This practice covers methods of testing, rating, and installation of internal combustion engine packages used in hazardous areas in marine applications. The purpose of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations to reduce the risk of igniting ignitable mixtures that may be present near the hazardous areas of marine vessels. In this specification, only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of 3.2.1, is considered. Thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhausts system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by the requirements and references in Practices 2.2 and 2.3 or as designated by the authority.1.1 This practice covers the method of testing, rating and installation of internal combustion engine packages for use in hazardous areas in marine applications. The thermal rating of the engine is determined by the actual readings of engine and exhaust system temperatures within hazardous areas, as defined by references in Section 2 of this practice, or as designated by the authority having jurisdiction, or both. The goal of this practice is to thermally rate engine packages, and provide additional installation recommendations, in order to reduce the risk of igniting the ignitable mixtures that may be present within the hazardous areas of marine vessels.1.2 Only a marine engine suitable for the service, designed and constructed in conformance with the requirements of 3.1.2, is considered.1.3 The system of units in this practice shall be SI (metric) form, along with the standard (English) system equivalent placed in parentheses, for example, 20 °C (68 °F).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the wet covering and volume change upon drying of thermal insulating cement.1.1 Wet covering capacity and volume change upon drying are often of major importance in the application of thermal insulating cement. These properties can be easily determined at the same time that the determinations of dry covering capacity are made. Therefore, the procedures for determining these three properties are covered together in this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Materials less than or equal to 15 mm (0.59 in.) in thickness shall not be tested in accordance with this test method in order to avoid complete immersion of the specimens. This type of exposure is beyond the scope of this test method.4.2 This test method is used to assess both the short-term water retention and the long-term water retention. The short-term water retention is assessed as the average of the water retained following partial immersion intervals of 0.75-h and 3.00-h, in kilograms per square meter (percent by volume) (for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness). The long-term water retention is assessed as the water retained following a 168-h partial immersion interval, in kilograms per square meter (percent by volume) (for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness).4.3 Materials shall be tested at both actual product thickness and 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness provided the materials can be cut to a thickness of 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) without changing the original character of the materials. If a product cannot be cut without changing the original character of the material, the corresponding information shall be provided in the test report. Results shall be reported on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area (in units of kilograms per square meter) for materials tested at actual product thickness and on the basis of equal specimen volume (in units of percent by volume) for materials tested at 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) thickness. If a product cannot be cut to a thickness of 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) or if the actual product thickness is less than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) but greater than 15 mm (0.59 in.), the product shall only be tested at actual product thickness and results only reported on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area.4.3.1 By reporting results on the basis of equal nominal wetted specimen surface area, specimens of different thicknesses can be compared equitably. For some specimens, the water intake and retention primarily depends on the nominal wetted surface area available for water intake.4.3.2 By reporting results on the basis of equal specimen volume, specimens can be compared equitably using units that commonly are selected to represent results of water intake testing (percent by volume). For some materials, water intake and retention primarily depends on the volume of the specimen available for water intake.4.3.3 In most cases water retention is a secondary performance characteristic that has an influence on a primary performance characteristic, such as thermal performance, surface accumulation of moisture (that will potentially contribute to fungal growth), or localized collection of electrolytes (that will potentially contribute to corrosion). Depending on the primary performance characteristic that is of interest, the preferred units for use in comparing the water retention of different materials will be either kilograms per square meter or percent by volume.4.4 Immersion times in addition to those required by this test method shall be permitted to be selected provided that all parties involved are in agreement.4.5 The water retention characteristics of materials will potentially be affected by conditions such as elevated temperatures or chemical exposures.1.1 This test method determines the amount of water retained (including surface water) by rigid block and board thermal insulations used in building construction applications after these materials have been partially immersed in liquid water for prescribed time intervals under isothermal conditions. This test method is intended to be used for the characterization of materials in the laboratory. It is not intended to simulate any particular environmental condition potentially encountered in building construction applications.1.2 This test method does not address all the possible mechanisms of water intake and retention and related phenomena for rigid thermal insulations. It relates only to those conditions outlined in 1.1. Determination of moisture accumulation in thermal insulations due to complete immersion, water vapor transmission, internal condensation, freeze-thaw cycling, or a combination of these effects requires different test procedures.1.3 Each partial immersion interval is followed by a brief free-drainage period. This test method does not address or attempt to quantify the drainage characteristics of materials. Therefore, results for materials with different internal structure and porosity, such as cellular materials and fibrous materials, are not necessarily directly comparable. Also, test results for specimens of different thickness are not necessarily directly comparable because of porosity effects. The surface characteristics of a material also affect drainage. It is possible that specimens with rough surfaces will retain more surface water than specimens with smooth surfaces, and that surface treatment during specimen preparation will affect water intake and retention. Therefore, it is not advisable to directly compare results for materials with different surface characteristics.1.4 For most materials the size of the test specimens is small compared with the size of the products actually installed in the field. If the surface-to-volume ratios for the test specimens and the corresponding products are different, it is possible that the test results will be misleading.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodic tests of pressurized vessels used in commercial aviation. (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). AE testing has become accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test.5.2 An AE test should not be conducted for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 1.NOTE 1: The Kaiser effect relates to the irreversibility of acoustic emission which results in decreased emission during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high test pressure (200 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE test is performed too soon after such a hydrostatic pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive below the previous maximum test pressure.5.3 Acoustic Emission is produced when an increasing stress level in a material causes crack growth in the material or stress related effects in a corroded surface (for example, crack growth in or between metal crystallites or spalling and cracking of oxides and other corrosion products).5.4 While background noise may distort AE data or render it useless, heating the vessels inside an industrial oven is an almost noise free method of pressurization. Further, source location algorithms using over-determined data sets will often allow valid tests in the presence of otherwise interfering noise sources. Background noise should be reduced or controlled but the sudden occurrence of such noise does not necessarily invalidate a test.1.1 This practice is commonly used for periodic inspection and testing of welded steel gaseous spheres (bottles) is the acoustic emission (AE) method. AE is used in place of hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing. The periodic inspection and testing of bottles by AE testing is achieved without depressurization or contamination as is required for hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing.1.2 The required test pressurization is achieved by heating the bottle in an industrial oven designed for this purpose. The maximum temperature needed to achieve the AE test pressure is ≤250°F (121°C).1.3 AE monitoring of the bottle is performed with multiple sensors during the thermal pressurization.1.4 This practice was developed for periodic inspection and testing of pressure vessels containing Halon (UN 1044), which is commonly used aboard commercial aircraft for fire suppression. In commercial aircraft, these bottles are hermetically sealed by welding in the fill port. Exit ports are opened by explosively activated burst disks. The usage of these pressure vessels in transportation is regulated under US Department of Transportation (DOT), Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49. A DOT special permit authorizes the use of AE testing for periodic inspection and testing in place of volumetric expansion and visual inspection. These bottles are spherical with diameters ranging from 5 to 16 in. (127 to 406 mm).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide covers types of materials to be examined, neutron radiographic examination techniques, neutron production and collimation methods, radiographic film, and converter screen selection. Within the present state of the neutron radiologic art, these practices are generally applicable to specific material combinations, processes, and techniques.1.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology. Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs (1-16).21.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section 5 on Basis of Application). Adherence to the guide will, however, produce reproducible results. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.1.4 Safety Practices—General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section 18. Jurisdictional nuclear regulations will also apply.1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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9.1 Entrapment of water in thermal insulation caused by condensation of water vapor that has penetrated into the insulation is detrimental to the thermal resistance of the insulation. For this reason, in certain installations where temperature and moisture conditions have the potential to create a vapor driving force toward the insulation, a deterrent to the passage of such vapor into the installed insulation needs to be provided. This is the primary function of the vapor retarder.9.2 In addition to the function stated in 9.1, a vapor retarder has the potential to provide physical protection and added strength to the insulation system.9.3 This specification is used to specify material by physical property requirements that address the above prerequisites. The designer of an insulation system, after determining the degree of protection needed for the insulation, can use this specification to specify the appropriate type of vapor retarder when one is required.AbstractThis specification covers vapor retarders for thermal insulation, specifically, flexible materials with permeance and surface burning characteristics. Vapor retarders are classified based on vapor retardance and strength properties: Types I, II, III, IV, V, and VI. The following test methods shall be performed: water vapor permeance; surface burning characteristics; tensile strength; dimensional stability; fungi resistance; thermal integrity of flexible water vapor retarders; burst strength of vapor retarders; permanence of flame retardancy; and elevated temperature and humidity resistance of vapor retarders for insulation.1.1 This specification covers vapor retarders for thermal insulation, specifically, flexible materials with permeance of 0.15 perm (8.63 ng·Pa–1 · s–1 · m–2) or lower and surface burning characteristics of 25 flame spread/50 smoke or lower. These materials are intended for use at surface temperatures of −20 to 150°F (−29 to 66°C). It does not cover mastics or barrier coatings applied in liquid form, nor materials intended for use as weather barriers.1.2 This is a material specification and does not imply that an installed system using these materials will provide the physical properties specified in Section 6.1.3 This specification provides physical requirements for vapor retarders. Practice C755 provides assistance in solving problems related to moisture vapor transmission through thermal insulation materials.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test methods portion only, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Heat flow meter apparatus are being used to measure the center-of-panel portion of a vacuum insulation panel, which typically has a very high value of thermal resistivity (that is, equal to or greater than 90 m-K/W). As described in Specification C1484, the center-of-panel thermal resistivity is used, along with the panel geometry and barrier material thermal conductivity, to determine the effective thermal resistance of the evacuated panel.5.2 Using a heat flow meter apparatus to measure the thermal resistivity of non-homogenous and high thermal resistance specimens is a non-standard application of the equipment, and shall only be performed by qualified personnel with understanding of heat transfer and error propagation. Familiarity with the configuration of both the apparatus and the vacuum insulation panel is necessary.5.3 The center-of-panel thermal transmission properties of evacuated panels vary due to the composition of the materials of construction, mean temperature and temperature difference, and the prior history. The selection of representative values for the thermal transmission properties of an evacuated panel for a particular application must be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady-state thermal transmission through the center of a flat rectangular vacuum insulation panel using a heat flow meter apparatus.1.2 Total heat transfer through the non-homogenous geometry of a vacuum insulation panel requires the determination of several factors, as discussed in Specification C1484. One of those factors is the center-of-panel thermal resistivity. The center-of-panel thermal resistivity is an approximation of the thermal resistivity of the core evacuated region.1.3 This test method is based upon the technology of Test Method C518 but includes modifications for vacuum insulation panel applications as outlined in this test method.21.4 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045 and Practice C1058.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thermogravimetry is useful in determining the dynamic functional effect of temperature on the amount of volatile materials leaving a specimen as the latter is heated progressively to higher temperatures. TGA can be useful for process control, process development, material evaluation, and for identification and quality control in specifications.5.2 The thermal stability of a material can be associated with the degree and time rate of mass loss as a function of temperature. TGA curves can, therefore, be used as a preliminary screen method in the evaluation of relative behavior of insulating materials of the same generic family.5.3 The functional temperature-life relationship of an insulating material in any given application depends on a number of service and environmental factors. Therefore, the information obtained from TGA curves is not adequate by itself to describe the thermal capability of an insulating material.5.4 Refer to the Appendix for further discussion of the interpretation of TGA data.1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for obtaining thermogravimetric (TGA) data on solid polymeric materials intended for use as electrical insulating materials.1.2 Do not use this standard to quantify an estimate of the long-term thermal capability for any electrical insulating material. If a relationship exists between TGA and the long-term thermal capabilities of a material, then that fact must be established and made public, preferably by comparing data between a candidate and another material known to display similar failure modes.1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers perpendicularly oriented mineral fiber roll and sheet thermal insulation for use on the flat, curved, or round surfaces of pipes and tanks. The orientation of the rock, slag, or glass fibers within the roll or sheet insulation is essentially perpendicular to the heated/cooled surface. Materials covered in this specification do not include flat block, board, duct wrap, or preformed pipe mineral fiber insulation where the insulation fiber orientation is generally parallel to the heated/cooled surface. In low-temperature applications, properly installed protective vapor retarders should be used to prevent water vapor from moving through or around the insulation towards the colder surface. The materials are classified into six types according to the maximum use temperature and maximum apparent thermal conductivity and into two categories according to minimum compressive resistance. Samples taken from the materials should be tested according to the recommended procedures and should conform to the required values of corrosiveness to steel, stress corrosion to austenitic stainless steel, shot content, maximum use temperature, maximum exothermic temperature rise, and compressive resistance.1.1 This specification covers the composition, dimensions, and physical properties of compression-resistant, perpendicularly oriented mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) roll and sheet insulation intended for use on flat, curved, or round surfaces operating at temperatures between 0°F (–18°C) and 1000°F (538°C). This product (pipe and tank insulation) is typically used on nominal 24 in. (610 mm) or greater diameter surfaces. For specific applications, the actual use temperatures and diameters shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.1.2 The orientation of the fibers within the roll or sheet insulation is essentially perpendicular to the heated/cooled surface (parallel to heat flow). This specification does not apply to flat block, board, duct wrap, or preformed pipe mineral fiber insulation where the insulation fiber orientation is generally parallel to the heated/cooled surface (across the heat flow).1.3 For satisfactory performance, properly installed protective vapor retarders must be used in below ambient temperature applications to reduce movement of moisture/water vapor through or around the insulation towards the colder surface. Failure to use a vapor retarder can lead to insulation and system damage. Refer to Practice C921 to aid material selection. Although vapor retarders properties are not part of this specification, properties required in Specification C1136 are pertinent to application or performance.1.4 When the installation or use of thermal materials, accessories, and systems may pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user-appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the recommended use for the products of the company and shall also recommend protective measures to be employed in their safe utilization. The user shall establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard measures the steady state thermal impedance of electrical insulating materials used to enhance heat transfer in electrical and electronic applications. This standard is especially useful for measuring thermal transmission properties of specimens that are either too thin or have insufficient mechanical stability to allow placement of temperature sensors in the specimen as in Test Method E1225.5.2 This standard imposes an idealized heat flow pattern and specifies an average specimen test temperature. The thermal impedances thus measured cannot be directly applied to most practical applications where these required uniform, parallel heat conduction conditions do not exist.5.3 This standard is useful for measuring the thermal impedance of the following material types.5.3.1 Type I—Viscous liquids that exhibit unlimited deformation when a stress is applied. These include liquid compounds such as greases, pastes, and phase change materials. These materials exhibit no evidence of elastic behavior or the tendency to return to initial shape after deflection stresses are removed.5.3.2 Type II—Viscoelastic solids where stresses of deformation are ultimately balanced by internal material stresses thus limiting further deformation. Examples include gels, soft, and hard rubbers. These materials exhibit linear elastic properties with significant deflection relative to material thickness.5.3.3 Type III—Elastic solids which exhibit negligible deflection. Examples include ceramics, metals, and some types of plastics.5.4 The apparent thermal conductivity of a specimen is able to be calculated from the measured thermal impedance and measured specimen thickness if the interfacial thermal resistance is insignificantly small (nominally less than 1 %) compared to the thermal resistance of the specimen.5.4.1 The apparent thermal conductivity of a sample material is able to be accurately determined by excluding the interfacial thermal resistance. This is accomplished by measuring the thermal impedance of different thicknesses of the material under test and plotting thermal impedance versus thickness. The inverse of the slope of the resulting straight line is the apparent thermal conductivity. The intercept at zero thickness is the sum of the contact resistances at the two surfaces.5.4.2 The contact resistance is able to be reduced by applying thermal grease or oil to the test surfaces of rigid test specimens (Type III).1.1 This standard covers a test method for measurement of thermal impedance and calculation of an apparent thermal conductivity for thermally conductive electrical insulation materials ranging from liquid compounds to hard solid materials.1.2 The term “thermal conductivity” applies only to homogeneous materials. Thermally conductive electrical insulating materials are usually heterogeneous and to avoid confusion this test method uses “apparent thermal conductivity” for determining thermal transmission properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for the routine analysis of reactive metals and reactive metal alloys to verify compliance with compositional specifications such as those specified by Committees B09 and B10. It is expected that all who use this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.1.1 This test method applies to the determination of hydrogen in reactive metals and reactive metal alloys, particularly titanium and zirconium, with mass fractions from 9 mg/kg to 320 mg/kg.1.2 This method has been interlaboratory tested for titanium and zirconium and alloys of these metals and can provide quantitative results in the range specified in 1.1. It may be possible to extend the quantitative range of this method provided a method validation study, as described in Guide E2857, is performed and the results of the study show the method extension meets laboratory data quality objectives. This method may also be extended to alloys other than titanium and zirconium provided a method validation study, as described in Guide E2857, is performed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is useful for testing materials in general, including composites and multi-layered types.5.2 The practice is especially useful for materials which undergo significant reactions or local dimensional changes, or both, during exposure to elevated temperatures and thus are difficult to evaluate using existing standard test methods such as Test Method C1113.5.3 Performing the test over multiple heating/cooling cycles allows an assessment of the influence of reactions, phase changes, and mass transfer of reactions gases (for example, steam) on the thermal performance.NOTE 3: This practice has been found to be especially applicable to testing fire resistive materials.1.1 This practice describes a technique for the determination of the apparent thermal conductivity, λa, and thermal diffusivity, αa, of materials. It is for solid materials with apparent thermal conductivities in the approximate range 0.02 < λa < 20 W/(m·K) over the approximate temperature range between 300 K and 1100 K, if used stainless steel 304 slag calorimeter and K thermocouples, and up to 1600 K, if used Alumina slag calorimeter and PtRh thermocouples.NOTE 1: While the practice should also be applicable to determining the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of non-reactive materials, it has been found specifically useful in testing fire resistive materials that are both reactive and undergo significant dimensional changes during a high temperature exposure.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Proper measurements of thickness and density of blanket or batt insulations are essential for determining thermal insulation properties. For a particular batt or blanket product, thickness and density are usually directly related to thermal insulating value.4.2 These test methods are of significant value in manufacturing quality control, to ensure that claimed insulation values of products are maintained.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thickness and density of flexible, felted, or woven thermal insulating blankets, rolls, or batts composed of fibrous materials, with or without surface covering or reinforcement.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the dimensional changes and physical stability of the product upon exposure to specified cyclic thermal conditions. It is also useful in determining the integrity of the bond between the metal foil and the SBS-modified bituminous compound.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of movement due to cyclic thermal exposure of SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene)-modified bituminous sheets with a factory-applied metal foil surface.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thermal diffusivity is an important property, required for such purposes under transient heat flow conditions, such as design applications, determination of safe operating temperature, process control, and quality assurance.5.2 The flash method is used to measure values of thermal diffusivity, α, of a wide range of solid materials. It is particularly advantageous because of simple specimen geometry, small specimen size requirements, rapidity of measurement and ease of handling.5.3 Under certain strict conditions, specific heat capacity of a homogeneous isotropic opaque solid sample can be determined when the method is used in a quantitative fashion (see Test Method E1461, Appendix 1).5.4 Thermal diffusivity results, together with related values of specific heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) values, can be used in many cases to derive thermal conductivity (λ), according to the relationship:1.1 This practice covers practical details associated with the determination of the thermal diffusivity of primarily homogeneous isotropic solid materials. Thermal diffusivity values ranging from 10–7 to 10-3 m2/s are readily measurable by this from about 75 K to 2800 K.1.2 This practice is adjunct to Test Method E1461.1.3 This practice is applicable to the measurements performed on materials opaque to the spectrum of the energy pulse, but with special precautions can be used on fully or partially transparent materials.1.4 This practice is intended to allow a wide variety of apparatus designs. It is not practical in a document of this type to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without pertinent technical knowledge, or to stop or restrict research and development for improvements in the basic technique. This practice provides guidelines for the construction principles, preferred embodiments and operating parameters for this type of instruments.1.5 This practice is applicable to the measurements performed on essentially fully dense materials; however, in some cases it has shown to produce acceptable results when used with porous specimens. Since the magnitude of porosity, pore shapes, and parameters of pore distribution influence the behavior of the thermal diffusivity, extreme caution must be exercised when analyzing data. Special caution is advised when other properties, such as thermal conductivity, are derived from thermal diffusivity obtained by this method.1.6 The flash can be considered an absolute (or primary) method of measurement, since no reference materials are required. It is advisable to use only reference materials to verify the performance of the instrument used.1.7 This method is applicable only for homogeneous solid materials, in the strictest sense; however, in some cases it has been shown to produce data found to be useful in certain applications:1.7.1 Testing of Composite Materials—When substantial non-homogeneity and anisotropy is present in a material, the thermal diffusivity data obtained with this method may be substantially in error. Nevertheless, such data, while usually lacking absolute accuracy, may be useful in comparing materials of similar structure. Extreme caution must be exercised when related properties, such as thermal conductivity, are derived, as composite materials, for example, may have heat flow patterns substantially different than uniaxial. In cases where the particle size of the composite phases is small compared to the specimen thickness (on the order of 1 to 25 % of thickness) and where the transient thermal response of the specimen appears homogenous when compared to the model, this method can produce accurate results for composite materials. Anisotropic materials can be measured by various techniques, as long as the directional thermal diffusivities (two dimensional or three dimensional) are mutually orthogonal and the measurement and specimen preparation produce heat flow only along one principle direction. Also, 2D and 3D models and either independent measurements in one or two directions, or simultaneous measurements of temperature response at different locations on the surface of the specimen, can be utilized.1.7.2 Testing Liquids—This method has found an especially useful application in determining thermal diffusivity of molten materials. For this technique, specially constructed specimen enclosures must be used.1.7.3 Testing Layered Materials—This method has also been extended to test certain layered structures made of dissimilar materials, where the thermal properties of one of the layers are considered unknown. In some cases, contact conductance of the interface may also be determined.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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