5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.5.2 Smoke obscuration quantifies the visibility in fires.5.3 This test method is also suitable for measuring the rate of heat release as an optional measurement. The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. Test Method D5537 provides means for measuring heat release with the equipment used in this test method.5.4 Other optional fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are major indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion, and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness.5.5 Test Limitations: 5.5.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test method are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.5.5.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test method is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.5.5.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the predictability of its results to large scale fires has not been determined. Some information exists to suggest that it has been validated against some large-scale scenarios.1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the smoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions.1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smoke release characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed for use in cable trays.1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method, nor does it measure the contribution of the cables to a developing fire condition.1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured.1.7 The burning behavior is documented visually, by photographic or video recordings, or both.1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other, optional, measurements, including the rate of heat release of the burning specimen, by an oxygen consumption technique and weight loss.1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.13 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These tests are suitable for testing paints adjusted for compatibility with various electrostatic spray coating applications, and by their use, spray performance can be optimized.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific resistance (resistivity) of liquid paints, solvents, and other fluids in the range of 0.6 to 2640 MΩ-cm.1.2 Test Method A describes a procedure for making resistance tests with a commonly used paint application test assembly (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).FIG. 1 Analog Paint Application Test AssemblyFIG. 2 Diagram of Digital Application Test Assembly1.3 Test Method B describes a procedure for making resistance tests with a conductivity meter (Fig. 3).FIG. 3 Conductivity Meter1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.6).1.2 This practice can be used for geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electrically insulating materials. This practice is best applicable for locating geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations have been made during the construction of the facility.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

2.1 The significance of the variables set forth in this guide was proved by various laboratories using several test systems at test currents ranging from 100 to 35 000 A. These variables will be significant for any case where voltage and current are sufficient to produce arcing.1.1 This guide covers the major variables which affect the rate of arc erosion of electrical contact materials and serves as a guide in developing more detailed specifications for arc-erosion tests.1.2 Arc erosion testing involves some vaporization of material. It is the responsibility of the user to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet for the material being tested.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committees A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and A04 on Iron Castings. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, silicon electrical steels, ingot iron, and wrought iron having chemical compositions within the following limits:Element  Composition Range, %Aluminum 0.001  to 1.50Antimony 0.002  to 0.03Arsenic 0.0005 to 0.10Bismuth 0.005  to 0.50Boron 0.0005 to 0.02Calcium 0.0005 to 0.01Cerium 0.005  to 0.50Chromium 0.005  to 3.99Cobalt 0.01   to 0.30Columbium (Niobium) 0.002  to 0.20Copper 0.005  to 1.50Lanthanum 0.001  to 0.30Lead 0.001  to 0.50Manganese 0.01   to 2.50Molybdenum 0.002  to 1.50Nickel 0.005  to 5.00Nitrogen 0.0005 to 0.04Oxygen 0.0001 to 0.03Phosphorus 0.001  to 0.25Selenium 0.001  to 0.50Silicon 0.001  to 5.00Sulfur 0.001  to 0.60Tin 0.002  to 0.10Titanium 0.002  to 0.60Tungsten 0.005  to 0.10Vanadium 0.005  to 0.50Zirconium 0.005  to 0.151.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated as follows:  Sections   Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 % to 1.5 %) 124–131Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Spectrophotometric Method (0.003 % to 0.20 %) 76–86Aluminum, Total or Acid-Soluble, by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.005 % to 0.20 %) 308–317Antimony by the Brilliant Green Spectrophotometric Method (0.0002 % to 0.030 %) 142–151Bismuth by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.02 % to 0.25 %) 298–307Boron by the Distillation-Curcumin Spectrophotometric Method (0.0003 % to 0.006 %) 208–219Calcium by the Direct-Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Method (0.0005 % to 0.010 %) 289–297Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 1.80 %)—Discontinued 1995  Cerium and Lanthanum by the Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Method (0.003 % to 0.50 % Cerium, 0.001 % to 0.30 % Lanthanum) 249–257Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.006 % to 1.00 %) 220–229Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation-Titration Method (0.05 % to 3.99 %) 230–238Cobalt by the Nitroso-R Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to 0.30 %) 53–62Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Iodometric Titration Method (Discontinued 1989) 87–94Copper by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.004 % to 0.5 %) 279–288Copper by the Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.005 % to 1.50 %) 114–123Lead by the Ion-Exchange—Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.001 % to 0.50 %) 132–141Manganese by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.005 % to 2.0 %) 269–278Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to 2.5 %) 9–18Manganese by the Peroxydisulfate-Arsenite Titrimetric Method (0.10 % to 2.50 %) 164–171Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to 1.50 %) 152–163Nickel by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.003 % to 0.5 %) 318–327Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to 5.00 %) 180–187Nickel by the Ion-Exchange-Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.005 % to 1.00 %) 188–197Nitrogen by the Distillation-Spectrophotometric Method (Discontinued 1988) 63–75Phosphorus by the Alkalimetric Method (0.02 % to 0.25 %) 172–179Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method (0.003 % to 0.09 %) 19–30Silicon by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to 0.06 %) 103–113Silicon by the Gravimetric Titration Method (0.05 % to 3.5 %) 46–52Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method (Discontinued 1988) 31–36Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to 0.3 %) (Discontinued 2017) 37–45Tin by the Sulfide Precipitation-Iodometric Titration Method (0.01 % to 0.1 %) 95–102Tin by the Solvent Extraction-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.002 % to 0.10 %) 198–207Titanium by the Diantipyrylmethane Spectrophotometric Method (0.025 % to 0.30 %) 258–268Vanadium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.006 % to 0.15 %) 239–2481.3 Test methods for the determination of several elements not included in this standard can be found in Test Methods E1019.1.4 Some of the composition ranges given in 1.1 are too broad to be covered by a single test method and therefore this standard contains multiple test methods for some elements. The user must select the proper test method by matching the information given in the and Interference sections of each test method with the composition of the alloy to be analyzed.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. In some cases, exceptions allowed in IEEE/ASTM SI 10 are also used.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 6 and in special “Warning” paragraphs throughout these test methods.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 983元 / 折扣价： 836 元 加购物车

This specification establishes the requirements and the corresponding test methods for one type of lightweight field and mobile shelter designed for transport by cargo truck, fixed or rotary winged aircraft, by rail, and ship, designated as electric equipment shelter S-250/G. These requirements include those for the material, construction, environmental performance, structural integrity, and tightness characteristics.1.1 This specification covers one type of lightweight field and mobile rigid wall shelter designed for transport by cargo truck, fixed or rotary winged aircraft, by rail, and ship, designated as Shelter, Electrical Equipment S-250/G.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat refers only to the test methods portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of the standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers one type of lightweight field and mobile shelter designed for transport by cargo truck, fixed or rotary winged aircraft, rail, and ship, as shelter, electrical equipment S-280/G. Core, adhesive, and sealer materials used in the construction of this item shall be in accordance with the density, compressive strength, shear strength, flammability, and water absorption requirements. Shock mounts shall be subjected to hardness, resilience, and depression-deflection tests to check for compliance with specified requirements. Construction properties shall comply with the cleaning, arc or resistance welding, lamination (impact resistance), vapor seal, interchangeability, riveting, finishing, marking, shelter gross weight, service integrity, and tightness preconditioning specifications. Environmental service conditions such as moisture resistance, rapid temperature changes, and thermal differential including thermal deformation and heat transfer shall be met. The shelter shall also conform to the requirements for transportability whether in rail or air transport, capability to withstand flat and rotational drops and simulated towing, lifting and towing eye casting hardness, and static door and roof access steps vertical loads for structural integrity. Tightness tests shall be conducted as well to verify shielding from air, door latch torque, light, electromagnetic interference, water, and fording.1.1 This specification covers one type of lightweight field and mobile shelter designed for transport by cargo truck, fixed or rotary winged aircraft, by rail, and ship, as Shelter, Electrical Equipment S-280/G (see 15.5).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat refers only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Geomembranes are used as impermeable barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose. For these reasons, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.4.2 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.4.3 The most significant causes of leaks in geomembranes that are covered with only water are related to construction activities including pumps and equipment placed on the geomembrane, accidental punctures, and punctures caused by traffic over rocks or debris on the geomembrane or in the subgrade.4.4 The most significant cause of leaks in geomembranes covered with earthen materials is construction damage caused by machinery that occurs while placing the earthen material on the geomembrane. Such damage also can breach additional layers of the lining system such as geosynthetic clay liners.4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective final quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks.1.1 These practices cover standard procedures for using electrical methods to locate leaks in geomembranes covered with water or earthen materials. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.5).1.2 These practices are intended to ensure that leak location surveys are performed with demonstrated leak detection capability. To allow further innovations, and because various leak location practitioners use a wide variety of procedures and equipment to perform these surveys, performance-based operations are used that specify the minimum leak detection performance for the equipment and procedures.1.3 These practices require that the leak location equipment, procedures, and survey parameters used are demonstrated to result in an established minimum leak detection distance. The survey shall then be conducted using the demonstrated equipment, procedures, and survey parameters.1.4 Separate procedures are given for leak location surveys for geomembranes covered with water and for geomembranes covered with earthen materials. Separate procedures are given for leak detection distance tests using actual and artificial leaks.1.5 Examples of methods of data analysis for soil-covered surveys are provided as guidance in Appendix X1.1.6 Leak location surveys can be used on geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, and other containment facilities. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other electrically-insulating materials.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 (Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earthen material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.)1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    Element Composition Range, %               Aluminum 0.005 to 18.00    Beryllium 0.001 to  0.05    Boron 0.001 to  1.00    Calcium 0.002 to   0.05    Carbon 0.001 to  1.10    Chromium 0.10  to 33.00    Cobalt 0.10  to 75.00    Columbium (Niobium) 0.01  to  6.0    Copper 0.01  to 10.00    Iron 0.01  to 85.00    Magnesium 0.001 to  0.05    Manganese 0.01  to  3.0    Molybdenum 0.01  to 30.0    Nickel 0.10  to 84.0    Nitrogen 0.001 to  0.20    Phosphorus 0.002 to  0.08    Silicon 0.01  to  5.00    Sulfur 0.002 to  0.10    Tantalum 0.005 to 10.0    Titanium 0.01  to  5.00    Tungsten 0.01  to 18.00    Vanadium 0.01  to  3.25    Zirconium 0.01  to  2.50  1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:  Sections   Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %   to 7.00 %) 100 – 107Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986 124 – 134Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014 79 – 89Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method   (0.006 % to 1.00 %) 165 – 174Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method (0.10 % to 33.00 %)  175 – 183Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—   Discontinued 1980 116 – 123Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %   to 75 %)  53 – 60Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %    to 5.0 %)  61 – 70Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to   10.00 %)  90 – 99Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  71 – 78Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %) 192 –199Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method   (0.05 % to 2.00 %)  9 – 18Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi- metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %) 184 – 191Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method   (0.01 % to 1.50 %) 153 – 164Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to 84.0 %) 135 – 142Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method   (0.002 % to 0.08 %) 19  – 30Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %) 46  – 52Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued   1988 Former 30  – 36Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to 0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014 37  – 45Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gravimetric Method—Discontinued   1980 108 – 115Tin by the Solvent Extraction–Atomic Absorption Spectrometry   Method (0.002 % to 0.10 %) 143  – 1521.3 Methods for the determination of carbon and sulfur not included in this standard can be found in Test Methods E1019.1.4 Some of the composition ranges given in 1.1 are too broad to be covered by a single method and therefore this standard contains multiple methods for some elements. The user must select the proper method by matching the information given in the and Interference sections of each method with the composition of the alloy to be analyzed.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 6 and in special “Warning” paragraphs throughout these test methods.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

4.1 In a series-connected multijunction PV device, the incident total and spectral irradiance determines which component cell will generate the smallest photocurrent and thus limit the current through the entire series-connected device. This current-limiting behavior also affects the fill factor of the device. Because of this, special techniques are needed to measure the correct I-V characteristics of multijunction devices under the desired reporting conditions (see Test Methods E1036).4.2 These test methods use a numerical parameter called the current balance which is a measure of how well the test conditions replicate the desired reporting conditions. When the current balance deviates from unity by more than 0.03, the uncertainty of the measurement may be increased.4.3 The effects of current limiting in individual component cells can cause problems for I-V curve translations to different temperature and irradiance conditions, such as the translations recommended in Test Methods E1036. For example, if a different component cell becomes the limiting cell as the irradiance is varied, a discontinuity in the current versus irradiance characteristic may be observed. For this reason, it is recommended that I-V characteristics of multijunction devices be measured at temperature and irradiance conditions close to the desired reporting conditions.4.4 Some multijunction devices have more than two terminals which allow electrical connections to each component cell. In these cases, the special techniques for spectral response measurements are not needed because the component cells can be measured individually. However, these I-V techniques are still needed if the device is intended to be operated as a two-terminal device.4.5 Using these test methods, the spectral response is typically measured while the individual component cell under test is illuminated at levels that are less than Eo. Nonlinearity of the spectral response may cause the measured results to differ from the spectral response at the illumination levels of actual use conditions.1.1 These test methods provide special techniques needed to determine the electrical performance and spectral response of two-terminal, multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices, both cell and modules.1.2 These test methods are modifications and extensions of the procedures for single-junction devices defined by Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036.1.3 These test methods do not include temperature and irradiance corrections for spectral response and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Procedures for such corrections are available in Test Methods E948, E1021, and E1036.1.4 These test methods may be applied to cells and modules intended for concentrator applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification prescribes the standard nominal diameters and cross-sectional areas of American Wire Gage (AWG) sizes of solid round wires, used as electrical conductors, and gives equations and rules for the calculation of standard nominal mass and lengths, resistances, and breaking or rated strengths of such wires. All wire dimensions and properties shall be considered as occurring at the internationally standardized reference temperature and all calculations shall be rounded in the final value only.1.1 This specification prescribes standard nominal diameters and cross-sectional areas of American Wire Gage (AWG) sizes of solid round wires, used as electrical conductors, and gives equations and rules for the calculation of standard nominal mass and lengths, resistances, and breaking strengths of such wires (Explanatory Note 1).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values of the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. For conductor sizes designated by AWG or kcmil sizes, the requirements in SI units have been numerically converted from the corresponding values stated or derived, in inch-pound units. For conductor sizes designated by SI units only, the requirements are stated or derived in SI units.1.2.1 For density, resistivity and temperature, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This practice contains procedures for packaging, packing, and marking of solid electrical insulating materials for domestic and export shipments to commercial and military destinations, and for protection in storage.1.2 Materials covered by these procedures include, but are not to be limited to, flexible sheets and tapes, flexible tubes and sleevings, and rigid plates, rods, and tubes.

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This specification covers the requirements and methods of test for three types and four grades of orange shellac and other lacs, typically used as bonding agents for mica splitting and reconstituted mica paper and as coating for other materials, as follows: type I - orange flake shellac, grades A, B, C, and D; type II - button lac; and type III garnet lac. The material shall conform to the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers the requirements and methods of test for three types and four grades of orange shellac and other lacs, typically used as bonding agents for mica splittings and reconstituted mica paper and as coating for other materials, as follows:1.1.1 Type I—Orange Flake Shellac, Grades A, B, C, and D,1.1.2 Type II—Button Lac, and1.1.3 Type III—Garnet Lac.1.2 Stick-lac and seed-lac are not covered by this specification.Note 1—ISO Specifications 56–1 and 56–2 cover shellac. However, the equivalency of the ISO specification to this standard is unknown. Refer directly to the ISO standards to determine equivalency.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

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This practice covers the acceptable installation procedures of insulated vinyl deck covering on portable deck plates. This deck covering shall be installed, in way of the electrical and electronic spaces, for marine use. Requirements for the following are specified: (1) operations area, (2) installation using vinyl sheets, (3) adhesive, (4) fiberglass, (5) fastening with Nylon screws, and (6) exposed areas treated with epoxy. Illustrations of the installation of deck coverings are provided.1.1 This practice covers the acceptable method for installing insulated deck covering on portable deck plates.1.2 This deck covering shall be installed, in way of the electrical and electronic spaces, for marine use.1.3 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test determines the compressive creep under laboratory conditions or under conditions that are possibly encountered during manufacture of electrical equipment. It has special significance if the material to be tested is applied as commutator segment insulation. It serves as a measure under specified conditions of the ability of the material to resist deformation while under compressive load, during exposure to elevated temperature for a specified time. This test is suitable for acceptance tests and for manufacturing control.1.1 These test methods cover the testing of bonded mica splittings and bonded mica paper to be used for commutator insulation, hot molding, heater plates, and other similar insulating purposes.1.2 These test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsCompressive Creep 4 – 10Dielectric Strength 38 – 41Mica or Binder Content 19Molding Test 31 – 36Organic Binder 20 – 24Resistivity 42 – 46Silicone Binder 25 – 30Stability Under Heat and Pressure 11 – 181.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 40.1 and 45.1 for specific hazard statements.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车