1.1 This specification covers reusable phase-change-type clinical thermometers.1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification is intended for cold-rolled, complex phase (CP) grade, dual phase (DP) grade, and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) grade steel sheet in coils and cut lengths. Cold-rolled steel sheet is supplied for either exposed or unexposed applications, and specified either ”temper rolled” or ”annealed last” in the case of the latter category. The specification covers ordering information necessary to describe the required material, as well as the material's chemical composition, mechanical properties, finish and appearance, and dimensions and permissible variations. Retests and disposition of non-conforming material are also addressed.1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled, complex phase (CP) grade, dual phase (DP) grade, and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) grade steel sheet in coils and cut lengths.1.2 Product furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the latest issue of Specification A568/A568M, unless otherwise provided herein.1.3 The product is available in a number of designations and grades with mandatory chemical requirements and mandatory mechanical properties that are achieved through thermal or thermal-mechanical treatments, and are designed to be compatible with automotive application requirements.1.4 The grade designation nomenclature of the product differs from other cold-rolled sheet products having mandatory mechanical properties in that ordering is to tensile, rather than yield strength values.1.5 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is suited ideally for screening samples for the presence, relative concentration, and potential class of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris.4.2 This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from a sample, that is, a 0.1 μL spike of gasoline on a cellulose wipe inside of a 1-gal can is detectable.4.3 Actual recovery will vary, depending on several factors, including adsorption temperature, container size, competition from the sample matrix, ignitable liquid class and relative ignitable liquid concentration.4.4 Because this separation takes place in a closed container, the sample remains in approximately the same condition in which it was submitted. Repeat and interlaboratory analyses, therefore, may be possible. Since the extraction is nonexhaustive, the technique permits reanalysis of samples.4.5 This practice is intended for use in conjunction with other extraction techniques described in Practices E1386, E1388, E1412, and E1413.4.6 The extract is consumed in the analysis. If a more permanent extract is desired, one of the separation practices described in Practices E1386, E1412, or E1413 should be used.1.1 This practice describes the procedure for removing small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from samples of fire debris. An adsorbent material is used to extract the residue from the static headspace above the sample. Then, analytes are thermally desorbed in the injection port of the gas chromatograph (GC).1.2 This practice is best suited for screening fire debris samples to assess relative ignitable liquid concentration and for extracting ignitable liquid from aqueous samples.1.3 This practice is suitable for extracting ignitable liquid residues when a high level of sensitivity is required due to a very low concentration of ignitable liquid residues in the sample.1.3.1 Unlike other methods of separation and concentration, this method recovers a minimal amount of the ignitable residues present in the evidence, leaving residues that are suitable for subsequent resampling.1.4 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in Section 2.1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The freezing point of an engine coolant indicates the coolant freeze protection.5.2 The freezing point of an engine coolant may be used to determine the approximate glycol content, provided the glycol type is known.5.3 Freezing point as measured by Test Method D1177 or approved alternative method is a requirement in Specifications D3306 and D6210.5.4 This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D1177 and expresses results to the nearest 0.1 °C with improved reproducibility over Test Method D1177.5.5 This test method determines the freezing point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D1177.5.6 This test method removes most of the operator time and judgement required by Test Method D1177.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the freezing point of an aqueous engine coolant solution.1.2 This test method is designed to cover ethylene glycol base coolants up to a maximum concentration of 60 % (v/v) in water; however, the ASTM interlaboratory study mentioned in 12.2 has only demonstrated the test method with samples having a concentration range of 40 % to 60 % (v/v) water.NOTE 1: Where solutions of specific concentrations are to be tested, they shall be prepared from representative samples as directed in Practice D1176. Secondary phases separating on dilution need not be separated.NOTE 2: The products may also be marketed in a ready-to-use form (prediluted).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in 7.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Users of this practice must determine for themselves whether the practices described meet the requirements of local or national authorities regulating asbestos or other fibrous hazards.5.2 Variations of this practice have been described by the Asbestos Research Council in Great Britain (8), the Asbestos International Association (AIA) (RTM 1) (9), NIOSH 7400, OSHA (Reference Method ID 160), and ISO 8672. Where the counting rules of these methods differ, this is noted in the text.5.3 Advantages5.3.1 The technique is specific for fibers. PCM is a fiber counting technique that excludes non-fibrous particles from the analysis.5.3.2 The technique is inexpensive, but requires specialized knowledge to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts, at least in so far as the analyst is often required under regulations to have taken a specific training course (for example, NIOSH 582, or equivalent).5.3.3 The analysis is quick and can be performed on-site for rapid determination of the concentrations of airborne fibers.5.3.4 The procedure provides for a discriminate counting technique that can be used to estimate the percentage of counted fibers that may be asbestos.5.4 Limitations5.4.1 The main limitation of PCM is that fibers are not identified. All fibers within the specified dimensional range are counted. Differential fiber counting may sometimes be used to discriminate between asbestos fibers and fibers of obviously different morphology, such as cellulose and glass fiber. In most situations, differential fiber counting cannot be used to adequately differentiate asbestos from non-asbestos fibers for purposes of compliance with regulations without additional positive identification. If positive identification of asbestos is required, this must be performed by polarized light or electron microscopy techniques, using a different portion of the filter.5.4.2 A further limitation is that the smallest fibers visible by PCM are about 0.2 µm in diameter, while the finest asbestos fibers may be as small as 0.02 µm in diameter.5.4.3 Where calculation of fiber concentration provides a result exceeding the regulatory standard, non-compliance is assumed unless it can be proven that the fibers counted do not belong to a member or members of the group of fibers regulated by that standard.1.1 This practice2 describes the determination of the concentration of fibers, expressed as the number of such fibers per millilitre of air, using phase contrast microscopy and optionally transmission electron microscopy to evaluate particulate material collected on a membrane filter in the breathing zone of an individual or by area sampling in a specific location. This practice is based on the core procedures provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard ISO 8672(1)3, the National Institute for Occupational and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, NIOSH 7400 (2), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Method ID 160 (3). This practice indicates the important points where these methods differ, and provides information regarding the differences. However, selecting portions of procedures from different published methods generally requires a user to report that they have used a modification to a method rather than claim they have used the method as written. This practice further gives guidance on how differential counting techniques may be used to indicate where a population of fibers may be asbestos.1.2 The practice is used for routine determination of an index of occupational exposure to airborne fibers in mines, quarries, or other locations where ore may be processed or handled. The method gives an index of airborne fiber concentration. The method provides an estimate of the fraction of counted fibers that may be asbestos. This practice should be used in conjunction with electron microscopy (See Appendix X1) for assistance in identification of fibers.1.3 This practice specifies the equipment and procedures for sampling the atmosphere in the breathing zone of an individual and for determining the number of fibers accumulated on a filter membrane during the course of an appropriately-selected sampling period. The method may also be used to sample the atmosphere in a specific location in a mine or in a room of a building (area sampling).1.4 The ideal working range of this practice extends from 100 fibers/mm2 to 1300 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a concentration range from approximately 0.04 to 0.5 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). Lower and higher ranges of fiber concentration can be measured by reducing or increasing the volume of air collected. However, when this practice is applied to personal sampling in mines and quarries, the level of total suspended particulate may impose an upper limit to the volume of air that can be sampled if the filters produced are to be of appropriate particulate loading for fiber counting.1.5 Users should determine their own limit of detection using the procedure in Practice D6620. For reference, the NIOSH 7400 method gives the limit of detection as 7 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0027 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). For OSHA ID 160 the limit of detection is given as 5.5 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0022 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3).1.6 If this practice yields a fiber concentration that does not exceed one-half the permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value for the particular regulated fiber variety, no further action may be necessary. If the fiber concentration exceeds one-half of the regulated permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value for the particular regulated fiber variety, it is necessary to examine the data to determine if more than 50 % of the counted fibers are thinner than 1.0 μm, or thicker but with an appearance of asbestos (curvature, splayed ends, or the appearance of a bundle).1.7 The mounting medium used in this practice has a refractive index of approximately 1.45. Fibers with refractive indices in the range of 1.4 to 1.5 will exhibit reduced contrast, and may be difficult to detect.1.8 Fibers less than approximately 0.2 µm in diameter may not be detected by this practice. (4)1.9 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Users of this practice must determine for themselves whether the practices described meet the requirements of local or national authorities regulating asbestos or other fibrous hazards. 5.2 Variations of this practice have been described by the Asbestos Research Council in Great Britain (8), the Asbestos International Association (AIA) RTM 1 (9), NIOSH 7400, OSHA ID 160, and ISO 8672. Where the counting rules of the latter three methods differ, this is noted in the text. 5.3 Advantages:  5.3.1 The technique is specific for fibers. PCM is a fiber counting technique that excludes non-fibrous particles from the analysis. 5.3.2 The technique is inexpensive, but requires specialized knowledge to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts, at least in so far as the analyst is often required under regulations to have taken a specific training course (for example, NIOSH 582, or equivalent). 5.3.3 The analysis is quick and can be performed on-site for rapid determination of the concentrations of airborne fibers. 5.4 Limitations:  5.4.1 The main limitation of PCM is that fibers are not identified. All fibers within the specified dimensional range are counted. Differential fiber counting may sometimes be used to discriminate between asbestos fibers and fibers of obviously different morphology, such as cellulose and glass fiber. In most situations, differential fiber counting cannot be used to adequately differentiate asbestos from non-asbestos fibers for purposes of compliance with regulations without additional positive identification. If positive identification of asbestos is required, this must be performed by polarized light or electron microscopy techniques, using a different portion of the filter. 5.4.2 A further limitation is that the smallest fibers visible by PCM are about 0.2 μm in diameter, while the finest asbestos fibers may be as small as 0.02 μm in diameter. 5.4.3 Where calculation of fiber concentration provides a result exceeding the regulatory standard, non-compliance is assumed unless it can be proven that the fibers counted do not belong to a member or members of the group of fibers regulated by that standard. 1.1 This practice2 describes the determination of the concentration of fibers, expressed as the number of such fibers per millilitre of air, using phase contrast microscopy and optionally transmission electron microscopy to evaluate particulate material collected on a membrane filter in the breathing zone of an individual or by area sampling in a specific location. This practice is based on the core procedures provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard ISO 8672 (1),3 the National Institute for Occupational and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods, NIOSH 7400 (2), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ID 160 (3). This practice indicates the important points where these methods differ, and provides information regarding the differences, which will allow the user to select the most appropriate procedure for a particular application. However, selecting portions of procedures from different published methods generally requires a user to report that they have used a modification to a method rather than claim they have used the method as written. 1.2 The practice is used for routine determination of an index of occupational exposure to airborne fibers in workplaces. Workplaces are considered those places where workers are exposed to airborne fibers including asbestos. Additional information on sampling strategies, sample collection (including calibration) and use of sample results for asbestos abatement projects is provided in a standard Practice for Air Monitoring for Management of Asbestos-Containing Materials (WK 8951) currently being considered by ASTM subcommittee E06.24. A further practice has been approved for the specific purpose of sampling and counting airborne fibers in mines and quarries (Practice D7200), although the practice herein may also be used for this purpose. The current practice may be used as a means of monitoring occupational exposure to asbestos fibers when asbestos fibers are known a priori to be present in the airborne dust. The practice gives an index of airborne fiber concentration. This practice may be used in conjunction with electron microscopy (see Appendix X1) for assistance in identification of fibers. This practice may be used for other materials such as fibrous glass, or man-made mineral fibers by using alternate counting rules (see Annex A4). 1.3 This practice specifies the equipment and procedures for sampling the atmosphere in the breathing zone of an individual and for determining the number of fibers accumulated on a filter membrane during the course of an appropriately-selected sampling period. The practice may also be used to sample the atmosphere in a specific location or room of a building (area sampling), where this may be helpful in assessing exposure to workers handling fiber-containing products. 1.4 The ideal working range of this test practice extends from 100 fibers/mm2 to 1300 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000-L air sample, this corresponds to a concentration range from approximately 0.04 to 0.5 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). Lower and higher ranges of fiber concentration can be measured by reducing or increasing the volume of air collected. However, when this practice is applied to sampling the presence of other, non-asbestos dust, the level of total suspended particulate may impose an upper limit to the volume of air that can be sampled if the filters produced are to be of appropriate fiber loading for fiber counting. 1.5 Users should determine their own limit of detection using the procedure in Practice D6620. For Reference the NIOSH 7400 method gives the limit of detection as 7 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000 L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0027 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). For OSHA ID 160 the limit of detection is given as 5.5 fibers/mm2 of filter area. For a 1000 L air sample, this corresponds to a limit of detection of 0.0022 fiber/mL (or fiber/cm3). 1.6 If this practice yields a fiber concentration that does not exceed the occupational limit value for the particular regulated fiber variety, no further action may be necessary. If the fiber concentration exceeds the occupational limit value for a specific fiber variety, and there is reason to suspect that the specific fiber variety is mixed with other fibers not covered under the same standard or regulation, the optional method specified in Appendix X1 may be used to measure the concentration or proportion of the fibers counted that are of the regulated variety. 1.7 The mounting medium used in this practice has a refractive index of approximately 1.45. Fibers with refractive indices in the range of 1.4 to 1.5 will exhibit reduced contrast, and may be difficult to detect. 1.8 Fibers less than approximately 0.2 μm in diameter will not be detected by this practice (4). 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Uses:  4.1.1 This practice is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to evaluate known releases or likely release areas identified by the user or Phase II Assessor, and/or to assess the presence or likely presence of substances, for legal or business reasons such as those described in 1.2. 4.1.2 This practice is intended to meet the business community's need for a written, practical reference describing a scientifically sound approach to investigating a property to evaluate the presence or likely presence of a substance. It is impossible to generalize about the contexts in which a user may wish to conduct such investigations or the degree of confidence a user may require in the results. In any context, this practice, being rooted in sound scientific methodology, can assist users in achieving an objective and defensible assessment. 4.1.2.1 This practice does not address the evaluation of business environmental risks in light of data collected through the Phase II ESA process. Such evaluation is a function of site- and transaction-specific variables, and of the user’s objectives and risk tolerance. This practice contemplates that the Phase II ESA process will be planned and conducted with such variables in mind, and that the user will evaluate legal, business and environmental risks in light of known data relating to the particular site and transaction, and in consultation with legal and business advisors as well as the Phase II Assessor. 4.1.2.2 Likewise, this practice does not define the threshold levels at which target analytes pose a concern of significance to the user. Users may apply this practice not only in light of applicable regulatory criteria and relevant liability principles, but also to meet self-defined objectives. 4.1.2.3 If a Phase II ESA conducted in accordance with this practice provides sufficient information from which the Phase II Assessor can conclude, consistent with the scientific method, that the question to be addressed by the assessment (see 6.4.1) has been answered, then further assessment is not warranted to meet the objectives of the assessment. 4.1.3 Use Not Limited to CERCLA—This practice is designed to assist a user in developing information about the environmental condition of the property and has utility for a wide range of target analytes (e.g., including diffuse anthropogenic contamination and naturally occurring substances) and users including those who may have no actual or potential CERCLA concerns. 4.1.4 Site- and Transaction-Specific—The scope of a Phase II ESA is site-specific and context-specific. The assessment process defined by this practice is intended to generate sound, objective, and defensible information sufficient to satisfy diverse user objectives. 4.1.5 Use by Other Parties—This practice does not define whether or to what extent any person other than the user may use or rely upon a Phase II ESA prepared for the user. The appropriateness of third party use or reliance is a contractual matter that should be addressed between user and Phase II Assessor, see Appendix X2, section X2.4. 4.2 Principles—The following principles are an integral part of this practice and are intended to be referred to in resolving any ambiguity or exercising such discretion as is accorded the user or Phase II Assessor. 4.2.1 Elimination of Uncertainty—No Phase II ESA can eliminate all uncertainty. Furthermore, any sample, either surface or subsurface, taken for chemical testing may or may not be representative of a larger population. Professional judgment and interpretation are inherent in the process, and even when exercised in accordance with objective scientific principles, uncertainty is inevitable. Additional assessment beyond that which was reasonably undertaken may reduce the uncertainty. 4.2.1.1 Failure to Detect—Even when Phase II ESA work is executed competently and in accordance with this practice, it must be recognized that certain conditions present especially difficult target analyte detection problems. Such conditions may include, but are not limited to, complex geological settings, unusual or generally poorly understood behavior and fate characteristics of certain substances, complex, discontinuous, random, dynamic, or spotty distributions of existing target analytes, physical impediments to investigation imposed by the location of utilities and other man-made objects, and the inherent limitations of assessment technologies. 4.2.1.2 Limitations of Information—The effectiveness of a Phase II ESA may be compromised by limitations or defects in the information used to define the objectives and scope of the investigation, including inability to obtain information concerning historical site uses or prior site assessment activities despite the efforts of the user and Phase II Assessor to obtain such information in accordance with 5.1.3. 4.2.1.3 Chemical Analysis Error—Chemical testing methods have inherent uncertainties and limitations. The Phase II Assessor shall build quality control and quality assurance measures into the assessment, as outlined in Section 7. The Phase II Assessor should require the laboratory to report any potential or actual problems experienced, or nonroutine events which may have occurred during the testing, so that such problems can be considered in evaluating the data. The Phase II Assessor should subsequently identify such problems in any reports or documentation provided to the user. Any laboratory utilized for chemical testing shall be accredited in accordance with applicable state requirements. 4.2.2 Level of Assessment—Phase II ESAs do not generally require an exhaustive assessment of environmental conditions on a property. There is a point at which the cost of information obtained and the time required to obtain it outweigh the benefit of the information and, in the context of private transactions and contractual responsibilities, may become a material detriment to the orderly conduct of business. If the presence of target analytes is confirmed on a property, the extent of further assessment is a function of the degree of confidence required and the degree of uncertainty acceptable, in relation to the objectives of the assessment. 4.2.3 Comparison With Subsequent Inquiry—The justification and adequacy of the findings of a Phase II ESA in light of the findings of a subsequent inquiry should be evaluated based on the reasonableness of judgments made at the time and under the circumstances in which they were made. 4.2.4 Data Usability—Investigation data generally only represent the site conditions at the time the data were generated and site conditions can be dynamic. Therefore, the usability of data collected as part of a Phase II ESA may have a finite lifetime depending on the application and use being made of the data. To the extent that investigation data would fall within the scope of data used in a Phase I ESA conducted pursuant to Practice E1527 or Practice E2247, the lifetime limits defined by those standards apply. In all other respects, a Phase II Assessor should evaluate whether previously generated data are appropriate for any subsequent use beyond the original purpose for which they were collected, or are otherwise subject to lifetime limits imposed by other laws, regulations or regulatory policies. 4.2.5 Phase II Assessor Does Not Provide Legal or Business Advice—The Phase II ESA is intended to develop and present sound, scientifically valid data concerning actual site conditions. It shall not be the role of the Phase II Assessor to provide legal or business advice. 1.1 This practice2 covers a process for conducting a Phase II environmental site assessment (ESA) of a parcel of property with respect to the presence or the likely presence of substances including but not limited to those within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (e.g., hazardous substances), pollutants, contaminants, petroleum and petroleum products, and controlled substances and constituents thereof. It specifies procedures based on the scientific method to characterize property conditions in an objective, representative, reproducible, and defensible manner. To promote clarity in defining Phase II ESA objectives and transparency in communicating and interpreting Phase II ESA results, this practice specifies adherence to requirements for documenting the scope of assessment and constraints on the conduct of the assessment process. 1.1.1 A user's interest in the presence or likely presence of substances in environmental media at a property may arise in a wide variety of legal, regulatory, and commercial contexts, and may involve diverse objectives including those listed in 1.2. This practice contemplates that the user and the Phase II Assessor will consult to define the scope and objectives of investigation in light of relevant factors, including without limitation the substances released or possibly released at the property, the nature of the concerns presented by their presence or likely presence, the behavior , fate and transport characteristics of substances released or possibly released, the portion of the property to be investigated, the information already available, the degree of confidence needed or desired in the results, the degree of investigatory sampling and chemical testing needed to achieve such confidence, and any applicable time and resource constraints. This practice requires that Phase II activities be conducted so that the resulting scope of work is performed, and the stated objectives are achieved, in a scientifically sound manner. 1.1.2 A Phase II ESA in accordance with this practice may be conducted after site assessment activities in accordance with Practice E1527 for Phase I Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process, Practice E2247 for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment for Forestland or Rural Property, EPA’s All Appropriate Inquiries (AAI) Rule, 40 C.F.R. Part 312, or Practice E1528 for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process. In defining the scope and purposes of a Phase II ESA, however, previous decisions to classify property conditions or areas as RECs, or to refrain from doing so, are not determinative as to whether investigation of the same conditions or areas is appropriate to meet the objectives of the Phase II ESA. 1.2 Objectives—This practice is intended for use where a user desires to obtain sound, scientifically valid data concerning actual property conditions, whether or not such data relate to property conditions previously identified as RECs or data gaps in Phase I ESAs. Without attempting to define all such situations, this practice contemplates that users may seek such data to inform their evaluations, conclusions, and choices of action in connection with objectives that may include, without limitation, one or more of the following: 1.2.1 Objective 1—Assess whether there has been a release of hazardous substances within the meaning of CERCLA, for purposes including landowner liability protections (i.e., innocent landowner, bona fide prospective purchaser, and contiguous property owner). 1.2.2 Objective 2—Provide information relevant to identifying, defining or implementing landowner “continuing obligations,” or the criteria established under CERCLA (e.g., exercising appropriate care by taking reasonable steps to prevent or limit exposures to previously released hazardous substances) for maintaining the CERCLA landowner liability protections. 1.2.3 Objective 3—Develop threshold knowledge of the presence of substances on properties within the scope of the CERCLA definition of a “brownfield site” and as required for qualifying for brownfields remediation grants from the EPA Brownfields Program. 1.2.4 Objective 4—Provide information relevant to identifying, defining and evaluating property conditions associated with target analytes that may pose risk to human health or the environment, or risk of bodily injury to persons on the property and thereby give rise to potential liability in tort. 1.2.5 Objective 5—Provide information relevant to evaluating and allocating business environmental risk in transactional and contractual contexts, including transferring, financing and insuring properties, and due diligence relating thereto. 1.2.6 Objective 6—Provide information to support disclosure of liabilities and contingent liabilities in financial statements and securities reporting. 1.2.7 Additional information concerning these six objectives may be found in the Legal Appendix, Appendix X1. 1.3  of Assessment in Relation to Objectives—The scope of a Phase II ESA is related to the objectives of the investigation. Both scope and objectives may require ongoing evaluation and refinement as the assessment progresses. 1.3.1 In developing the scope of work and in evaluating data and information concerning the property, the Phase II Assessor must determine whether the available information is sufficient to meet the objectives of the investigation. Even after conducting Phase II activities to generate additional data, the Phase II Assessor must independently evaluate the sufficiency of the data in relation to the objectives. As the investigation progresses, the objectives may be refined or redefined in consultation between the user and the Phase II Assessor. 1.3.2 A single round of sampling and chemical testing may not always provide data sufficient to meet the chosen objectives. If not, this practice contemplates additional sampling in an iterative sequence that concludes when the available data are sufficient. This practice also acknowledges, however, that the user may instead elect either to redefine the objectives so that they can be met with the data available, or to terminate the investigative process without meeting the stated objectives. The Phase II Assessment report must disclose any respect in which available data are insufficient to meet objectives. 1.3.3 This practice does not require full site characterization in every instance, but may be used to carry out an investigation sufficient for that purpose if desired to meet the user's objectives. 1.4 Needs of the User—The user and Phase II Assessor must have a mutual understanding of the context in which the Phase II ESA is to be performed and the objectives to be met by the investigation, i.e. the specific questions to be answered or problems to be resolved by the Phase II ESA. The scope of Phase II activities must be defined in relation to those objectives. 1.4.1 The degree of confidence desired by the user influences the scope of the investigation and the evaluation of data. More extensive testing and more iterations of sampling and analysis may be needed if the objectives require detailed conclusions with high confidence. Less testing and fewer iterations of sampling and analysis may be needed if the objectives of the assessment require only general conclusions. 1.5 Limitations—This practice is not intended to supersede applicable requirements imposed by regulatory authorities. This practice does not attempt to define a legal standard of care either for the performance of professional services with respect to matters within its scope, or for the performance of any individual Phase II ESA. 1.6 Organization of This Practice—This practice has nine sections and four appendices. Section 1 covers the of the practice. Section 2, Referenced Documents, lists ASTM and other organizations’ related standards and guidance that may be useful in conducting Phase II ESAs in accordance with this practice. Section 3, Terminology, contains definitions of terms and acronyms used in this practice. Section 4 addresses the of this practice, including the legal context into which Phase II ESAs may fall. Section 5 discusses development and documentation of the scope of the Phase II ESA, including the Statement of Objectives for the assessment. Section 6 provides a Phase II ESA Overview, with purpose and goal descriptions. Section 7 comprises the main body of Performing the Phase II ESA, and includes initiating scientific inquiry by formulating the question to be answered (7.1), collecting and evaluating information (7.2), identifying areas for investigation (7.3), developing the conceptual model (7.4), developing a plan and rationale for sampling (7.5), conducting the sampling (7.6), and validating the conceptual model (7.7). Interpretation of results is covered in Section 8. Phase II Environmental Site Assessment report preparation is addressed in Section 9. Appendix X1 supports Section 4, and contains legal considerations pertaining to Phase II Environmental Site Assessment. Appendix X2 contains contracting considerations between Phase II assessor and user. Appendix X3 supports Section 9, and describes two examples and a sample table of contents illustrating possible approaches to reporting the results of a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment. Appendix X4 supplements Section 2 with a list of standards and references that may be relevant in conducting a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance, strength, toughness and ductility of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.1.1 This practice incorporates etching and metallographic examination of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys such as, but not limited to, UNS N06686 and UNS N10276.1.2 Microstructures have a strong influence on properties and successful application of metals and alloys. The presence of mu-phase in the microstructure may significantly reduce the corrosion resistance of Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys.1.3 This practice may be used to determine the presence of mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, and Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys through comparison of microstructure observed for etched metallographic specimens to a glossary of photomicrographs displaying the presence and absence of mu-phase in the microstructure.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers requirements for defining, testing, and verifying the performance of high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems when used for trace analysis of pesticides and toxic substancesin carrying out pollution control programs and in assessing the quality of food products as mandated by national laws and regulations. As a practical matter, this practice is intended to cover requirements of reversed-phase (adsorption) HPLC systems. Microbore column and ion-exchange column HPLC systems are not covered here. It is not intended to exclude any other equivalent means of analysis. An HPLC system can successfully be applied in the analysis of a variety of sample types including ground and surface water, municipal and industrial effluents, workplace air, soils and sediments, plant abd animal tissue, and food products. Collection and extraction techniques , appropriate to the sample type, are required prior to analysis. Sampling techniques and measurement methods are not covered in this recommendation; however, some relevant measurement methods may be found in references listed in Appendix X1.

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This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure. Valves which control access to the sampling point shall have straight throats. The tube through which the sample flows shall be continuous through the cooling location so there will be no possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the cooling water. Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shall not bias the sample components of interest. Devices used to collect and transport the gas component of the samples shall be resistant to chemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption. Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tight container assuring that the full flow passes through the filter. The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the ability of gasoline-alcohol blends to retain water in solution or in a stable suspension at the lowest temperature to which they are likely to be stored or exposed in use.1.2 This test method is intended to measure the temperature at which a gasoline-alcohol blend separates into two distinct phases in accordance with the criteria defined in this test method. Samples that form a haze are considered not to have phase separated.1.3 This test method is applicable to gasoline-alcohol blends for use as fuels in spark-ignition engines that contain saturated C1 to C4 alcohols only. The test method does not apply to fuels that contain an alcohol as the primary component, such as M85 or Ed85, or to gasoline-ether blends.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by federal regulation. Values given in parentheses are provided for informational purposes.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).4.3 The intent of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the estimation of natural attenuation rates for NAPL in the subsurface. The rates can be used for establishing a baseline metric for those involved in the remedial decision-making process. There is a need for a systematic approach and refinement in data collection and interpretation for quantifying the spatially and temporally variable rates. Providing quality assurance in estimation of this metric will enable the assessment of relatively more engineered remedies as compared to natural remedies or MNA (Fig. 1), as well as estimation of the remediation timeframe. This comparison, when performed through a standardized approach, can lead to actionable metrics for transition to sustainable remedies through well-defined and transparent criteria. In the context of a spectrum of remediation options in terms of engineered and natural remedies (Fig. 1), the transition is from a relatively more engineered (or active remediation) to a relatively more nature-based remedy. When considered in the remedial decision-making process, estimates of natural attenuation rates can be used:4.3.1 Before active remediation (as baseline to assess whether active remediation is needed);4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and4.3.3 At the end of active remediation (support transition to MNA or site closure).4.4 Since natural attenuation results in changes to the NAPL composition over time, methods to estimate the natural attenuation rate also inform NAPL forensics, and the risks associated with the NAPL such as in vapor intrusion, NAPL migration, and groundwater plume extent and stability.4.5 In addition, understanding of the magnitude of natural attenuation rates can contribute to addressing overarching questions in NAPL sites management, following initial characterization and risk assessment, such as:4.5.1 What is the remediation timeframe under natural attenuation and how does it compare with the remedial timeframe of engineered remedies?4.5.2 What are the current and future estimates of NAPL mass (or volume) remaining on site? The remaining mass can impact compositional concerns.4.5.3 Under what scenarios (for example, size of release and/or presence of NAPL); and site conditions are the rates of NAPL natural attenuation significant in terms of reaching remedial objectives in accordance with regulatory criteria and remedial timeframe?4.5.4 How do the rate estimates of natural attenuation change over time?4.6 Common challenges encountered in the management of NAPL sites are:4.6.1 Sites that remain under engineered (active) remediation over extended periods of time without reaching an acceptable endpoint.4.6.2 Understanding what the long-term fate of NAPL bodies would be with and without engineered remedies.4.6.3 Understanding the long-term fate of NAPL-related dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plumes.4.6.4 Understanding NAPL movement and demonstrating stability.4.7 A major obstacle in answering the questions in 4.5 and addressing the challenges in 4.6 is the availability of methods for estimation of reliable and quantifiable NAPL attenuation rates that can be implemented and reviewed by site managers, site owners and regulators. To address this challenge, the intent of this standard is to describe the available methods and their selection and application based on site conditions.4.8 It is important to understand the applicability and use of the NAPL natural attenuation rates in decision making with regards to the requirement for an endpoint of an engineered remediation system. A merited transition from engineered to natural remedy, including MNA would result in a more sustainable approach to site management. MNA in the context of this standard includes the monitoring of natural attenuation rates in both the saturated zone and the vadose zone and complements previous standards (Guide E1943) focused on MNA in the saturated zone by inclusion of methods related to the vadose zone (Section 6).4.9 The natural attenuation processes (Section 5) can impact remedial objectives in terms of addressing NAPL saturation (mobility or migration) or composition (COC concentrations in soil, groundwater or vapor), and therefore need to be included in the CSM. Natural attenuation, including NSZD, can reduce both NAPL saturation and constituent-specific mass.4.10 Integration of natural attenuation rate estimate at the early stages of site management (that is, in the CSM) can result in its proper application to the remedial decision-making process, since natural attenuation can result in exposure risk reduction, as well as overall source mass reduction.4.10.1 In most cases, identifying the occurrence of natural attenuation at a site or measuring the rate at a site is not sufficient in itself to accomplish remedial goals and regulatory requirements.4.10.2 This guide provides methods for identifying the occurrence of natural attenuation, measuring the rate of natural attenuation and demonstrating how this data can be used for achieving remedial goals and regulatory requirements.4.11 The advantages of estimating natural attenuation rates at sites impacted by hydrocarbon-based NAPL including petroleum, coal tars, or creosote is evidenced by examples where one or multiple methods for the rate estimates have been applied.4.12 US EPA and State regulations or guidance that highlight the significance of natural attenuation at NAPL sites include:4.12.1 Role of natural attenuation and specifically biodegradation in the vadose zone is demonstrated through analysis of data sets to substantiate the applicability of screening distances for petroleum vapor intrusion (US EPA, 2015, ITRC, 2014 (6)).4.12.2 Adoption of MNA as a means to ensure long-term containment and reduction of dissolved phase plumes (Guide E1943, WI-DNR 2014 (7), ITRC 2018 (1)).4.12.3 Additional technical aspects of NSZD pertaining to forensic evidence and weathering patterns have previously been employed by environmental professionals, regulatory agencies and legal courts on site specific projects.4.13 Comparison of the natural attenuation rates to the removal rates achieved through engineered remedies over time, if applicable, and defining a threshold for transition from more engineered to more natural remedies has the potential to improve remedial decisions as demonstrated through case studies presented in this standard guide. This includes termination of a relatively engineered remedy and reliance on MNA.1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.1.5 The rate estimates can be used for developing metrics in the corrective action decision framework, complementing the LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM) (Guide E2531).1.6 The emphasis in this guide is on the selection and application of methods for quantifying rates of NAPL depletion or attenuation. It is assumed that the remediation endpoint has been defined for the site based on the remedial objectives to address composition or saturation concerns as defined in ITRC (2018) (1).2 While the rates can be used to estimate the timeframe to reach the remediation endpoint under natural conditions, methods for estimating the total NAPL mass and timeframe are beyond the scope of this standard.1.7 The users of this guide should be aware of the appropriate regulatory requirements that apply to sites where NAPL is present or suspected to occur. The user should consult applicable regulatory agency requirements to identify appropriate technical decision criteria and seek regulatory approvals, as necessary.1.8 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for sites with NAPL in the subsurface. The guide supplements characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs, but it does not replace regulatory agency requirements.1.9 SI units are primarily used in the standard, however, units more commonly used in the industry are also represented.1.10 The guide is organized as follows:1.10.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.10.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.10.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.1.10.4 Section 5 provides the conceptual model of natural attenuation processes and pathways.1.10.5 Section 6 provides an overview and description of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation rates, including:1.10.5.1 Description of methods and available technologies:(1) CO2 efflux method(2) Temperature gradient method(3) Soil gas gradient method(4) Groundwater monitoring method(5) NAPL composition method1.10.5.2 Screening or feasibility assessment of the method for the site conditions;1.10.5.3 Background sources and correction methods;1.10.5.4 Data interpretation, key considerations and challenges (for example, measurement frequency and locations and spatial/temporal averaging);1.10.5.5 Applicability of methods for evaluating the performance of enhanced natural attenuation (bioremediation) systems;1.10.5.6 Other method applications (for example, source delineation or estimating mass discharge rates).1.10.6 Section 7 provides guidance on selection of a method or combination of methods applicable to site-specific conditions.1.10.7 Section 8 provides example applications through case studies.1.10.8 Section 9 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.10.9 Appendix X1 describes details of the CO2 Efflux Method.1.10.10 Appendix X2 describes details of the Temperature Gradient Method.1.10.11 Appendix X3 describes details of the Soil Gas Gradient Method.1.10.12 Appendix X4 describes details of the Groundwater Monitoring Method.1.10.13 Appendix X5 describes details of the NAPL Composition Method.1.10.14 Appendix X6 provides details of case studies discussed in Section 8.1.10.15 Appendix X7 provides example estimates of NAPL quantity.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 In order to calculate the volatile organic content (VOC) of paints containing EPA exempt solvents, it is necessary to know the acetone, methyl acetate, or parachlorobenzotrifluoride content. This gas chromatographic test method provides a simple and direct way for measuring these solvents. Each analyte is measured with respect to a unique internal standard. For acetone, the internal standard used is acetone-d6, for methyl acetate it is methyl acetate-d3, and for PCBTF it is metachlorobenzotrifluoride (MCBTF). These unique analyte/internal standard pairs behave very nearly as single solvents with respect to evaporation rate and adsorption rate onto a coated silica fiber (SPME) but are separable on a gas chromatograph (GC) capillary column. The only critical analytical technique required for successfully performing this test method is the ability of an analyst to weigh a paint sample and internal standard, corresponding to the analyte of interest, into a septum capped vial. After weighing, solvent evaporation has no effect on the final value of the determination. Since whole paint is not injected into the gas chromatograph, the analytical system is never compromised.1.1 This test method is for the determination of acetone, methyl acetate, or parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF), or combination of any of the three, in paints and coatings, by solid phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling, and subsequent injection into a gas chromatograph. It has been evaluated for cellulose nitrate, acrylic, and urethane solvent-borne systems. The established working range of this test method is: acetone, 28 to 90 %; methyl acetate, 12 to 22 %; parachlorobenzotrifluoride, 10 to 17 %. There is no reason to believe that it will not work outside these ranges. A minor modification of this test method would make it suitable for the analysis of the same analytes in water-borne coatings (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Water-borne paints are internally standardized and diluted with water followed by addition of solid sodium chloride.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The objective of this practice is to obtain representative samples of the steam and liquid phases as they exist in the pipeline at the sample point, without allowing steam condensation or additional liquid flashing in the separator. A significant feature of the practice is the use of a cyclone-type separator for high-efficiency phase separation which is operated at flow rates high enough to prevent significant heat loss while maintaining an internal pressure essentially the same as the pipeline pressure.4.2 Another significant feature of the practice is to locate the sampling separator at a point on the pipeline where the two-phase flow is at least partially stratified to aid in the separation process. It is neither necessary nor possible to pass representative proportions of each phase through the sampling separator to obtain representative samples. The separator is usually attached to an appropriately oriented port to collect each specific phase – normally on top of the line for steam and at the bottom for liquid. In some cases, piping configurations can generate unusual flow regimes where the reverse is required. If the ratio of one phase to another is not extreme, it may be possible to obtain representative samples of each phase from a horizontal port on the side of the pipeline.4.3 This practice is used whenever liquid or steam samples, or both, must be collected from a two-phase discharge for chemical analysis. This typically includes initial well-testing operations when a well is discharged to the atmosphere or routine well production when a well discharges to a fluid gathering system and power plant. The combined two-phase flow of several wells producing through a common gathering system may also be sampled in accordance with this practice.4.4 This practice is not typically employed when individual wells produce to dedicated production separators. In these cases, the separated steam and liquid at the outlet of the production separator is sampled in accordance with single-phase sampling methods (Specification E947). It may, however, be used downstream of production separators when separator efficiency is expected to be very poor. In these cases, the method is used to remove the contaminating phase from the samples being collected.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline transporting two-phase geothermal fluids.1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the field or an off-site analytical laboratory.1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many applications important to geothermal energy exploration, development, and the long-term managed exploitation of geothermal resources. These applications include, but are not limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir temperature and the origin of reservoir fluids, tracer-based measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), compatibility of produced fluids with production, power generation and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and scale deposition potential), long-term reservoir monitoring during field exploitation, and environmental impact evaluations including emissions testing.1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may be required. Mathematical reconstruction of the fluid chemistry (liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary requirement in many applications. At a minimum, this requires precise knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or temperature at the sample point. Fluid reconstruction and computations to conditions different from the sample collection point are beyond the scope of this practice.1.2 This practice is limited to the collection of samples from two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge (10 psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least 20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow streams such as pumped liquid discharges at pressures above the flash point or superheated steam flows. Refer to Specification E947 for sampling single-phase geothermal fluids.1.3 The sampling of geothermal fluid two-phase flow streams (liquid and steam) requires specialized sampling equipment and proper orientation of sample ports with respect to the two-phase flow line. This practice is applicable to wells not equipped with individual production separators.1.4 The two-phase equipment and techniques described here are often the only way to obtain representative steam and liquid samples from individual producing geothermal wells. They have been developed to address common two-phase conditions such as:1.4.1 Unstable production flow rates that have a large degree of surging,1.4.2 Unknown percentage of total flow that is flashed to steam or is continuously flashing through the production system,1.4.3 Mineral deposition during and after flashing of the produced fluid in wellbores, production piping, and sampling trains,1.4.4 Stratification of flow inside the pipeline and unusual flow regimes at the sampling ports, and1.4.5 Insufficient flash fraction to obtain a steam sample.1.5 This practice covers the sample locations, specialized sampling equipment, and procedures needed to obtain representative liquid and steam samples for chemical analysis.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method does not require an overall rigid standardization of the apparatus. Samples are tested either unconfined or confined in confinement cups. For confined tests, some of the important cup parameters, such as cup material, cup wall thickness, and fit between the cup and the striking pin, are standardized. Data generated from unconfined and confined tests will not, in general, exhibit the same relative scale of sensitivities, and must be identified as confined or unconfined data and compared separately.4.2 This test method applies to all testing where the intent is to establish a relative sensitivity scale for hazardous materials. It is not intended to prohibit testing process-thickness samples nor prohibit the use of other than standard tool masses and striking diameters to generate data for special purposes or for in-house comparisons. In addition, the test method is not intended to restrict the generation of results at other than the H50 point as may be desirable for hazard analysis techniques.4.3 The normalized data will serve as a measure of the relative sensitivities of hazardous materials at the 50 % probability of reaction level. The normalized H50 values can also be used in conjunction with additional data relating to other probability of reaction levels (not a part of this test method) to assess hazards associated with the manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials.1.1 This test method2, 3 is designed to determine the relative sensitivities of solid-phase hazardous materials to drop weight impact stimulus. For liquid-phase materials refer to Test Method D2540.1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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