This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Three types of nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are presented: type I - encapsulation products intended for interior use, type II - encapsulation products intended for exterior use, and type III - encapsulation products intended for either interior or exterior use. The impact resistance, adhesion, dry abrasion resistance, water vapour transmission, water and chemical resistance, surface burning characteristics, and volatile organic compound content shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Weathering, aging, scrub resistance, mildew resistance, paintability/repairability, flexibility, and tensile properties shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Performance properties addressed in this specification are:1.1.1 Impact resistance,1.1.2 Adhesion,1.1.3 Dry abrasion resistance,1.1.4 Water vapor transmission,1.1.5 Water and chemical resistance,1.1.6 Surface burning characteristics,1.1.7 Volatile organic compound (VOC) content,1.1.8 Weathering,1.1.9 Aging,1.1.10 Scrub resistance,1.1.11 Mildew resistance,1.1.12 Paintability/repairability,1.1.13 Flexibility, and1.1.14 Tensile properties.1.2 This specification does not address the selection of an encapsulation product for specific use conditions. Specific use conditions may require performance values other than those stated in this specification. See Guide E1796.1.3 This specification does not cover the use of corrosion-inhibiting primers prior to encapsulation products on either industrial steel structures or on residential coated metal surfaces. Types of Direct-To-Metal (DTM) primers in conjunction with lead paint encapsulants has not been investigated. Use of primers to yield substrates acceptable to receive an encapsulant, and to inhibit future corrosion of encapsulated substrates, should be evaluated by trial applications at each specific project.1.4 This specification applies to any non-reinforced liquid applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface. These products are used to encapsulate a leaded paint surface with the intent of reducing human exposure to lead.1.5 The results of the test methods included in this specification will not necessarily predict field performance.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an APD under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emissions that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial device.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in APDs.5.5 Defective areas found in aerial devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of aerial personnel devices (APDs) with supplemental load handling attachments.1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial personnel devices with supplemental load handling attachments:1.1.1.1 Extensible-boom APDs,1.1.1.2 Articulating-boom APDs, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Aerial personnel devices without supplemental load handling attachments,1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform,1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform, and1.1.2.4 Aerial devices with load-lifting capabilities located anywhere other than adjacent to the platform.NOTE 1: This test method is not intended to be a stand-alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. (Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.)1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. The population is essentially unlimited, and each item either has or has not the defined attribute. The population (process) has an unknown fraction of items p (long run average process non-conforming) having the attribute. The sample is a group of n discrete items selected at random from the process or population under consideration, and the attribute is not exhibited in the sample. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, pu, for the unknown fraction p whereby one can claim that p ≤ pu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The binomial distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.2 In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. Like Case 1, each item either has or has not the defined attribute, and the population has an unknown number, D, of items having the attribute. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, Du, for the unknown number D, whereby one can claim that D ≤ Du with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The hypergeometric distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.3 In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the “continuum” sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion. There is an unknown average rate of occurrence, λ, for the defined attribute over the sampled interval of the continuum that is of interest. The sample does not exhibit the attribute. For a roll of paper, this might be blemishes per 100 ft2; for a volume of liquid, microbes per cubic litre; for a field of crop, spores per acre; for a time interval, calls per hour, customers per day or accidents per quarter. The rate, λ, is proportional to the size of the interval of interest. Thus, if λ = 12 blemishes per 100 ft2 of paper, this is equivalent to 1.2 blemishes per 10 ft2 or 30 blemishes per 250 ft2. It is important to keep in mind the size of the interval in the analysis and interpretation. The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound, λu, for the unknown occurrence rate λ, whereby one can claim that λ ≤ λu with some confidence coefficient (probability) C. The Poisson distribution is the sampling distribution in this case.4.4 A variation on Case 3 is the situation where the sampled “interval” is really a group of discrete items, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times within an item. This might be the case where the continuum is a process producing discrete items such as metal parts, and the attribute is defined as a scratch. Any number of scratches could occur on any single item. In such a case, the occurrence rate, λ, might be defined as scratches per 1000 parts or some similar metric.4.5 In each case, a sample of items or a portion of a continuum is examined for the presence of a defined attribute, and the attribute is not observed (that is, a zero response). The objective is to determine an upper confidence bound for either an unknown proportion, p (Case 1), an unknown quantity, D (Case 2), or an unknown rate of occurrence, λ (Case 3). In this practice, confidence means the probability that the unknown parameter is not more than the upper bound. More generally, these methods determine a relationship among sample size, confidence and the upper confidence bound. They can be used to determine the sample size required to demonstrate a specific p, D, or λ with some degree of confidence. They can also be used to determine the degree of confidence achieved in demonstrating a specified p, D, or λ.4.6 In this practice, allowance is made for misclassification error but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known, and can be approximated numerically.4.7 It is possible to impose the language of classical acceptance sampling theory on this method. Terms such as lot tolerance percent defective, acceptable quality level, and consumer quality level are not used in this practice. For more information on these terms, see Practice E1994.AbstractThis practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding an unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered. In Case 1, the sample is selected from a process or a very large population of interest. In Case 2, a sample of n items is selected at random from a finite lot of N items. In Case 3, there is a process, but the output is a continuum, such as area (for example, a roll of paper or other material, a field of crop), volume (for example, a volume of liquid or gas), or time (for example, hours, days, quarterly, etc.) The sample size is defined as that portion of the �continuum� sampled, and the defined attribute may occur any number of times over the sampled portion.1.1 This practice presents methodology for the setting of an upper confidence bound regarding a unknown fraction or quantity non-conforming, or a rate of occurrence for nonconformities, in cases where the method of attributes is used and there is a zero response in a sample. Three cases are considered.1.1.1 The sample is selected from a process or a very large population of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.2 A sample of items is selected at random from a finite lot of discrete items, and the number of non-conforming items in the sample is zero.1.1.3 The sample is a portion of a continuum (time, space, volume, area, etc.) and the number of non-conformities in the sample is zero.1.2 Allowance is made for misclassification error in this practice, but only when misclassification rates are well understood or known and can be approximated numerically.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the pipe materials and dimensions for producing non-reinforced extruded tee connections manufactured by mechanical forming processes. The term “extruded tee connection” applies to butt-weld or socket-weld connections. The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection is an alternative to the tee fittings, nozzle, and other welded connections. The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection has been widely used for systems in the marine, process piping, food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries. Different materials that have acceptable forming qualities to produce extruded tee connections shall consist of copper, copper-nickel alloy, titanium, steel, and stainless steel. The extruded tee connection shall be free from burrs and cracks, which would affect the suitability for the intended service.1.1 This specification covers the pipe materials and dimensions for producing non-reinforced extruded tee connections manufactured by mechanical forming processes. The term “extruded tee connection” applies to butt-weld or socket-weld connections. This specification refers to the forming process that leads to welding or brazing.1.2 The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection is an alternative to the tee fittings, nozzle, and other welded connections.1.3 The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection has been widely used for systems in the marine, process piping, food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries.1.4 The extruded tee connection will be welded in accordance with Specification F722. Brazing of tee connections will be in accordance with ASME B31.5.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers requirements and test methods for annular, corrugated profile wall polyethylene pipe and fittings with an interior liner. The pipe and blow-molded fittings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound having a cell classification 435400C or 435400 and its carbon black content shall not exceed 4 %. Compounds used in the manufacture of rotationally molded fittings and couplings shall be virgin PE having a cell classification of 213320C or 213320E and its carbon black content shall not exceed 4%. On the other hand, compounds used in the manufacture of injection molded fittings and couplings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound having a cell classification 414420C or 414420E and its carbon black content shall not exceed 4 %. Different tests and measurements shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of pipes: inside diameter, length, minimum inner-liner thickness, perforations, stiffness, flattening, and impact resistance. The pipe and fittings shall be homogeneous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical in color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the wall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holes intentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for annular, corrugated profile wall polyethylene pipe and fittings with an interior liner. The nominal inside diameters covered are 300 mm to 1500 mm [12 in. to 60 in.].1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to provide pipe and fittings for underground use for non-pressure gravity-flow storm sewer and subsurface drainage systems.NOTE 1: Pipe and fittings produced in accordance with this specification shall be installed in compliance with Practice D2321.1.3 This specification covers pipe and fittings with an interior liner using a corrugated exterior profile (Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Typical Annular Corrugated Pipe Profile1.4 The products manufactured under this standard use either virgin or recycled (post-industrial or post-consumer) materials in accordance with the requirements specified for each.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non-rinsed non-hexavalent chromium conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as.a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. Coatings are categorized into four classes according to corrosion protection and finish. The type of conversion coating depends on the composition of the solution and may also be affected by pH, temperature, duration of the treatment, and the nature and surface condition. Films are normally applied by dipping, but may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques. Coatings shall adhere to specified electrical resistance, adhesion, and corrosion resistance requirements.1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non-rinsed non-hexavalent chromium conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings.1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are conversion coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

3.1 Test Method A is used for determining the apparent viscosity at a given rotational speed, although viscosities at two or more speeds give better characterization of a non-Newtonian material than does a single viscosity measurement.3.2 With Test Methods B and C, the extent of shear thinning is indicated by the drop in viscosity with increasing rotational speed. The degree of thixotropy is indicated by comparison of viscosities at increasing and decreasing rotational speeds (Test Method B), viscosity recovery (Test Method B), or viscosities before and after high shear (combination of Test Methods B and C). The high-shear treatment in Test Method C approximates shearing during paint application. The viscosity behavior measured after high shear is indicative of the characteristics of the paint soon after application.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent viscosity and the shear thinning and thixotropic properties of non-Newtonian materials in the shear rate range from 0.1 s−1 to 50 s−1 using a rotational viscometer operating in a fluid contained in a 600 mL low form Griffin beaker.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the standard for non-asbestos fiber-cement perforated and plain pipe proposed for use in the conveyance of drainage water for the subsurface drainage of highways, airports, farms, foundations, and other similar drainage work. The pipes shall be composed of a mixture of inorganic hydraulic binder or a calcium silicate binder formed by the chemical reaction of siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced by organic or inorganic fibers. The material shall be cured and formed under pressure and shall be of laminar construction. The material shall also comply with the minimum specified crushing strength.1.1 This specification covers non-asbestos fiber-cement perforated and plain pipe intended for use in the conveyance of drainage water for the subsurface drainage of highways, airports, farms, foundations, and other similar drainage work.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers non-asbestos fiber-cement conduit for use in electric-power systems and communication systems. The service is for both underground and exposed conditions. The classes of conduit shall be as follows: Class B which is intended for use encased in concrete after installation and Class B which is intended for use without concrete encasement, or for exposed services. The types of conduit shall be known as Type I and Type II corresponding to the chemical requirements specified. Type I is to be used where nonaggressive water and soil of moderate surface content are expected to come in contact with the conduit. Type II is to be used where moderately aggressive water or water and soil of high sulfate content, or both, are expected to come in contact with the conduit. Fiber-cement conduit shall be composed of an intimate mixture of an inorganic hydraulic binder or a calcium silicate binder formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced by organic fibers, inorganic non-asbestos fibers, or both. Process aids, fillers and pigments which are compatible with fiber-reinforced cement are not prohibited from being added. All material shall be of laminar construction formed under pressure to a homogeneous structure and cured to meet the physical and chemical requirements. Mechanical properties like flexural strength and crushing strength of the conduit shall be determined.1.1 This specification covers non-asbestos fiber-cement conduit for use in electric-power systems and communication systems. The service is for both underground and exposed conditions.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers requirements relating to non-asbestos fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, joints, and fittings suitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewerage and drainage applications from point of use to point of treatment or disposal. The types of pipe shall be shown as type I and type II corresponding to the chemical requirements. Fiber-cement sewer pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as class I, II, III, IV, and V. The corresponding strength requirements are prescribed. The pipe shall be of laminar construction formed under pressure to a homogeneous structure and cured under natural or accelerated conditions to meet the chemical and physical requirements. Crushing tests, and longitudinal bending tests shall be conducted to meet the requirements prescribed. A hydrostatic pressure test shall be made on an assembly of two sections of pipe properly connected with a coupling to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers requirements relating to non-asbestos fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, joints, and fittings suitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewerage and drainage applications from point of use to point of treatment or disposal. It defines certain conditions of manufacture, classification, characteristics, and acceptance tests applicable to these products.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.NOTE 1: Rubber rings suitable for use with this pipe are covered in Specification D1869.NOTE 2: This specification is issued for product standardization and purchasing purposes only, and does not include requirements for installation or the relationships between operating conditions and the strength characteristics of the various classifications of pipe. The purchaser is cautioned that he must correlate installation and operating conditions with the specified characteristics of the pipe.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 A radiation-hardness assurance program requires a methodology for relating radiation-induced changes in materials exposed to a variety of particle species over a wide range of energies, including those encountered in spacecraft and in terrestrial environments as well as those produced by particle accelerators and nuclear fission and fusion reactors.4.2 A major source of radiation damage in electronic and photonic devices and materials is the displacement of atoms from their normal lattice site. An appropriate exposure parameter for such damage is the damage energy calculated from NIEL by means of Eq 2. Other analogous measures, which may be used to characterize the irradiation history that is relevant to displacement damage, are damage energy per atom or per unit mass (displacement kerma, when the primary particles are neutral), and displacements per atom (dpa). See Terminology E170 for definitions of those quantities.4.3 Each of the quantities mentioned in the previous paragraph should convey similar information, but in a different format. In each case the value of the derived exposure parameter depends on approximate nuclear, atomic, and lattice models, and on measured or calculated cross sections. If consistent comparisons are to be made of irradiation effects caused by different particle species and energies, it is essential that these approximations be consistently applied.4.4 No correspondence should be assumed to exist between damage energy as calculated from NIEL and a particular change in a material property or device parameter. Instead, the damage energy should be used as a parameter which describes the exposure. It may be a useful correlation variate, even when different particle species and energies are included. NIEL should not be reported as a measure of damage, however, unless its correlation with a particular damage modality has been demonstrated in that material or device.4.5 NIEL is a construct that depends on a model of the particle interaction processes in a material, as well as the cross section for each type of interaction. It is essential, when using NIEL as a correlation parameter, to ensure that consistent modeling parameters and nuclear data are used to calculate the NIEL value for each irradiation.4.6 Damage energy deposited in materials can be calculated directly, without the use of NIEL, using the Monte Carlo codes mentioned in 3.2.4.7, if all the particles involved in atomic displacement are tracked. The utility of the NIEL concept arises in cases where some particles, especially recoiling heavy ions, do not need to be tracked. In the NIEL representation, these are treated instead by means of infinite homogeneous medium solutions of the type originated by Lindhard et al. (10).1.1 This practice describes a procedure for characterizing particle irradiations of materials in terms of non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL). NIEL is used in published literature to characterize both charged and neutral particle irradiations.1.2 Although the methods described in this practice apply to any particles and target materials for which displacement cross sections are known (see Practice E521), this practice is intended for use in irradiations in which observed damage effects may be correlated with atomic displacements. This is true of some, but not all, radiation effects in electronic and photonic materials.1.3 Procedures analogous to this one are used for calculation of displacements per atom (dpa) in charged particle irradiations (see Practice E521) or neutron irradiations (see Practice E693).1.4 Guidance on calculation of dpa from NIEL is provided.1.5 Procedures related to this one are used for calculation of 1-MeV equivalent neutron fluence in electronic materials (see Practice E722), but in that practice the concept of damage efficiency, based on correlation of observed damage effects, is included.1.6 Guidance on conversion of NIEL in silicon to monoenergetic neutron fluence in silicon (see Practice E722), and vice versa, is provided.1.7 The application of this standard requires knowledge of the particle fluence and energy distribution of particles whose interaction leads to displacement damage.1.8 The correlation of radiation effects data is beyond the scope of this standard. A comprehensive review (1)2 of displacement damage effects in silicon and their correlation with NIEL provides appropriate guidance that is applicable to semiconductor materials and electronic devices.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Inorganic fibrous thermal insulation can contain varying amounts of non-fibrous material. Non-fibrous material does not contribute to the insulating value of the insulation and therefore a procedure for determining that amount is desirable. Several specifications refer to shot content and percent (%) retained on various screen sizes determined by this test method.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the non-fibrous content (shot) of man-made rock and slag mineral fiber insulation. The procedure covers a dry sieve analysis method to distinguish between fiberized and non-fiberized (shot) portions of a specimen of man-made rock and slag mineral fiber insulation specimen.1.2 This test method does not apply to rock or slag materials containing any components other than rock and slag mineral fiber, oil, and organic thermal setting binders. Products containing other types of fibers, inorganic binders, or refractory clays are excluded.NOTE 1: Industrial oils such as mineral or synthetic can be used to enhance the hydrophobic qualities and dust suppression.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice describes a method of fabrication of known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions. These samples can be used to determine the sensitivity and detection capability of a nondestructive examination (NDE) method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Manufacturers of ethanol are responsible for identifying and controlling impurities according to regulatory standards. Impurities in ethanol that are non-volatile are critical quality attributes for applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical, personal care applications. Non-volatile residue is an attribute important to users of ethanol for these applications.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-volatile residue content of ethanol and ethanol solutions at the time of test.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Despite child-resistant packaging requirements for most potentially harmful liquid consumer products, each year tens of thousands of young children are evaluated in emergency departments for potential poisoning from liquid consumer products. Products that use reclosable safety packaging rely on users to resecure the child-resistant closure fully after each use. If the closure is not fully secured or a child opens the closure, the entirety of the product contents is immediately accessible. Restricted delivery systems are a type of packaging for medications and other liquid consumer products designed to limit the amount of product that is accessible even after the primary closure is removed.5.2 This test method can be used to provide quantitative assessment of restricted delivery systems for liquid consumer products. This test method outlines three types of mechanical test procedures to simulate methods young children may use when attempting to access liquid contents from a container. To evaluate the efficacy of restricted delivery systems, tests are conducted with the primary closure removed and under conditions approximating intended use of the products. Instruction for use for the intended product should be used when preparing the samples for testing; for example, storage temperature, shaking of product, and use of associated dispensing devices when applicable.1.1 This test method covers assessment of non-metered restricted delivery system characteristics so that they can be evaluated to a standard that signifies efficacy in limiting accessibility of liquid contents to young children.1.2 This test method provides general test conditions for the determination of flow control of liquids by restricted delivery systems using mechanical testing to simulate methods that may be used to access liquid consumer products by young children.1.3 The test parameters provided within this test method are estimates based on existing literature and experience. The estimated values are intended to allow comparison of performance characteristics across different restricted delivery systems.1.4 This test method applies to liquids packaged in reclosable containers.NOTE 1: Since there are many variables that may affect release of liquid (for example, rigidity of container, viscosity of liquid contents, or variation in test equipment), it is important that the entire restricted delivery system is tested together as intended for use while using the same or similar testing equipment. This test method does not address other product characteristics that might be affected by use of restricted delivery systems (for example, uniformity of active ingredient throughout duration of use).1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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