定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元

5.1 This standard is useful for characterizing the wettability of surfaces. A surface that is easy to wet is one over which a coating is more likely to give good adhesion and appearance and less likely to suffer surface tension related defects such as crawling, cratering, pinholing and orange peel.5.2 This standard also can be used to test pigment surfaces for wettability, particularly by potential surfactant- or resin-based dispersants or mill bases. Easily wetted pigments are more likely to be easy to disperse and dispersants/mill bases that wet pigments of interest are more likely to disperse those pigments well.5.3 Although the contact angle is governed by the surface tensions of the test liquid and test surface, the angle cannot provide a surface tension value directly.5.4 A low advancing contact angle value (<45°) is indicative of wetting and angles of 10 to 20° are indicative of excellent wetting.5.5 Water can be used as a test liquid to establish (via the advancing contact angle) whether a surface is hydrophilic (angle <45°), hydrophobic (angle >90°) or somewhere in-between (angle of 45 to 90°). Water contact angles have been used to estimate surface cleanliness before and after cleaning operations, ease of wettability of surfaces by waterborne coatings and the effectiveness of rinsing processes.5.6 An organic liquid such as a solvent also can be used to characterize a substrate, coating or pigment. The resultant contact angle will depend on the surface tensions of the liquid and the test surface. A low surface tension (energy) test surface will not be wet by a high surface tension liquid.5.7 In addition to water and solvents, a surfactant dispersion or dispersant solution can be used to test a pigment surface. Any test liquid that is a potential dispersant for a test pigment must wet the pigment well or it will not work as a dispersant.5.8 Contact angle measurements can be used to map surfaces in terms of hydrophilicity, presence of low surface tension components or contaminants, or variations in composition. Other analytical methods such as infrared microscopy would be needed to identify the chemical moieties that give the contact angle differences.5.9 This test method can be used on nearly all coatings and substrates and may be extended to pigments by compressing the pigment powder into a solid disk.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the angle of contact when a drop of liquid is applied to a coated surface, substrate, or preformed disk of pigment.1.2 There are two types of contact angles, advancing and receding. This standard deals only with advancing contact angles.1.3 This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturer’s instructions for the device being used to make the measurements, but is not intended to replace them.1.4 A common test liquid is water, but many other liquids such as solvents, surfactant and dispersant solutions and even liquid paints can be used.1.5 This practice is based on goniometry, which involves the observation of a sessile drop of test liquid on a solid substrate.1.6 Although contact angles are governed by surface tension, this standard cannot be used to measure surface tension directly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is used to measure chemical permeation through specimens of protective clothing under the condition of intermittent contact of a test chemical with the specimen. In many applications, protective clothing is contacted intermittently to chemicals, not continuously as is tested by Test Method F739.5.2 This test method is normally used to evaluate flat specimens and seams from finished items of protective clothing and of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.5.2.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, sleeves, aprons, suits, coveralls, hoods, boots, respirators, and the like.5.2.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seams or other discontinuous regions as well as continuous regions of protective clothing items.5.2.3 Selected seams for testing are representative of seams used in the principal construction of the protective clothing item and typically include seams of both the base material and where the base material is joined with other types of materials.5.3 In some cases, it may be of interest to compare permeation behaviors that occur under conditions of intermittent contact with those that occur during continuous contact. Test Method F739 is recommended for measuring permeation under the conditions of continuous contact of the test chemical with the protective clothing specimen.5.4 The breakthrough detection time, standardized breakthrough time, and the cumulative permeation are key measures of the effectiveness of a clothing material to be a barrier to the test chemical. Such information is used in the comparison of clothing materials during the process of selecting clothing for protection from hazardous chemicals. Long breakthrough detection times and standardized breakthrough times and low amounts of cumulative permeation are characteristics of more effective barrier materials than materials with higher permeation characteristics.NOTE 1: At present, there is limited quantitative information about acceptable levels of dermal contact with most chemicals. Therefore, the data obtained using this test method cannot be used to infer safe exposure levels.5.4.1 The reporting of a standardized breakthrough time greater than a specific time period does not mean that no chemical permeated through the protective clothing material since the standard breakthrough time is determined based on the permeation rate reaching a level of 0.1 μg/cm2/min. Some chemical had already permeated the specimen prior to the reported standardized breakthrough time.5.4.2 The reporting of cumulative permeation over a specified test period is another means to report barrier performance of protective clothing for resistance to permeation. This measurement quantifies the total amount of chemical that passed through a known area of the material during the specified test period.NOTE 2: It is possible to relate cumulative permeation test results to the total amount of chemical to which an individual wearer may be exposed by accounting for the exposed surface area and the underlying air layer. This information has potential value when there are known maximum permitted skin exposure doses for specific chemicals.5.5 The sensitivity of the test method in detecting low permeation rates or amounts of the test chemical permeated is determined by the combination of: (1) the analytical technique and collection system selected, and (2) the ratio of material specimen area to collection medium volume or flow rate.5.5.1 The analytical technique employed shall be capable of measuring the concentration of the test chemical in the collection medium at or below 0.05 μg/cm2/min.5.5.2 Often, permeation tests will require measurement of the test chemical over several orders of magnitude in concentration, requiring adjustments in either the sample collection volume or concentration/dilution, or the analytical instrument settings over the course of the test.5.5.3 Higher ratios of material specimen area to collection medium volume or flow rate permit earlier detection of permeation because higher concentrations of the test chemical in the collection medium will develop in a given time period, relative to those that would occur at lower ratios.5.5.4 The sensitivity of an open-loop system is characterized by its minimum detectable permeation rate. A method for determining this value is presented in Appendix X1.5.5.5 The sensitivity of a closed-loop system is characterized by its minimum detectable mass permeated.5.6 Comparison of results of tests performed with different permeation test systems requires specific information on the test cell, procedures, contact and purge times, and analytical techniques. Results obtained from closed-loop and open-loop testing may not be directly comparable.5.7 While this method specifies standardized breakthrough time as the time at which the permeation rate reaches 0.1 μg/cm2/min, it is acceptable to continue the testing and also report a normalized breakthrough time at a permeation rate of 1.0 µg/cm2/min.5.7.1 It is permitted to terminate tests early if there is catastrophic permeation of the chemical through the protective clothing material and the rate of permeation could overwhelm the capability of the selected analytical technique.5.8 A group of chemicals that is commonly used in permeation testing is given in Guide F1001.5.9 Guide F1194 provides a recommended approach for reporting permeation test results.1.1 This test method measures the permeation of liquids and gases through protective clothing materials under the condition of intermittent contact.1.2 This test method is designed for use when the test chemical is a gas or a liquid, where the liquid is either volatile (that is, having a vapor pressure greater than 1 mm Hg at 25 °C) or soluble in water or another liquid that does not interact with the clothing material.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The information in the examples of this guide are intended to be a starting point for determining the appropriate DCT criteria for a test method that measures a temperature-dependent property of a product within the scope of Committee D02. The criteria examples noted in this guide are based on the liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometer design components, which are the bulb length, immersion depth, precision of measurement, thermometer position, and so forth. The parameters such as sensor length, immersion depth, and sheath diameter are especially critical when measuring the temperature of small static samples. This is due in part to the difference in thermal conductivity of a LiG vs. a DCT, however other aspects of the devices can contribute to unequal results. For example a DCT that is suitable for use in a stirred constant temperature bath will likely result in measurement errors when used to measure the temperature of a small static sample. This difference can be a degree or more when the sample temperature differs from room temperature by 40 °C or more using a 7 mm probe. This error is due to the difference in thermal conductivity and specific heat value of a DCT and LiG thermometer, however other aspects of the two different devices can contribute unequal results. One way to counter this is by reducing DCT sheath diameter, insulating the sheath above the immersion level, and using a probe that has a small immersion depth as determined by Practice D7962. For more guidance on selecting an appropriate DCT, see Guide E2877.5.2 When replacing a LiG thermometer with a DCT noted in this guide and the test method does not list any DCT criteria, it is incumbent on the user to verify the suitability of the DCT they have selected. This can be done by comparing measurements made with the selected DCT to those of a LiG thermometer and following the test procedure. Comparative measurements are especially important when measuring the temperature of a small static sample where there is a large difference between sample and room temperature. Covering the DCT probe sheath except for the sensing portion with a glass, plastic, or tubing with a lower thermal conductivity can improve the agreement between LiG and DCT measurements.1.1 The intent of this guide is to suggest an initial configuration and provide guidance when establishing the appropriate criteria needed for a DCT to correctly measure the temperature in a laboratory test method for products within the scope of this committee. This guide includes examples of the approximate digital contact thermometer (DCT) criteria that was found suitable for measuring temperature in the test methods utilized by Committee D02.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Many materials that come into contact with drinking water have the potential of impacting the aesthetic quality of the water. Some of these diverse materials include: storage reservoirs, concrete or metal piping, or both, sealants, synthetic reservoir covers and liners, mending adhesives, gaskets, paints, and plastics. Though NSF Standard 61 provides testing for health effects, it does not address taste and odor implications. A Utility Quick Test (1),4 has been proposed, but has not been adopted as an official test standard. Taste and odor problems have been reported as a result of organic compounds leaching from approved materials into water. Materials only need to be tested if they come into direct contact with drinking water.1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring odor and flavor properties of materials which may come into direct contact with municipal drinking water. For this method, “drinking water” will be considered water from the source (for example, river, lake, reservoir) through the municipal distribution system (that is, not including in-home or in-business taps). The focus of this test method is the evaluation of the materials in terms of their potential to transfer odors, flavors, or both to water.1.2 This test method provides sample preparation procedures, methods of sensory evaluation, and a process for interpretation of results.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. All materials that come into contact with drinking water are required to be approved through testing by accredited laboratories using NSF/ANSI Standard 61. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Insulations that are used as a part of the thermal insulation system in contact with austenitic stainless steels have the potential to become contaminated with water soluble corrosive ions which, in turn, if permitted to reach the stainless steel surface, are possible to contribute to external stress corrosion cracking (ESCC). Therefore, it is important to reduce the exposure of such insulating materials to water-soluble corrosive ion compounds at all stages of manufacture, handling, shipping, storage, and application. During manufacture, precautions shall be taken to minimize water soluble corrosive ion content, both in the material and as surface contamination. Once the manufacture is complete, care must be exercised during handling, transporting, shipping, storage, receiving, and application to avoid contamination with corrosive ions that can be transported by water through the insulation materials onto the stainless steel surface. This practice presents criteria which, if followed, will minimize the risks of ESCC associated with the application of insulation materials. It must be emphasized, however, that because of the many variable factors present, complete freedom from ESCC can not be assured under all circumstances, even when following the guidance of this practice.4.2 Continued protection of the insulation and the stainless steel surface from moisture and contamination after the insulation system is installed and over its entire service life is of significant importance. In-service contamination has the potential to occur from many sources; for example, from airborne contaminates, rain or salt spray, periodic fire sprinkler system tests, wash-downs, or process leakage. Weather barrier jacketing systems and proper application shall be chosen to provide long-term protection in the intended use environment.4.3 The entire insulation system shall be periodically inspected and maintained. Insulation that is suspected of contamination shall be retested or immediately replaced. Wash down of insulated pipe and equipment shall be avoided. Whenever possible, protective coatings or finishes shall be applied directly to the stainless steel surface as the primary source of corrosion protection.1.1 This practice is intended to provide guidance and direction in the handling, transporting, shipping, storage, receiving, and application of thermal insulating materials to be used as a surface treatment or as part of the thermal insulation system in contact with austenitic stainless steel.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车