5.1 Alarm limits are used extensively for condition monitoring using data from in-service lubricant sample test results. There are many bases for initially choosing values for these alarm limits. There are many questions that should be addressed. These include:Are those limits right or wrong?Are there too many false positive or false negative results?Are they practical?5.2 This guide teaches statistical techniques for evaluating whether alarm limits are meaningful and if they are reasonable for flagging problems requiring immediate or future action.5.3 This guide is intended to increase the consistency, usefulness, and dependability of condition based action recommendations by providing machinery maintenance and monitoring personnel with a meaningful and practical way to evaluate alarm limits to aid the interpretation of monitoring machinery and oil condition as well as lubricant system contamination data.1.1 This guide provides specific requirements to statistically evaluate measurand alarm thresholds, which are called alarm limits, as they are applied to data collected from in-service oil analysis. These alarm limits are typically used for condition monitoring to produce severity indications relating to states of machinery wear, oil quality, and system contamination. Alarm limits distinguish or separate various levels of alarm. Four levels are common and will be used in this guide, though three levels or five levels can also be used.1.2 A basic statistical process control technique described herein is recommended to evaluate alarm limits when measurand data sets may be characterized as both parametric and in control. A frequency distribution for this kind of parametric data set fits a well-behaved two-tail normal distribution having a “bell” curve appearance. Statistical control limits are calculated using this technique. These control limits distinguish, at a chosen level of confidence, signal-to-noise ratio for an in-control data set from variation that has significant, assignable causes. The operator can use them to objectively create, evaluate, and adjust alarm limits.1.3 A statistical cumulative distribution technique described herein is also recommended to create, evaluate, and adjust alarm limits. This particular technique employs a percent cumulative distribution of sorted data set values. The technique is based on an actual data set distribution and therefore is not dependent on a presumed statistical profile. The technique may be used when the data set is either parametric or nonparametric, and it may be used if a frequency distribution appears skewed or has only a single tail. Also, this technique may be used when the data set includes special cause variation in addition to common cause variation, although the technique should be repeated when a special cause changes significantly or is eliminated. Outputs of this technique are specific measurand values corresponding to selected percentage levels in a cumulative distribution plot of the sorted data set. These percent-based measurand values are used to create, evaluate and adjust alarm limits.1.4 This guide may be applied to sample data from testing of in-service lubricating oil samples collected from machinery (for example, diesel, pumps, gas turbines, industrial turbines, hydraulics) whether from large fleets or individual industrial applications.1.5 This guide may also be applied to sample data from testing in-service oil samples collected from other equipment applications where monitoring for wear, oil condition, or system contamination are important. For example, it may be applied to data sets from oil filled transformer and circuit breaker applications.1.6 Alarm limit evaluating techniques, which are not statistically based are not covered by this guide. Also, the techniques of this standard may be inconsistent with the following alarm limit selection techniques: “rate-of-change,” absolute alarming, multi-parameter alarming, and empirically derived alarm limits.1.7 The techniques in this guide deliver outputs that may be compared with other alarm limit selection techniques. The techniques in this guide do not preclude or supersede limits that have been established and validated by an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) or another responsible party.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The efficacy of disinfection technologies can be evaluated on finished products, as well as on developmental items.5.2 This practice defines procedures for validation of the aerosol generator, preparation of the test specimen, application of the challenge virus, enumeration of viable viruses, assessing data quality, and calculation of decontamination efficacy.5.3 This practice provides defined procedures for creating droplet nuclei that approximate those produced by human respiratory secretions with particular emphasis on particle size distribution and aerosolization media.5.4 Safety concerns associated with aerosolizing microbial agents are not addressed as part of this practice. Individual users should consult with their local safety authority, and a detailed biological aerosol safety plan and risk assessment should be conducted prior to using this practice. Users are encouraged to consult the manual Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories7 published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).5.5 This practice differs from Test Methods E1052 and E2197 in the presentation of the virus to surface. The aforementioned test methods use liquid inoculum to contaminate carrier surfaces, whereas this practice presents the virus in the absence of water as droplet nuclei.5.6 This practice differs from Test Method E2721 because (1) smaller particles are being formed, (2) the droplets will be dried, thus forming droplet nuclei, prior to application to air-permeable materials, and (3) unique equipment is required to create the droplet nuclei.1.1 This practice is designed to evaluate decontamination methods (physical, chemical, self-decontaminating materials) when used on air-permeable materials contaminated with virus-containing droplet nuclei.1.2 This practice defines the conditions for simulating respiratory droplet nuclei produced by humans.1.3 The practice is specific to influenza viruses, but could be adapted for work with other types of respiratory viruses or surrogates.1.4 This practice is suitable only for air-permeable materials.1.5 This practice does not address the performance of decontaminants against microbes expelled via blood splatter, vomit, or fecal contamination.1.6 This practice should be performed only by those trained in bioaerosols, microbiology, or virology, or combinations thereof.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Seams in some resilient flooring are heat sealed to prevent openings from forming between cut edges and to prevent penetrations of dirt, liquids, etc., into the seams. Decorative appearances may also be achieved using contrasting heat weld thread (rod).1.1 This practice covers the instructions and precautions to be observed to ensure satisfactory performance of seams in resilient flooring sealed by the heat weld method.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See precaution information in 6.1.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The efficacy of disinfection technologies can be evaluated on finished products, as well as on developmental items.5.2 This practice defines procedures for validation of the droplet generator, preparation of the test specimen, application of the challenge virus, enumeration of viable viruses, assessing data quality, and calculation of decontamination efficiency.5.3 This practice provides defined procedures for creating droplets that approximate those produced by human respiratory secretions, with particular emphasis on droplet size distribution and aerosolization media.5.4 Safety concerns associated with aerosolizing microbial agents are not addressed as part of this practice. Individual users should consult with their local safety authority, and a detailed biological aerosol safety plan and risk assessment should be conducted prior to using this practice. Users are encouraged to consult the manual Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories5 published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).5.5 This practice differs from Test Methods E1052 and E2197 in the presentation of virus to the surface. The aforementioned test methods use a liquid inoculum to contaminate carrier surfaces, whereas this practice presents the virus in droplets that are representative of human respiratory secretions5.6 This practice differs from Practice E2720, because (1) larger droplets are being formed, (2) the droplets will not be completely dried prior to application to surfaces, (3) the droplets can be applied to any surfaces, not just those that are air permeable, and (4) unique equipment is required to create droplets.1.1 This practice is designed to evaluate decontamination methods (physical, chemical, self-decontaminating materials) when used on surfaces contaminated with virus-containing droplets.1.2 This practice defines the conditions for simulating respiratory droplets produced by humans and depositing the droplets onto surfaces.1.3 The practice is specific to influenza viruses but could be adapted for work with other types of respiratory viruses or surrogates.1.4 This practice is suitable for working with a wide variety of environmental surfaces.1.5 This practice does not address the performance of decontaminants against microbes expelled via blood splatter, vomit, or fecal contamination.1.6 This practice should be performed only by those trained in bioaerosols, microbiology, or virology, or combinations thereof.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice provides guidelines and criteria to follow when selecting reference scenarios, utilizing science-based measurable indicators, to facilitate a transparent and replicable comparison.1.1.1 It is a common desire for decision makers, researchers, and others to assess the effects of bioproducts. Such assessments inherently require the comparison of conditions under a system with the bioproduct (test scenario) to a system without the bioproduct (the reference scenario).1.1.2 This practice is applicable, but not limited to, life-cycle assessments (LCA), sustainability analyses, and techno-economic assessments (TEA).1.2 This practice provides consistent terminology for use with the test and reference scenario. The terminology used in this practice may be used in other documents and by other practitioners with alternate definitions.1.3 This practice is applicable whenever the test or reference scenario involves biomass directly or energy or industrial chemicals from biomass.1.4 This practice provides guidelines for developing and documenting reference scenarios that represent the best available data and projections for what is expected to occur in the absence of the biomass-based test scenario to be evaluated.1.5 The practice is applicable to:1.5.1 Reviews and evaluations of the suitability of the reference scenario selected for an existing study or comparison.1.5.2 All biomass-based production systems and materials, including forestry, agriculture, algae, co-products, and wastes.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Rolled erosion control products are intended to protect seed beds from erosion and provide an environment that encourages seed germination. Maintaining a moist environment by gradually releasing absorbed moisture helps provide a beneficial growth environment. The ability of a product to absorb moisture is commonly specified. This test method can be used for quality control and to determine product conformance to a specification.5.2 Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may be used to control the quality of many RECPs. Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water has not been proven to relate to field performance for all materials.5.3 The change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may vary considerably depending on the composition of the materials used in the product or due to inconsistency within the product. This test method enables the characterization and control of product consistency.5.4 This test method may be used to determine the effect of different component materials and makeup of RECPs on the change in mass when submerged in water.5.5 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of RECPs. Comparative tests as directed in 5.6 may be advisable.5.6 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the evaluation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired date and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree upon the known bias.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this specification is to specify performance requirements, conditioning procedures, and test methods for nonballistic-resistant head protection used in public order police applications.4.2 It is anticipated that this specification will be referenced by certifiers, purchasers, or other users in order to meet their specific needs.1.1 This specification specifies performance requirements, conditioning procedures, and test methods for assessing nonballistic-resistant head protection (that is, helmet and face shield) specifically designed to be worn by law enforcement and corrections officers when maintaining order in violent situations.1.2 This specification does not address eye protection other than face shields that are attached to the helmet.1.3 The threats and hazards addressed in this specification were identified by officers specially trained and equipped to manage any form of public gathering, ranging from concerts, parades, marches, and demonstration events to violent unrest.1.4 It is anticipated that this specification will be referenced by suppliers, certifiers, purchasers, or other users to meet their specific needs.1.5 The user of this specification may choose to specify additional requirements, and some options are provided in Appendix X1.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This vertical flame test provides information regarding the flammability performance of electrical insulating materials.5.2 This test method is used to assess the vertical flame test performance of electrical insulation materials used in wires or cables in Test Methods D2633 and D3032 (Test A), as well as in Specifications D2219 and D2220.5.3 In this test method, the test specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results are therefore valid only for the fire-test exposure conditions described in this procedure.1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This fire test method is applicable to electrical insulation materials used for wires or cables. The materials are tested as plastic specimens on their own or installed on the wires or cables.1.3 The ignition source is a gas burner fueled by methane or natural gas.1.4 Use the values stated in SI units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Water-blast cleaning with (SSPC-TR2/NACE 6G 198; SSPC-SP 5 (WAB)/NACE WAB-1; SSPC-SP 10 (WAB)/NACE WAB-2; SSPC-SP 6 (WAB)/NACE WAB-3; SSPC-SP 14 (WAB)/NACE WAB-8); SSPC-SP 7 (WAB)/NACE WAB-4 or without, (SSPC-SP WJ-1/NACE WJ-1; SSPC-SP WJ-2/NACE WJ-2; SSPC-SP WJ-3/NACE WJ-3; SSPC-SP WJ-4/NACE WJ-4) abrasive, results in flash rusting under some environmental conditions. Inhibitors are used to prevent flash rusting while drying and before coating application. The inhibitor or reaction products of the inhibitor on the substrate becomes part of the coating systems. Coating performance may be influenced by the inhibitor. Soluble contaminants or unreacted inhibitors left on the surface under the coating may cause premature failure. This practice includes a comparison of coating performance with and without inhibitors using various laboratory tests to simulate a range of conditions such as high moisture, marine atmospheric or water immersion.3.2 The user or specifier must determine the specific test methods to be used and exposure conditions. Some test methods referenced may not be applicable to all types of coatings.1.1 This practice covers procedures to evaluate the compatibility of coatings with inhibitors used to prevent flash rusting of steel before application of coatings.1.2 The inhibitors are used with water-blast cleaning surface preparation and may be used with or without abrasives.1.3 The manufacturer of the coatings shall be consulted to ensure compatibility of inhibitors with the coatings.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this code is to simplify the reporting of solid particle counts and water droplet concentrations present in petroleum products when measured by imaging instruments. Industry is accustomed to using a three number code to report contamination levels and so this reporting method for imaging instruments is presented to organize results in a similar format.4.2 Particle count results as described by this classification are reported per the preferred number ranges in Table 1. Preferred numbers were originally developed by Charles Renard and codified in ISO 3. This format is the preferred reporting format since ISO 4406 has no ability to report water.4.3 Imaging instruments are capable of identifying insoluble water droplets separate from solids, and therefore a suffix code is added after the three (or four) solid particle codes to report water content in parts per million (ppm (v)). To report water content, detected droplets will be converted to ppm (v). The distribution of water droplet size may be reported if it is useful, but it is not required.1.1 This classification identifies a concise code which can be used by imaging instruments for reporting of solid particles and insoluble water content in hydrocarbon-based petroleum products. The coding system includes the reporting of water content and particle counts in the ≥1 µm range.NOTE 1: Calibration is not in accordance with ISO 11171. Comparability to ISO 4406 and its requirements is not inferred.1.2 It is valid for imaging instruments measuring particle size by projected equivalent particle diameter (see 3.1.1), and which are calibrated and verified using particle size and count standards traceable to NIST.21.3 Due to the variation of method and instrument types and resolutions, the reporting of results will include the ASTM standard used to conduct the analysis.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method will provide an indication of the effectiveness of the cleaning system at restoring the appearance of an artificially soiled carpet by wet extraction cleaning. The cleaning effectiveness in the laboratory test may not be the same as in home cleaning due to variations in the homes, carpets, soils, and other factors.4.2 In order to provide a uniform basis for measuring the performance described in 1.1, standardized test carpet, test pad, and test soil are employed in this procedure.1.1 This test method provides only a laboratory test for visually determining the relative carpet cleaning effectiveness of a wet extraction cleaning system when tested under standard conditions.1.2 This test method is applicable to types of upright, canister, and combination wet extraction cleaners and their recommended chemical cleaning formulas intended for cleaning carpets as a primary or secondary function. This test method excludes pre-spray systems or pre-spray treatments.1.3 This test method is not applicable to upholstery cleaning or bare floor cleaning.1.4 This test method applies only to the cleaning of embedded soil from carpet, not the removal of surface litter and debris.1.5 This test method does not directly quantify the amount of soil removed but is visually assessed by employing colorimetric instrumentation.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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