定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

5.1 Overlap splices are used in field applications of FRP composites when site conditions prohibit continuous access to a structural element or when the specified length of the FRP composite is such that saturation and placement of the entire length would be cumbersome. This method can be used as a quality control mechanism for ensuring that overlap splices constructed under field conditions meet or exceed the requirements established by the design engineer or FRP system manufacturer. Both the saturant mixing and fiber saturation method can be verified for wet-layup FRP systems.5.2 Caution is recommended when interpreting apparent shear strength results obtained from this method. Single shear lap splices develop non-uniform shear stress distributions within the overlap splice region during testing. Additional guidance on the interpretation and use of results obtained from lap shear testing is found in D4896.5.3 This test method focuses on the FRP material itself, irrespective of gripping method. Therefore, strengths resulting from failure or pullout at either grip are disregarded. The strength measurements are based solely on test specimens that fail in the gauge section (away from the grips) or at the splice.1.1 This test method describes the requirements for sample preparation and tensile testing of single-lap shear splices formed with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials commonly used for strengthening of structures made of materials such as metals, timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The objective of this method is to determine the apparent shear strength of an overlap splice joint through the application of a far-field tensile force. The method applies to wet lay-up FRP material systems fabricated on site or in a laboratory setting. The FRP composite may be of either unidirectional (0°) or cross-ply (0/90 type) reinforcement. For cross-ply laminates, the construction may be achieved using multiple-layers of unidirectional fibers at either 0 or 90°, or one or more layers of stitched or woven 0/90 fabrics. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The method is often used to determine the length of the overlap splice needed to ensure that a tension failure occurs in the material away from the splice rather than the splice connection itself.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Susceptibility to delamination is one of the major design concerns for many advanced laminated composite structures. Knowledge of a laminated composite material’s resistance to interlaminar fracture is useful for product development and material selection. Furthermore, a measurement of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness that is independent of specimen geometry or method of force introduction is useful for establishing design allowables used in damage tolerance analyses of composite structures. Knowledge of both the non-precracked and precracked toughnesses allows the appropriate value to be used for the application of interest.5.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effect of fiber surface treatment, local variations in fiber volume fraction, and processing and environmental variables on GIIc of a particular composite material;5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of GIIc for composite materials with different constituents;5.2.3 To compare quantitatively the values of GIIc obtained from different batches of a specific composite material, for example, to use as a material screening criterion or to develop a design allowable; and5.2.4 To develop delamination failure criteria for composite damage tolerance and durability analyses.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, GIIc, of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates under mode II shear loading using the end-notched flexure (ENF) test (Fig. 1).FIG. 1 ENF Test Fixture and Specimen Nomenclature1.2 This method is limited to use with composites consisting of unidirectional carbon-fiber- and glass-fiber-reinforced laminates. This limited scope reflects the experience gained in round robin testing. This test method may prove useful for other types and classes of composite materials; however, certain interferences have been noted (see Section 6).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

5.1 General—Conventional ultrasonics should be considered first for the detection of overt flaws such as delaminations in composites. Thereafter, AU should be considered for composites that are proved to be free of major flaws or discontinuities. The AU method is intended almost exclusively for assessing the collective effects of dispersed defects and subcritical flaw populations. These are material aberrations that influence AU measurements and also underlie mechanical property variations, dynamic load response, and impact and fracture resistance.5.2 Specific Advantages—The AU method can be used to evaluate composite laminate and bond quality using access to only one surface as, for example, the exterior surface of pressure vessels. It is unnecessary to utilize angle beam fixtures because the method can always be applied with probes at normal incidence. The method can be applied using dry coupling with elastomer pads attached to the probes, and there is no need to immerse the examination object in water.5.3 General Applications—The AU method was devised to assess diffuse discontinuity populations and any associated changes of the mechanical properties of composites and composite-like materials. The AU method has been used to evaluate fiber-reinforced composites (6), composite laminates (7), filament-wound pressure vessels (8), adhesive bonds (9), paper and wood products (10), and cable and rope (11). The method has been shown to be particularly practical for assessing the strength of adhesively bonded joints. It has also been shown to be useful for assessing microporosity (12), micro-cracking (13), hydrothermal aging (14), and damage produced by impacts (15) and fatigue (16).1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and relative strength of composite structures (for example, filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.1.4 Additional information may be found in the publications cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The referenced works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Plastic composite materials for use as deck boards, stair treads, guards or handrails are evaluated in accordance with Test Method E84 to comply with building or residential code requirements. This Practice describes specimen mounting procedures for such materials.5.2 The material to be tested shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.NOTE 2: Test Method E84 assesses the comparative burning behavior of building materials. Thus, this practice addresses specimen preparation and mounting of materials at use thickness, with full width tunnel coverage.5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.1.1 This practice describes a procedure for specimen preparation and mounting when testing plastic composite materials for use as deck boards, stair treads, guards or handrails to assess flame spread index as a surface burning characteristic using Test Method E84.1.2 This practice applies to plastic composite materials, including plastic lumber and wood-plastic composites. The test specimens shall be self-supporting or held in place by added supports along the test surface, in accordance with Annex A4 of Test Method E84.1.3 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.1.4 This practice is applicable to (a) materials that are self-supporting and (b) materials that are not self-supporting but where the test specimen is held in place by added supports throughout the test duration without such severe sagging that it interferes with the effect of the gas flame on the test specimen.NOTE 1: Paragraph 1.4 reflects requirements contained in plastic lumber specifications.1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations and equipment.1.8 This practice gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting but the fire-test-response method shall be conducted in accordance with Test Method E84. See also Section 8 for information on operator safety.1.9 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Susceptibility to delamination is one of the major design concerns for many advanced laminated composite structures. Knowledge of a laminated composite material's resistance to interlaminar fracture is useful for product development and material selection. Furthermore, a measurement of the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness that is independent of specimen geometry or method of force introduction is useful for establishing design allowables used in damage tolerance analyses of composite structures. Knowledge of both the non-precracked and precracked toughness allows the appropriate value to be used for the application of interest.5.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effect of fiber surface treatment, local variations in fiber volume fraction, and processing and environmental variables on GIc of a particular composite material;5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of GIc for composite materials with different constituents;5.2.3 To compare quantitatively the values of GIc obtained from different batches of a specific composite material, for example, to use as a material screening criterion or to develop a design allowable; and5.2.4 To develop delamination failure criteria for composite damage tolerance and durability analyses.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the opening mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, GIc, of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates using the double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen (Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Double Cantilever Beam Specimen1.2 This test method is limited to use with composites consisting of unidirectional carbon-fiber and glass-fiber-reinforced laminates with brittle or tough single-phase polymer matrices. This limited scope reflects the experience gained in round-robin testing. This test method may prove useful for other types and classes of composite materials; however, certain interferences have been noted (see 6.6).1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车