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4.1 Work practices, engineering controls, personal protective equipment and other precautions to minimize exposure to airborne asbestos fibers have been extensively documented in regulations, training manuals and other publications. The work described in these publications ranges from large-scale abatement projects to minor disturbances and clean-up. Practices E1368 and E2394 address these issues within the context of their subject matter.4.2 This practice applies to specific types of asbestos work where the same task is performed by various persons without substantial deviation from a documented procedure and with material containing the same type and similar content of asbestos fiber. The exposure from such operations can be expected to remain fairly consistent as long as these parameters do not vary substantially and the workers have received the required training to perform the task.4.3 Because of the variability in field conditions under which large-scale work such as asbestos abatement is performed, the opportunity to collect sufficient personal air samples under conditions similar enough to establish statistical confidence can be questioned. For this reason, this practice does not address the collection of such samples and their use for determining exposure data to apply on other projects. Users with such requirements are referred to the applicable regulations for guidance.4.4 There are many tasks, however, that are of short duration and amenable to testing under controlled conditions for assessing worker exposure. These tasks are performed by equipment installers and other tradesmen in the course of their ordinary duties in what this practice refers to as the current job. The following list of potential tasks where ACMs can be disturbed is by no means inclusive and the feasibility of conducting an Exposure Assessment is the responsibility of the user:4.4.1 Drilling holes through asbestos floor tile and sheet vinyl flooring,4.4.2 Removing small pieces of floor tile and sheet vinyl flooring to expose the substrate,4.4.3 Drilling holes through asbestos-cement roofing, siding, ceiling panels, ducts, and pipes,4.4.4 Drilling and cutting holes in wallboard,4.4.5 Drilling holes in ceiling tiles,4.4.6 Removing and replacing ceiling tiles,4.4.7 Patching roofing materials,4.4.8 Removing window putty and caulking,4.4.9 Cleaning asbestos-lined or contaminated ducts,4.4.10 Removing gaskets and packing,4.4.11 Removing and installing locksets in fire doors,4.4.12 Taking bulk samples of suspect ACM,4.4.13 Removing and patching acoustical ceiling texture and fireproofing, and4.4.14 Removing and replacing insulation on pipes, tanks, boilers, ducts, etc.4.5 The Exposure Assessment is based on personal air samples taken over a full or partial shift to determine an 8-h TWA exposure and a short-term Excursion Limit exposure, which requires that two sampling pumps be worn.4.6 Samples are taken for comparison with criteria determined by the user, including but not limited to the following:4.6.1 Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), including the 8-h TWA of 0.1 f/cc and the 30-min EL of 1.0 f/cc, or to establish engineering controls, respiratory and personal protection, and other requirements in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.1101;NOTE 1: These OSHA PELs will be used for illustration purposes in this practice.4.6.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit of 0.1 f/cc;4.6.3 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH6) Threshold Limit Value (TLV7) of 0.1 f/cc for respirable fibers;4.6.4 Employee exposure limits imposed by other governmental jurisdictions;4.6.5 Employee exposure limits to establish engineering controls, respiratory and personal protection, and other requirements of an employer’s policy or the requirements of a specification or procedure that applies to the current job; and4.6.6 Non-occupational exposure limits for building occupants and other affected persons.4.7 Compliance with the PELs and other criteria is typically determined by analyzing the air samples using NIOSH Method 7400 for Phase Contrast Microscopy, which reports all fibers meeting the counting criteria and does not distinguish between asbestos and non-asbestos fibers. The Exposure Assessment can be based on analysis using NIOSH Method 7402 for Transmission Electron Microscopy, which identifies asbestos fibers and adjusts the fiber count from a NIOSH Method 7400 analysis.4.8 An important aspect of an Exposure Assessment is determining a margin of safety between the exposures measured during the test and criteria for respiratory protection, regulatory compliance or other purposes. This practice therefore includes a statistical test (Confidence Factor) for the exposure based on the air sample results from a test as described in Section 7.4.9 The responsibility for comparing the results of the test performed for the Exposure Assessment is given to the competent person, usually but not necessarily someone in a supervisory capacity, who compares the conditions under which the test was performed to those for the current job to which a worker has been assigned. If the work practices and asbestos-containing materials are sufficiently similar in the judgment of the competent person, and the worker has been trained on the work practice using simulated asbestos-containing materials, the competent person certifies that the Exposure Assessment applies to the current job for purposes of respiratory protection and other precautions. A form is provided in Appendix X1 for this purpose.NOTE 2: OSHA regulations in 29 CFR 1926.1101 permit an employer to dispense with respiratory protection and other precautions on the basis of an Exposure Assessment (sometimes called a Negative Exposure Assessment) or on the basis of “objective data.” This practice does not use the terms “Negative Exposure Assessment” and “objective data,” and the responsibility for elimination of protective measures based on an Exposure Assessment remains with the competent person. 29 CFR 1926.1101 requires a “high degree of certainty” that the PELs will not be exceeded, but does not define this parameter.1.1 This practice establishes procedures for assessing the exposure of workers to airborne fibers who perform repetitive tasks of short duration where small quantities of asbestos-containing materials must be disturbed in order to perform maintenance and installation activities.1.2 This practice describes the facilities and equipment for performing the tasks under controlled conditions for the express purpose of collecting personal air samples to determine worker exposure. The tasks are performed on actual asbestos-containing materials during Exposure Assessment tests and precautions are taken for personal protection and avoiding contamination of adjacent spaces.1.3 This practice describes the air sample collection procedures, the analytical methods for the air samples, and the calculation of worker exposure including the use of statistical confidence limits. This practice differentiates between the test to obtain exposure data and the current job to which the data are applied, and describes the duties of the individuals who conduct these separate activities.1.4 The results are applied to the current job as defined herein for determining worker protection such as respiratory protection or for other purposes as determined by the competent person responsible for the current job. The results of the tests shall not be applied to current jobs that are expected to differ substantially from the test conditions in work practices, material properties or other factors that might affect the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers.1.5 This practice is not intended to be used for asbestos abatement work for which the objective is the removal of asbestos-containing materials. It is designed to assess exposures for short-term repetitive tasks. Compliance with regulatory requirements as to the purpose of the work and limits on the quantity of asbestos-containing materials disturbed is the responsibility of the user.1.6 This practice describes procedures for determining exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. It does not purport to determine the risk of acquiring an asbestos-related disease for any individual, trade or work practice, nor does it represent that compliance with any criterion constitutes a “safe” level of exposure that is free of such risk.1.7 Hazards—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers may result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions should be taken to avoid breathing airborne asbestos particles from materials known or suspected to contain asbestos. See 2.2 for regulatory requirements addressing asbestos.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Update No. 3 was published as notification that this is now a National Standard of Canada This PDF includes Updates #2 and #3 1. Scope 1.1 This Standard covers Type 1 (Class 3000) and Type 2 (Class 4000) asbestos cement (AC) pipe and pipe fittin

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1.1 This standard covers definitions pertaining to non-asbestos fiber-reinforced cement products under the jurisdiction of Committee C17.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers woven and braided asbestos tubular sleeving having a specified minimum mass % of asbestos fiber, excluding the mass of other inorganic strands which may be present. Asbestos tubular sleeving are classified into classes (Classes A, B, C, D, and E) based on the nature of the yarns from which they are braided or woven, into grades (Commercial, Underwriters', A, AA, AAA, and AAAA) based on the mass % of asbestos content, and types (Types II, IV, and VI) based on magnetic rating that identify performance limits. Specimens shall be sampled, prepared, tested, and comply accordingly with chemical (wire, organic, and inorganic reinforcements), physical (electrical insulation and magnetic rating), mechanical (tensile or breaking strength), and dimensional (inside diameter, wall thickness, mass per unit length, fabric count, and yarn number) property requirements.1.1 This specification covers woven and braided asbestos tubular sleeving having a minimum of 75 mass % of asbestos fiber, excluding the mass of other inorganic strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods, Section 13, described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazard, see 1.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Loose density gives an indication of the degree of fiberization, harshness, and loftiness of asbestos fiber.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the loose density of asbestos fiber for Groups 5 to 9, inclusive (as determined by Test Method D3639/D3639M).21.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”31.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard warning, see 1.3.

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5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techniques result in some modification of the airborne particulate matter. Even the collection of particles from a three-dimensional airborne dispersion on to a two-dimensional filter surface can be considered a modification of the particulate matter, and some of the particles, in most samples, are modified by the specimen preparation procedures. However, the procedures specified in this test method are designed to minimize the disturbance of the collected particulate material.5.2 This test method applies to analysis of a single filter and describes the precision attributable to measurements for a single filter (see 13.1). Multiple air samples are usually necessary to characterize airborne asbestos concentrations across time and space. The number of samples necessary for this purpose is proportional to the variation in measurement across samples, which may be greater than the variation in a measurement for a single sample.1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 The purpose of this guide is to (1) define good commercial and customary practice in the United States of America for conducting a baseline limited asbestos screen (hereinafter, LAS) to evaluate the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in major building systems within the interior of buildings involved in commercial real estate transactions, including, but not limited to, acquisitions, sales, leasing and financing; (2) facilitate consistency in the industry as to the scope and reports associated with an LAS; ( 3) establish reasonable expectations and an industry baseline standard of care for an LAS; and (4) recommend protocols for providers in communicating observations, opinions and recommendations in a manner meaningful to the user.1.2 Other Purpose LimitationsWhile an LAS is intended to reduce the risk of the presence of ACM within a building, it is not designed to eliminate that risk. The LAS presented in this guide is not intended to serve as a comprehensive asbestos building survey, comprehensive inspection or comprehensive assessment for the presence of ACM in all or most of the building systems throughout a building, nor does an LAS serve to adequately assess the presence of ACM in a building or portions thereof for pre-demolition, pre-renovation or OSHA notification purposes. For such services, a comprehensive asbestos building survey should be performed that meets applicable state and local regulations. In light of the foregoing purposes, this guide primarily offers scope and insight into the limited nature of asbestos screens driven by the commercial real estate market. It is recognized, however, that the asbestos industry utilizes procedures for sample collection, friability evaluation and analyses based upon such rules and regulations as AHERA, OSHA, and various state regulations. This guides use of terms defined by such regulations (e.g., friability, damage assessment, suspect materials) in no way implies that the scope of this guide is designed to meet all other mandates of those regulations.1.3 Considerations Beyond This The use of this guide is strictly limited to the scope set forth in this section. The scope of this guide does not include safety considerations, certification or licensure of inspectors other than requiring that work be performed in a safe manner and that inspectors be properly credentialed, as described in . The LAS set forth in this guide is not intended to eliminate the risk potential of ACM within the building, nor should it be interpreted as a comprehensive building asbestos survey, comprehensive inspection or comprehensive assessment for the presence of ACM in all or most of the building systems throughout a building, nor does this LAS serve to adequately assess the presence of ACM in a building or portions thereof for pre-demolition or pre-renovation purposes. Assessment of roofing materials and exterior materials (such as siding/stucco), conveying systems (such as escalators and elevators), energized systems (e.g., charged electrical systems, hydraulic and pneumatic pressure systems), or private single-family residences are specifically excluded from this guide. Such exclusions are addressed in comprehensive building asbestos surveys, or users may request the addition of the foregoing exclusions as Additional Services (see Section ). 1.4 Organization of the GuideThis guide has 12 sections. Section defines the . Section is Referenced Documents. Section is Terminology. Section defines the Significance and Use of this guide. Section describes User Responsibilities. Section sets forth the components of an LAS under this guide. Section describes the Interview and Report Review process. Section describes the scope of the building walk-through. Section provide Analytical Guidelines. Section describes LAS report contents. Section identifies Non- Considerations. Section lists keywords for Internet reference. 1.5 Uncertainty Is Not EliminatedA LAS is not designed to wholly eliminate uncertainty regarding the potential for the existence of asbestos-containing materials within the building systems of a building. Conformance with this guide is intended to reduce, but not eliminate, uncertainty regarding the potential for asbestos in major building systems within buildings. Although such uncertainty is generally reduced in proportion to an increased number of sampling locations and increased number of samples collected, this guide does not purport to be comprehensive or fully evaluate a building for the presence of asbestos-containing materials.This guide offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations and should be supplemented by education, experience and professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard guide does not necessarily represent the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projects unique aspects. The word "standard" in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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Sampling and conditioning are equally as important as testing. The reliability of the test results depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the true character and condition of the lot of asbestos fiber. Much care and effort are required to be sure that all the sampling operations are systematic or at random, and are representative. Failure to provide a test specimen that accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and the precision of the test method.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for taking a composite sample or a master composite sample (at the mine, at the factory, or from a consignment) from a lot of commercial milled amphibole fibers, conditioning the sample, and reducing it in quantity so as to provide a series of relatively small test specimens of loose asbestos fiber, each of which may be regarded as representative of the lot. (See for sampling strategy.)1.2 This test method is suitable for taking test specimens of amphibole asbestos for the following test methods: C 1119, C 1120, C 1121, C 1122, C 1123, C 1124, C 1125, C 1162, D 1118, D 2589, D 2752, D 2947, D 2985, D 2987, D 3639, D 3752, and D 3880.1.3 For sampling chrysotile asbestos, use Method D 2590.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 Warning-Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to "Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures."This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See for a specific hazard warning.

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5.1 This test method facilitates the comparison of different types and grades of chrysotile asbestos by the property most pertinent to its use in asbestos-cement, namely, the strength or reinforcing value it imparts to the product.5.2 While similar comparative results could be obtained on any given production equipment, this method allows the testing of small samples, avoids costly interruptions in production for numerous trial runs, and allows test values to be obtained by a single standard method so that results can be compared among different locations.5.3 Strength Unit (SU) value of a fiber blend used in asbestos-cement products may be estimated by taking the proportionate SU value of each component of the fiber blend.5.4 If the fiber blend is formulated with the aim to optimize another fiber property such as filterability, the SU calculation will assure that the blend will not fall below an acceptable strength level.5.5 This test method is restricted to grades of asbestos used in asbestos-cement products. Very long (Group 3) fibers are difficult to evaluate by this method because the test specimens produced may not be sufficiently homogeneous. Similarly, very short (Group 7) grades may not be retained satisfactorily in the mold during the pressing of test specimens or may not provide sufficient strength to meet the test requirements.NOTE 1: The term Group 3 or 7 refers to the standard designation for chrysotile asbestos grades established by the Quebec Asbestos Mining Association, See 2.2.5.6 Because of certain differences between this method and the many variations in plant production procedure commonly used in asbestos-cement manufacture, it is emphasized that the strength values obtained by this standardized procedure will not necessarily give exactly the same strength values as obtained at any one specific manufacturing plant.1.1 This test method gives a procedure for the evaluation of the strength-giving properties of asbestos fibers used to reinforce asbestos-cement products.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the number of strength units that may be assigned to the sample tested.1.3 Asbestos fiber possesses the ability to impart strength to an asbestos-cement product. Every fiber grade may be regarded as possessing a certain quantity of strength-giving units. The quantity of fiber required in an asbestos-cement composition varies inversely with the number of strength units it possesses. For example, if an amount, designated by X, of a fiber possessing 100 strength units produces a product of a given strength, 2X would be required to produce a product of equivalent strength from fiber possessing only 50 strength units.1.4 The following definition is the basis for the strength unit test: An asbestos fiber that gives the standard strength at the standard density when used as 10 % of the furnish is defined as having 100 strength units. Therefore, by knowing the percent fiber required in the mix to give standard strength at the standard density, it is possible to calculate the strength units of a sample of asbestos.1.5 This procedure is intended primarily for chrysotile asbestos; it has not been verified whether or not it is applicable to other types.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see 6.7.2, 7.5, 9.2.2, and 1.7.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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