reach agreement as to what components will be counted for pricing purposes.1.1 This guide defines the components of an insulated piping system to be measured or counted to determine quantities and pricing for unit price contracts or extra work.1.2 Pricing may be done through unit pricing for each item by pipe size, type of insulation system, insulation thickness, double or multilayer insulation, type of weatherproofing or jacketing, and pressure rating (if necessary) or through component (fitting) factor or multipliers.1.2.1 Component (fitting) factors or multipliers, which are multipliers times the straight length of piping as shown in Table 1, determine relative prices for each component not within the scope of this guide. These factors or multipliers are to be determined by the insulating contractor relative to the given situation and insulation system specification.1.2.2 It is suggested that only one type of pricing be used on a project.1.2.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is intended for use by associations, technical societies and other groups that develop national design standards and use recommendations for round timber piles.4.2 In using allowable stresses established under this practice, factors specific to each end use which may affect the performance of the pile system shall be considered. Such factors include the location of the critical section, the bearing capacity of the soil, the ability of the pile to withstand driving forces and conditions of service.1.1 This practice contains procedures for establishing allowable stresses for round timber piles starting with clear wood strength properties.1.2 Stresses established under this practice are applicable to piles conforming to the quality, straightness, spiral grain, knot, check, shake, and split provisions of Specification D25.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide provides guidance for the characterization of coal fly ash or clean coal combustion fly ash for potential uses in which absorption, cementitious activity, pozzolanic activity, pH adjustment, heat rise, or stabilization and solidification properties may be desired.1.1 This guide recommends standards for the characterization of fly ash from the combustion of coal, fly ash from coal combusted in the presence of alkaline materials, and fly ash from combusted coal in which the flue gases have been treated with alkaline materials in the presence of the fly ash.1.2 This guide provides recommended and optional test methods for fly ash evaluation. Acceptance criteria can be negotiated between the producer and the user according to the potential end use.1.3 The coal fly ash and clean coal combustion fly ash of this guide do not include the following:1.3.1 Dusts from kilns producing products such as lime, portland cement, activated clays, etc.;1.3.2 By-products of flue gas desulflurization that are not collected with the primary fly ash removal equipment such as the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator; and1.3.3 Fly ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood; wood waste products; rice hulls; agriculture waste; or other non-coal fuels or other such fuels blended with coal, or some combination thereof.1.4 Fly ash may contain some trace elements that may affect performance or potential end use.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the penetration and permeation resistance for complete ensembles to vapors from chemical warfare agents and other chemical substances.5.1.1 This test method differs from Test Method F1052 by providing an evaluation of ensembles worn on human test subjects and measuring the inward leakage of a chemical agent vapor simulant as it would be absorbed by the wearer’s skin. Test Method F1052 is not applicable to the range of protective ensembles that are evaluated by this test method.5.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F1359/F1359M by using a chemical agent vapor simulant as compared to a liquid challenge and in the use of human test subjects. This test method further provides a quantitative assessment of inward leakage for the chemical agent vapor simulant.5.1.3 The use of this test method to determine the inward leakage of other chemical vapor threats must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.2 This test method is applied to complete ensembles consisting of a suit or garment in combination with gloves, footwear, respirators, and interface devices.5.2.1 This test method permits any combination or configuration of ensemble elements and components, including ensembles where the respirator covers the face or head.5.2.2 This test method accommodates protective ensembles or protective clothing having any combination of the following characteristics:(1) The protective ensemble or clothing is constructed of air-permeable, semipermeable, or impermeable fabrics,(2) The protective ensemble or clothing is of a single or multi-layered design, or(3) The protective ensemble or clothing is constructed of inert or sorptive fabrics.5.3 MeS has been used as a simulant for chemical warfare agents. MeS is primarily a simulant for distilled mustard (HD) with a similar vapor pressure, density, and water solubility. The use of MeS in vapor form does not simulate all agents or hazardous substances to which ensemble wearers are potentially exposed.5.4 The principal results of this test are physiological protective dosage factors that indicate the relative effectiveness of the ensemble in preventing the inward leakage of the chemical agent vapor simulant and its consequent dosage to the wearer’s skin as determined by the use and placement of personal adsorbent devices (PAD) on human test subjects.5.4.1 Specific information on inward leakage of chemical agent vapor simulant is provided by local physiological protective dosage factors for individual PAD locations to assist in determining possible points of entry of the chemical agent vapor simulant into the ensemble.5.4.2 The determination of the local physiological protective dosage factors is based on ratio of the outside exposure dosage to the inside exposure dosage on the wearer’s skin at specific locations of the body and accounts for the specific susceptibility of the average human’s skin at those locations to the effects of blister agent, distilled mustard using the onset of symptoms exposure dosages (OSED) at different points on the body. The specific OSED values used in this test method are based on the exposure concentration of distilled mustard that causes threshold effects to the average individual human in the form of reversible skin ulceration and blistering (1).55.4.3 The body locations chosen for the placement of PADs were chosen to represent the range of body areas on the human body, with preference to those body areas generally near interfaces found in common two-piece ensembles with separate respirator, gloves, and footwear. Additional locations are permitted to be used for the placement of PAD where there are specific areas of interest for evaluating the inward leakage of the chemical agent vapor simulant.NOTE 1: Common interface areas for protective ensemble include the hood to respirator facemask, clothing or suit closure, upper torso garment to lower torso garment, garment sleeve to glove, and garment pant cuff to footwear.5.4.4 An assessment of the vapor penetration and permeation resistance for the entire ensemble is provided by the determination of a systemic physiological protective dosage factor. The same PAD data are used in a body region hazard analysis to determine the overall physiological protective dosage factor accounting for the areas of the body represented by the location, and the relative effects of the nerve agent, VX. A systemic analysis assists in the evaluation for those chemical agents, such as nerve agents, affecting the human body through a cumulative dose absorbed by the skin (2).5.4.5 Examples of analyses applying PAD data for the assessment of ensemble inward leakage resistance are provided in NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Structural and Proximity Fire Fighting, and NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensemble for CBRN Terrorism Incidents.5.4.6 The general procedures in this test method are based on Test Operations Procedure (TOP 10-2-022), Man-In-Simulant Test (MIST)—Chemical Vapor Testing of Chemical/ Biological Protective Suits.5.5 The human subject activities simulate possible causes of changes in ensemble vapor barrier during expected activities. These activities are primarily based on stationary activities provided in Part A of Practices F1154 and are intended to create movements that are likely to affect the integrity of the ensemble and its interface areas. Additional activities (such as dragging a dummy and climbing a ladder) have been added to simulate activities that might be used by first responders during emergency events such as rescuing victims from a terrorism incident involving chemical agents. The test method permits the modification of the activity protocol to simulate the specific needs of the protective ensemble application.5.6 The length of the human subject exposure to the chemical agent vapor simulant is set at 30 min in the test chamber with a 5-min decontamination period. This test duration is intended to replicate a possible exposure of a first responder during a terrorism incident involving chemical agents. If a self-contained breathing apparatus is used, a 60-min rated respirator must be used or provisions made for supplemental umbilical air (through a supplied air system). The test method permits the adjustment of the exposure period to simulate the specific needs of the protective ensemble application.5.7 Test results generated by this test method are specific to the ensemble being evaluated. Changing any part of the ensemble necessitates a new set of testing for the modified ensemble.5.8 Additional information on man-in-simulant testing is provided in (3).1.1 This test method specifies the test equipment and procedures for conducting tests to estimate the entry of chemical agent vapor simulant through protective ensembles while worn by test subjects.1.2 This test method permits the evaluation of protective ensembles consisting of protective garments or suits, gloves, footwear, respirators, and interface devices.1.3 The results of this test method yield local physiological protective dosage factors at individual locations of the human body as well as a systemic physiological protective dosage factor for the entire ensemble.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This test method details the standard procedure for measuring the viscosity of resin solutions. The apparatuses required here are constant-temperature water bath, wide-mouthed screw capped bottles, cellophane sheets, No. 2 short taper corks, viscosity tube holder, bottle shaker, timing device, and viscosity tubes. Solid resins are dissolved in organic solvents by cold-cut or hot-cut methods in the laboratory. The viscosity of such prepared solutions, or of commercial solutions of resins is then determined by the bubble time method. The bubble seconds are approximately equal to stokes.1.1 This practice provides instructions for preparing resin solutions viscosity measurement by bubble time method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车