5.1 The significant features are typified by a discussion of the limitations of the technique. With the description and arrangement given in the following portions of this test method, the instrument will record directly the normal spectral emittance of a specimen. However, the following conditions must be met within acceptable tolerance:5.1.1 The effective temperatures of the specimen and blackbody must be within 1 K of each other. Practical limitations arise, however, because the temperature uniformities are often not better than a few degrees Kelvin.5.1.2 The optical path length in the two beams must be equal, or the instrument should operate in a nonabsorbing atmosphere or a vacuum, in order to eliminate the effects of differential atmospheric absorption in the two beams. Measurements in air are in many cases important, and will not necessarily give the same results as in a vacuum, thus the equality of the optical paths for dual beam instruments becomes very critical.NOTE 3: Very careful optical alignment of the spectrophotometer is required to minimize differences in absorptance along the two paths of the instrument, and careful adjustment of the chopper timing to reduce “cross-talk” (the overlap of the reference and sample signals) as well as precautions to reduce stray radiation in the spectrometer are required to keep the zero line flat. With the best adjustment, the “100 % line” will be flat to within 3 %; both of these measurements should be reproducible within these limits (see 7.3, Note 6).5.1.3 Front-surface mirror optics must be used throughout, except for the prism in prism monochromators and the grating in grating monochromators, and it should be emphasized that equivalent optical elements must be used in the two beams in order to reduce and balance attenuation of the beams by absorption in the optical elements. It is recommended that optical surfaces be free of SiO2 and SiO coatings; MgF2 may be used to stabilize mirror surfaces for extended periods of time. The optical characteristics of these coatings are critical, but can be relaxed if all optical paths are fixed during measurements or the incident angles are not changed between modes of operation (during “0 % line,” “100 % line,” and sample measurements). It is recommended that all optical elements be adequately filled with energy.5.1.4 The source and field apertures of the two beams must be equal in order to ensure that radiant flux in the two beams compared by the apparatus will pertain to equal areas of the sources and equal solid angles of emission. In some cases it may be desirable to define the solid angle of the source and sample when comparing alternative measurement techniques.5.1.5 The response of the detector-amplifier system must vary linearly with the incident radiant flux.1.1 This test method describes a highly accurate technique for measuring the normal spectral emittance of electrically conducting materials or materials with electrically conducting substrates, in the temperature range from 600 to 1400 K, and at wavelengths from 1 to 35 μm.1.2 The test method requires expensive equipment and rather elaborate precautions, but produces data that are accurate to within a few percent. It is suitable for research laboratories where the highest precision and accuracy are desired, but is not recommended for routine production or acceptance testing. However, because of its high accuracy this test method can be used as a referee method to be applied to production and acceptance testing in cases of dispute.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used for the determination of the distillation characteristics of petroleum products, biodiesel, and fractions that may decompose if distilled at atmospheric pressure. This boiling range, obtained at conditions designed to obtain approximately one theoretical plate fractionation, can be used in engineering calculations to design distillation equipment, to prepare appropriate blends for industrial purposes, to determine compliance with regulatory rules, to determine the suitability of the product as feed to a refining process, or for a host of other purposes.5.2 The boiling range is directly related to viscosity, vapor pressure, heating value, average molecular weight, and many other chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Any of these properties can be the determining factor in the suitability of the product in its intended application.5.3 Petroleum product specifications often include distillation limits based on data by this test method.5.4 Many engineering design correlations have been developed on data by this test method. These correlative methods are used extensively in current engineering practice.1.1 This test method covers the determination, at reduced pressures, of the range of boiling points for petroleum products and biodiesel that can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximum liquid temperature of 400 °C. Both a manual method and an automatic method are specified.1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee test method is the manual test method at a mutually agreed upon pressure.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.4, 6.1.8.1, 10.11, and A3.2.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Intended Use: 4.1.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.2 Updates to CSM: 4.2.1 The CSM should be updated as needed and refined to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biological features, and environmental conditions of the sediment corrective action project (Guide E1689).4.3 Reference Material: 4.3.1 This guide should be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides listed in 2.1 (especially Guides E3163, E3164, E3240, E3242, and E3344), as well as the material in the References section (including (1)).4.4 Flexible Site-Specific Implementation: 4.4.1 This guide provides a systematic but flexible framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and by the user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circumstances.4.5 Regulatory Frameworks: 4.5.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to a broad range of local, state, tribal, federal, or international jurisdictions, each with its own unique regulatory framework. As such, this guide does not provide a detailed discussion of the requirements or guidance associated with any of these regulatory frameworks, nor is it intended to supplant applicable regulations and guidance. The user of this guide will need to be aware of the regulatory requirements and guidance in the jurisdiction where the work is being performed.4.6 Systematic Project Planning and Scoping Process: 4.6.1 When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project, including assembling an experienced team of project professionals. These practitioners should have the appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute a sediment data acquisition and analysis program. This team may include, but is not limited to, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, site remediation professionals, analytical chemists, geochemists, and statisticians.4.7 Other Considerations: 4.7.1 This guide does not provide a detailed description of all topics of a program to derive representative sediment background concentrations. It is meant to be used in conjunction with other guides (such as Guides E3163, E3164, E3240, E3242, and E3344) to do so.4.7.2 Sediment sampling and laboratory analyses are not covered in detail in this guide. Guides E3163 and E3164 contain extensive information concerning sediment sampling and laboratory analysis methodologies.4.7.3 Data quality objectives are not covered in this guide. Data quality objectives are described in (2).4.7.4 The selection of a background reference area(s) is not covered in detail in this guide but is extensively described in Guide E3344.4.7.5 Background study design considerations are not covered in detail in this guide, but are extensively described in other references, including Guide E3164 and (3).4.7.6 The use of data evaluation methodologies to obtain representative background data sets from candidate background data sets is not covered in detail in this guide but is discussed in more depth in Guide E3242.4.7.6.1 Identification and removal of high nondetect values from candidate background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242.4.7.6.2 Identification and removal of outliers from candidate background data sets are discussed in detail in Practice E178, as well as Guide E3242.4.7.6.3 Geochemical methodologies used in evaluating candidate background data sets to obtain representative background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242; their applications during reference-area selection are discussed in Guide E3344.4.7.6.4 Chemical forensics methodologies used in evaluating candidate background data sets to obtain representative background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242; their applications during reference-area selection are discussed in Guide E3344.4.7.7 The use of statistical methods to calculate BTVs from representative background data sets and to compare such data sets to the site data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242.4.7.8 Geospatial analysis considerations are not thoroughly discussed in this guidance but are discussed in more depth relative to environmental evaluations in (4), which focuses on quality assurance concerns relative to geospatial analyses.4.7.9 In this guide, “sediment” (3.1.16) is defined as a matrix being found at the bottom of a water body. Upland soils of sedimentary origin are excluded from consideration as sediment in this guide.4.7.10 In this guide, only COC concentrations are considered. Residual background radioactivity is out of scope for this guide.4.8 Structure and Components of This Guide: The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:• Section 1 • Section 2 Referenced Documents• Section 3 Terminology• Section 4 • Section 5 Overview of Representative Background Concentrations• Section 6 Framework for Developing Representative Background Concentrations for Sediment Sites• Section 7 Conceptual Site Model Considerations When Developing Representative Background Concentrations for Sediment Sites• Section 8 Keywords• References  1.1 This guide provides an overarching framework for the development of representative sediment background concentrations at contaminated sediment sites. It is intended to inform, complement, and support but not supersede the guidelines established by local, state, tribal, federal, or international agencies.1.2 Technically defensible representative sediment background concentrations are critical for several purposes (Guide E3242) (1)2. These include sediment site delineation, establishing remedial goals, remedy selection, assessment of risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans.1.3 As part of the overall framework presented in this guide, Guide E3240 provides a general discussion of how Conceptual Site Model (CSM) development fits into the risk-based corrective action framework for contaminated sediment sites. However, not all elements of a sediment CSM need to be considered when developing representative sediment background concentrations; those that do are discussed in detail in Section 7 of this guide.1.3.1 As additional data are collected and analyzed, the CSM should be updated as needed.1.3.2 This guide is related to several other guides. Guide E3344 describes how to select an appropriate background reference area(s). Guide E3164 covers the sampling methodologies used in the field to obtain sediment samples (whether from the sediment site or background reference area[s]), and Guide E3163 discusses appropriate laboratory methodologies to use for the chemical analysis of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) in sediment samples. Guide E3242 describes how to evaluate candidate background data to obtain representative background data sets (including statistical, geochemical, and forensic considerations) and then how to use them to calculate representative sediment background concentrations. Relevant content contained in Guides E3163, E3164, E3242, and E3344 is summarized herein, but the individual guides should be consulted for more detailed coverage of these topics.1.4 Representative sediment background concentrations are typically used in contaminated sediment corrective actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA oriented, the guide is applicable to corrective actions performed under local, state, tribal, federal, and international corrective action programs. However, this guide does not provide a detailed description of the requirements or existing background guidance for each jurisdiction.1.5 This guide would optimally be applied at the start of any sediment corrective action program but can be initiated at other points in the program as well.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method may be used to determine the specific core loss, specific reactive power, specific exciting power, inductance permeability, and impedance permeability of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide range of inductions and at frequencies up to 400 Hz for symmetrically magnetized test samples.3.2 These measurements are used by the producer and user of the flat-rolled material for quality control purposes. The fundamental assumption inherent in these measurements is that they can be correlated with the electromagnetic characteristics of a core fabricated from the flat-rolled material.1.1 This test method covers tests for the magnetic properties of basic flat-rolled magnetic materials at power frequencies (25 to 400 Hz) using a 25-cm Epstein test frame and the 25-cm double-lap-jointed core.1.2 The magnetic properties of materials are determined from measurements on Epstein core specimens with the core and test coils treated as though they constituted a series-parallel equivalent circuit (Fig. A1.1) for the fundamental frequency of excitation where the apparent parallel inductance, L1, and resistance, R1, are attributable to the test specimen.1.3 This test method is suitable for the determination of core loss, rms volt-amperes, rms exciting current, reactive volt-amperes, and related properties of flat-rolled magnetic materials under ac magnetization.1.4 The frequency range of this test method is normally that of the commercial power frequencies 50 to 60 Hz. It is also acceptable for measurements at frequencies from 25 to 400 Hz. This test method is customarily used on nonoriented electrical steels at inductions up to 10 kG [1.0 T] and for grain-oriented electrical steels at inductions up to 15 kG [1.5 T].1.5 For reactive properties, both flux and current waveforms introduce limitations. Over its range of useful inductions, the varmeter is valid for the measurement of reactive volt-amperes (vars) and inductance permeability. For the measurement of these properties, it is suggested that test inductions be limited to values sufficiently low that the measured values of vars do not differ by more than 15 % (Note 1) from those calculated from the measured values of exciting volt-amperes and core loss.NOTE 1: This limitation is placed on this test method in consideration of the nonlinear nature of the magnetic circuit, which leads to a difference between vars based on fundamental frequency components of voltage and current and current after harmonic rejection and vars computed from rms current, voltage, and watt values when one or more of these quantities are nonsinusoidal.1.6 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.1.7 Explanation of terms, symbols, and definitions used may be found in the various sections of this test method. The official list of definitions and symbols may be found in Terminology A340.1.8 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice is intended for use in resource recovery and other types of solid waste processing facilities. The occupational health risks in such facilities are not well documented and the purpose of this practice is to facilitate recording of information that can be useful in assessing the occupational health significance of working in these facilities.The records developed and maintained in accordance with this practice can be used as a basis for spotting trends (if any) in the types or frequency, or both, of injuries and illnesses. This information may, in combination with data on environmental health conditions within a waste processing facility, be useful in identifying possible cause/effect relationships.This practice is not intended as a design guide for an occupational health and safety program but rather is intended to build upon existing occupational health programs and to utilize currently available health and environmental records.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide guidance to solid waste processing facility managers responsible for maintaining records of the health and safety experience of their employees. This practice describes general principles for establishing a procedure to collect and document health and safety data within a solid waste processing facility and provides specific information on the forms and procedures to be used in recording illnesses among employees.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Fuel oxidation and other degradative reactions leading to formation of sediment (and color) are mildly accelerated by the test conditions compared with typical storage conditions. Test results have been shown to predict storage stability more reliably than other more accelerated tests. See Appendix X1 for information on the correlation of test results with actual field storage.5.2 Because the storage periods are long (4 weeks to 24 weeks), the test method is not suitable for quality control testing, but does provide a tool for research on storage properties of fuels.5.3 Because environmental effects and the materials and nature of tank construction affect storage stability, the results obtained by this test are not necessarily the same as those obtained during storage in a specific field storage situation.1.1 This test method covers a method for evaluating the inherent storage stability of distillate fuels having flash points above 38 °C (100 °F), by Test Methods D93, and 90 % distilled points below 340 °C (644 °F), by Test Method D86.NOTE 1: ASTM specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method are Specification D396, Grade Nos. 1 and 2; Specification D975, Grades 1-D and 2-D; and Specification D2880, Grades 1-GT and 2-GT.1.2 This test method is not suitable for quality control testing but, rather it is intended for research use to shorten storage time relative to that required at ambient storage temperatures.1.3 Appendix X1 presents additional information about storage stability and the correlation of Test Method D4625 results with sediment formation in actual field storage.1.4 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method can be used to evaluate batch type or continuous production of material for use in microwave applications. It may be used to determine the loss factors of microwave ferrites or help evaluate absorption materials for use in microwave ovens and other shielding applications.3.2 The values obtained by use of this practice can be used as quality assurance information for process control, or both, when correlated to the chemistry or process for manufacturing the material.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the complex dielectric constant of isotropic ferrites for extremely high-frequency applications.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments or at various elevated temperatures.4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

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3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature, and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at a sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides data for assessing compliance where specifications limit the amount of material retained when sieved on a 45-µm (No. 325) sieve.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fineness of hydraulic cement by means of air jet sieving using a 45-µm (No. 325) sieve by Air Jet sieving.1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is intended to simulate the corrosion process of non-ferrous metals in diesel lubricants. The corrosion process under investigation is that believed to be induced primarily by inappropriate lubricant chemistry rather than lubricant degradation or contamination. This test method has been found to correlate with an extensive fleet database containing corrosion-induced cam and bearing failures.1.1 This test method is used to test diesel engine lubricants to determine their tendency to corrode various metals, specifically alloys of lead and copper commonly used in cam followers and bearings. Correlation with field experience has been established.41.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 5.3.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Careful use of this practice can yield calibrated z-magnifications traceable to the SI unit of length with uncertainties (k = 2) of approximately 7 % over height ranges of approximately 1 nm.1.1 This practice covers a measurement procedure to calibrate the z-scale of an atomic force microscope using Si(111) monatomic step height specimens.1.2 Applications This procedure is applicable either in ambient or vacuum condition when the atomic force microscope (AFM) is operated at its highest levels of z-magnification, that is, in the nanometer and sub-nanometer ranges of z-displacement. These ranges of measurement are required when the AFM is used to measure the surfaces of semiconductors, optical surfaces, and other high technology components.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) may be composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements which are often contained in a fine-grain-sized (<50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Usually these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out.5.3 CFCC components have distinctive and synergistic combinations of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) may not be possible by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. This is because fabrication/processing methods may be unique to tubes and not replicable to flat plates, thereby producing compositionally similar but structurally and morphologically different CFCC materials. In particular, tubular components comprised of CFCC material form a unique synergistic combination of material, geometric shape, and reinforcement architecture that is generally inseparable. In other words, prediction of mechanical performance of CFCC tubes generally cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates. Strength tests of transversely loaded CFCC tubes provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a material subjected to a uniaxial, nonuniform stress.5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics that fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, while the volume of material subjected to a nonuniform, uniaxial flexural stress for transversely loaded tube test may be a significant factor for determining matrix cracking stress, this same volume may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strength of a CMC. However, the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CMCs requires a statistically significant number of test specimens for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CMCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile flexural strengths obtained using different recommended test specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume effects. Practice C1683 provides guidance on the scaling of statistical parameters for strength to account for differences in effective volume, effective area, or both.5.5 Flexural strength tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under stresses induced from transverse loading of tubes. Nonuniform but uniaxial stress states are inherent in these types of tests, and subsequent evaluation of any nonlinear stress-strain behavior must take into account the asymmetric and anisotropic behavior of the CMC under multiaxial stressing. This nonlinear behavior may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing effects, or environmental effects. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.5.6 The results of flexural strength tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.5.7 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized flexural strength test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.5.8 The flexural behavior and flexural strength of a CMC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, damage accumulation processes, or combinations thereof. Analyses of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, are highly recommended.1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength, including stress-strain response, under monotonic loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes at ambient temperature. This test method addresses tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen/grip fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain-control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), and data collection and reporting procedures.1.2 In this test method, an advanced ceramic composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is subjected to four-point flexure while supported in a four-point loading system utilizing two force-application points spaced an inner span distance that are centered between two support points located an outer span distance apart. The applied transverse force produces a constant moment in the gage section of the tube and results in uniaxial flexural stress-strain response of the composite tube that is recorded until failure of the tube. The flexural strength and the flexural fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum force and the force at fracture, respectively. The flexural strains, the flexural proportional limit stress, and the flexural modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note that flexural strength as used in this test method refers to the maximum tensile stress produced in the longitudinal direction of the tube by the introduction of a monotonically applied transverse force, where ‘monotonic’ refers to a continuous, nonstop test rate without reversals from test initiation to final fracture. The flexural strength is sometimes used to estimate the tensile strength of the material.1.3 This test method is intended for advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites can be composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions). This test method may also be applicable to some types of functionally graded tubes such as ceramic fiber-wound tubes comprised of monolithic advanced ceramics. It is not the intent of this test method to dictate or normalize material fabrication including fiber layup or number of plies comprising the composite, but to instead provide an appropriate and consistent methodology for discerning the effects of different fabrication or fiber layup methods on flexural behavior of resulting tubular geometries.1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites if it can be shown that these materials display the damage-tolerant behavior of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.1.5 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen tube geometries based on the intended application that includes composite material property and tube radius. Therefore, there is no “standard” test specimen geometry for a typical test setup. Lengths of the composite tube, lengths of the inner span, and lengths of the outer span are determined so as to provide a gage length with uniform bending moment. A wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii, wall thicknesses, tube lengths, and lengths of inner and outer spans section are possible.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high-temperature furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and measurement systems and temperature-capable testing methods that are not addressed in this test method.1.6 This test method addresses tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen preparation methods, testing rates (that is, induced applied moment rate), and data collection and reporting procedures in the following sections: Section 1Referenced Documents Section 2Terminology Section 3Summary of Test Method Section 4 Section 5Interferences Section 6Apparatus Section 7Hazards Section 8Test Specimens Section 9Test Procedure Section 10Calculation of Results Section 11Report Section 12Precision and Bias Section 13Keywords Section 14Appendixes  Overview of Flexural Test Configurations Appendix X1Fixtures with Cradles Appendix X21.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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