5.1 This practice defines and prescribes how to calculate IRFI on aircraft movement areas in winter.5.2 The local device is calibrated directly or indirectly to the reference device, thereby achieving harmonization of local friction devices to a common unit of measure regardless of the local friction device used.5.3 The IRFI can be used by airport maintenance staff to monitor the winter frictional characteristics for surface maintenance actions.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the International Runway Friction Index, IRFI, from measurements obtained by local friction-measurement devices2 on movement areas under winter conditions.1.2 The IRFI is the international friction index to be used for reporting the friction characteristics of airport movement areas.1.3 The IRFI reported by this practice is a harmonized value of the pavement friction characteristics.1.4 The IRFI obtained by using this practice has not been extended to address the braking performance of an aircraft.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.31.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is suitable for the calculation of the average macrotexture depth from profile data. The results of this calculation (MPD) have proven to be useful in the prediction of the speed dependence of wet pavement friction.5.2 The MPD can be used to estimate the result of a measurement of macrotexture depth using a volumetric technique according to Test Method E965. The values of MPD and MTD differ due to the finite size of the glass spheres used in the volumetric technique and because the MPD is derived from a two-dimensional profile rather than a three-dimensional surface. Therefore, a transformation equation must be used.NOTE 2: The two concepts are closely related and have strong correlations; these correlations can differ depending on the pavement types used to establish the correlation. Although they are not the same physical characteristic, the MPD measurement technique is intended to replace the manual MTD measurements.5.3 This practice may be used with pavement macrotexture profiles taken on actual road surfaces or from cores or laboratory-prepared samples.5.4 Aggregate size, shape, and distribution are features which are not addressed in this practice. This practice is not meant to provide a complete assessment of texture characteristics. In particular, care should be used when interpreting the result for porous or grooved surfaces.5.5 This practice does not address the problems associated with obtaining a measured profile. Laser or other optical noncontact methods of measuring profiles are usually preferred. However, contact methods using a stylus also can provide accurate profiles if properly performed.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of mean profile depth from a profile of pavement macrotexture.1.2 The mean profile depth has been shown to be useful in predicting the speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction.1.3 A linear transformation of the mean profile depth can provide an estimate of the mean texture depth measured according to Test Method E965.NOTE 1: A similar method for measurement and calculation of MPD is presented in ISO 13473-1. The only technical differences are the way spike removal and extreme MSD removal are calculated. Despite these differences, the ASTM and ISO methods will arrive at the same results, with only insignificant differences in normal cases. The ASTM method for spike removal applies calculations which are much more complicated but will result in less correct samples which are adjacent to spikes being removed. The extreme MSD removal in the ASTM method will also be more precise than the ISO method, but at the expense of more complicated calculations. Significant differences will potentially appear only on some uncommon or special textures, such as tined or grooved cement concrete pavements. In the next few years, attempts will be made to coordinate the calculations with a view to make them identical in both standards. The ISO standard includes eight annexes with additional information, for example about uncertainty calculations and how users can check their software against standard texture profiles. A note corresponding to this one will be included in the ISO 13473-1 standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Test Methods E119, E1529, and other standard fire resistance test methods specify that throughout the fire-resistance test, a constant superimposed load shall be applied to a load-bearing test specimen to simulate a maximum allowable load condition. This superimposed load shall be the maximum load allowed by design under nationally recognized structural design criteria for the tested floor configuration (that is, joist selection, spacing, and span).4.1.1 For this practice, the nationally recognized structural design criteria to be used to determine the maximum load condition are those for the allowable stress design (ASD) method in the NDS (National Design Specification for Wood Construction).NOTE 1: The NDS should be used to ensure calculation of the superimposed load is in compliance with all applicable provisions of that standard. Appendix X1 describes how to calculate the superimposed load in accordance with the NDS.4.1.2 Alternatively, the standard fire resistance test methods shall be permitted to be conducted by applying a load less than the maximum allowable load in 4.1.1 for the tested configuration; however, these tests shall be identified in the test report as being conducted under restricted loading conditions.4.2 This practice describes procedures for calculating the superimposed load to be applied in standard fire resistance tests of wood floor-ceiling assemblies. Practice D6513 provides a similar methodology for calculating the superimposed load on wood-frame walls.4.3 Statements in either the fire resistance test method standard or the nationally recognized structural design standard supersede any procedures described by this practice.1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating the superimposed load required to be applied to load-bearing wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies throughout standard fire-resistance tests.1.2 These calculations determine the maximum superimposed load to be applied to the floor-ceiling assembly during the fire resistance test. The maximum superimposed load, calculated in accordance with nationally-recognized structural design criteria, shall be designed to induce the maximum allowable stress in the wood floor-ceiling fire test configuration being tested.1.3 This practice is only applicable to those wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies for which the nationally recognized structural design criteria are contained in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS).1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 ASTM thermal test method descriptions are complex because of added apparatus details necessary to ensure accurate results. As a result, many users find it difficult to locate the data reduction details necessary to reduce the data obtained from these tests. This practice is designed to be referenced in the thermal test methods, thus allowing those test methods to concentrate on experimental details rather than data reduction.4.2 This practice is intended to provide the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from standard test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in the ASTM Test Methods (C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114, C1199, and C1363) by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.4.3 This practice provides the method for developing the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for a specimen from data taken at small or large temperature differences. This relationship can be used to characterize material for comparison to material specifications and for use in calculations programs such as Practice C680.4.4 Two general solutions to the problem of establishing thermal transmission properties for application to end-use conditions are outlined in Practice C1058. (Practice C1058 should be reviewed prior to use of this practice.) One is to measure each product at each end-use condition. This solution is rather straightforward, but burdensome, and needs no other elaboration. The second is to measure each product over the entire temperature range of application conditions and to use these data to establish the thermal transmission property dependencies at the various end-use conditions. One advantage of the second approach is that once these dependencies have been established, they serve as the basis for estimating the performance for a given product at other conditions. Warning— The use of a thermal conductivity curve developed in Section 6 must be limited to a temperature range that does not extend beyond the range of highest and lowest test surface temperatures in the test data set used to generate the curve.1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.1.2 The thermal transmission properties described include: thermal conductance, thermal resistance, apparent thermal conductivity, apparent thermal resistivity, surface conductance, surface resistance, and overall thermal resistance or transmittance.1.3 This practice provides the method for developing the apparent thermal conductivity as a function of temperature relationship for a specimen from data generated by standard test methods at small or large temperature differences. This relationship can be used to characterize material for comparison to material specifications and for use in calculation programs such as Practice C680.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This practice includes a discussion of the definitions and underlying assumptions for the calculation of thermal transmission properties. Tests to detect deviations from these assumptions are described. This practice also considers the complicating effects of uncertainties due to the measurement processes and material variability. See Section 7.1.6 This practice is not intended to cover all possible aspects of thermal properties data base development. For new materials, the user should investigate the variations in thermal properties seen in similar materials. The information contained in Section 7, the Appendix and the technical papers listed in the References section of this practice may be helpful in determining whether the material under study has thermal properties that can be described by equations using this practice. Some examples where this method has limited application include: (1) the onset of convection in insulation as described in Reference (1); (2) while a phase change is taking place in one of the insulation components causing an unsteady-state condition; and (3) the influence of heat flow direction and temperature difference changes for reflective insulations.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The absorbed dose is a more meaningful parameter than exposure for use in relating the effects of radiation on materials. It expresses the energy absorbed by the irradiated material per unit mass, whereas exposure is related to the amount of charge produced in air per unit mass. Absorbed dose, as referred to here, implies that the measurement is made under conditions of charged particle (electron) equilibrium (see Appendix X1). In practice, such conditions are not rigorously achievable but, under some circumstances, can be approximated closely.4.2 Different materials, when exposed to the same radiation field, absorb different amounts of energy. Using the techniques of this standard, charged particle equilibrium must exist in order to relate the absorbed dose in one material to the absorbed dose in another. Also, if the radiation is attenuated by a significant thickness of an absorber, the energy spectrum of the radiation will be changed, and it will be necessary to correct for this.NOTE 1: For comprehensive discussions of various dosimetry methods applicable to the radiation types and energies and absorbed dose rate ranges discussed in this method, see ICRU Reports 34 and 80.1.1 This practice presents a technique for calculating the absorbed dose in a material from knowledge of the radiation field, the composition of the material, (1-5)2,3 and a related measurement. The procedure is applicable for X and gamma radiation provided the energy of the photons fall within the range from 0.01 to 20 MeV.1.2 A method is given for calculating the absorbed dose in a material from the knowledge of the absorbed dose in another material exposed to the same radiation field. The procedure is restricted to homogeneous materials composed of the elements for which absorption coefficients have been tabulated. All 92 natural elements are tabulated in (2). It also requires some knowledge of the energy spectrum of the radiation field produced by the source under consideration. Generally, the accuracy of this method is limited by the accuracy to which the energy spectrum of the radiation field is known.1.3 The results of this practice are only valid if charged particle equilibrium exists in the material and at the depth of interest. Thus, this practice is not applicable for determining absorbed dose in the immediate vicinity of boundaries between materials of widely differing atomic numbers. For more information on this topic, see Practice E1249.1.4 Energy transport computer codes4 exist that are formulated to calculate absorbed dose in materials more precisely than this method. To use these codes, more effort, time, and expense are required. If the situation warrants, such calculations should be used rather than the method described here.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The thermal diffusivity is a parameter that arises in the solution of transient heat conduction problems. It generally characterizes the rate at which a heat pulse will diffuse through a solid material.5.2 The number of parameters required for solution of a transient heat conduction problem depends on both the geometry and imposed boundary conditions. In a few special cases, only the thermal diffusivity of the material is required. In most cases, separate values of k, ρ, and cp are required in addition to α. This test method provides a consistent set of parameters for numerical or analytical heat conduction calculations related to heat transport through rocks.5.3 In order to use this test method for determination of the thermal diffusivity, the parameters (k, ρ, cp) must be determined under as near identical specimen conditions as possible.5.4 The diffusivity determined by this test method can only be used to analyze heat transport in rock under thermal conditions identical to those existing for the k, ρ, and cp measurements.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method involves calculation of the thermal diffusivity from measured values of the mass density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat at constant pressure. It is applicable for any materials where these data can be determined. The temperature range covered by this test method is 293 to 573 K. This test method is closely linked to the overall test procedure used in obtaining the primary data on density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. It cannot be used as a “stand alone” test method because the thermal diffusivity values calculated by this test method are dependent on the nature of the primary data base. The test method furnishes general guidelines to calculate the thermal diffusivity but cannot be considered to be all-inclusive to capture issues related to the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivityNOTE 1: The diffusivity, as determined by this test method, is intended to be a volume average value, with the averaging volume being ≥ 2 × 10−5 m3 (20 cm3). This requirement necessitates the use of specimens with volumes greater than the minimum averaging volume and precludes use of flash methods of measuring thermal diffusivity, such as the laser pulse technique.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.1.3 This test method is intended to apply to isotropic samples; that is, samples in which the thermal transport properties do not depend on the direction of heat flow. If the thermal conductivity depends on the direction of heat flow, then the diffusivity derived by this test method must be associated with the same direction as that utilized in the conductivity measurement.1.4 The thermal conductivity, specific heat, and mass density measurements must be made with specimens that are as near identical in composition and water content as possible.1.5 The generally inhomogeneous nature of geologic formations precludes the unique specification of a thermal diffusivity characterizing an entire rock formation or soil layer. Geologic media are highly variable in character, and it is impossible to specify a test method for diffusivity determination that will be suitable for all possible cases. Some of the most important limitations arise from the following factors:1.5.1 Variable Mineralogy—If the mineralogy of the formation under study is highly variable over distances on the same order as the size of the sample from which the conductivity, specific heat, and density specimens are cut, then the calculated diffusivity for a given set of specimens will be dependent on the precise locations from which these specimens were obtained.1.5.2 Variable Porosity—The thermal properties of porous rock or soil are highly dependent on the amount and nature of the porosity. A spatially varying porosity introduces problems of a nature similar to those encountered with a spatially varying composition. In addition, the character of the porosity may preclude complete dehydration by oven drying.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.6.1 The procedure used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This is the practice for calculating the IFI of the pavement. The IFI has proven useful for harmonization of the friction measuring equipment. F60 and Sp have proven to be able to predict the speed dependence of wet pavement-related measurements of the various types of friction-measuring equipment.2 The two IFI parameters (F60 and Sp) have been found to be reliable predictors of the dependence of wet pavement friction on tire slip and vehicle speed.5.2 The IFI parameters, F60 and Sp, can be used to calculate the calibrated friction at another slip speed using a transformation equation.5.3 The IFI model given below describes the relationship between the values of wet pavement friction FRS measured at a slip speed of S and between the friction values measured by different types of equipment.5.4 A significance of the IFI model is that the measurement of friction with a device does not have to be at one of the speeds run in the experiment. FRS can be measured at some S and is always adjusted to FR60. Thus, if a device cannot maintain its normal operating speed and must run at some speed higher or lower because of traffic, the model still works well. In that case, S is determined by the vehicle speed (V) which can be converted to S by multiplying V by the percent slip for fixed slip equipment or by multiplying V by the sine of the slip angle for side force equipment.5.5 This practice does not address the problems associated with obtaining a measured friction or measured macrotexture.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the International Friction Index (IFI) from a measurement of pavement macrotexture and wet pavement friction. The IFI was developed in the PIARC International Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements. The index allows for the harmonizing of friction measurements with different equipment to a common calibrated index. This practice provides for harmonization of friction reporting for devices that use a smooth tread test tire.1.2 The IFI consists of two parameters that report the calibrated wet friction at 60 km/h (F60) and the speed constant of wet pavement friction (Sp).1.3 The mean profile depth (MPD) has been shown to be useful in predicting the speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction.21.4 A linear transformation of the estimated friction at 60 km/h provides the calibrated F60 value. The estimated friction at 60 km/h is obtained by using the speed constant to calculate the estimated friction at 60 km/h from a measurement made at any speed.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are rationalized, rather than exact mathematical conversions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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