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定价： 293元 / 折扣价： 250 元 加购物车

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1.1 This guide covers recommended formats for the recording of fatigue and fracture test data for inclusion in computerized material property databases. From this information, the database designer should be able to construct the data dictionary preparatory to developing a database schema. Not covered within the scope of this guide are guidelines for the identification of the materials themselves, or descriptions of the materials, or both. Those guidelines are covered in separate standards, such as Guides E1338 and E1339. 1.2 The recommended format specified in this guide is suggested for use in recording data in a database, that is different from contractual reporting of actual test results for a specific lot of material. The latter type of information is specified in materials specifications shown in business transactions and is subject to agreement between supplier and purchaser. 1.3 This guide is specific to plane-strain fracture toughness test data based on Test Method E399, fatigue crack growth rate test data based on Test Method E647, and strain-controlled fatigue testing based on Practice E606. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.NOTE 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice is applicable to the processing of road surface profiles for the purpose of computing a single numerical index related to the roughness of a profile.1.2 A data record of the surface profile, measured according to an applicable test method, is assumed. The data record may be a representation of either elevation, slope, or acceleration.1.3 Procedures are defined for computing the index over the length of the profile record, or over specified sub-sections of the record.1.4 This practice covers only the computation procedures and does not specify or define the form of the profile index weighting function except in the requirement that the index be expressed in the form of either a "mean square" or "root mean square" measure of the surface profile. The numerical value of the computed index will depend on the weighting and window functions used. The weighting function used can incorporate any linear mathematical operation, such as multiplication by a constant, differentiation, or integration. Measures obtained using nonlinear operations, such as rectification, are not covered.

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4.1 Uniform asset management data is intended to provide a means of enabling accurate summary level information and reports to improve operational and strategic management capabilities at all phases of the asset lifecycle.4.2 Entities should manage the asset management records system in accordance with this practice to maintain data consistency, integrity, and usability and thus achieve uniform data.1.1 This practice is intended to be used for records of all types of assets.1.2 This practice provides guidance on establishing and maintaining uniform asset data within an asset management records system.1.3 See ASTM E2604, Standard Practice for Data Characteristics of Equipment Asset Record, for mandatory and optional data characteristics required in the creation of an asset record.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

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4.1 Many U.S. healthcare and health information systems leaders believe that electronic health information systems that include computer-based patient records will improve health care. To achieve this goal these systems will need to protect individual privacy of patient data, provide appropriate access, and use adequate data security measures. Sound information policies and practices must be in place prior to the wide-scale deployment of health information systems. Strong enforceable privacy policies must shape the development and implementation of these systems.4.2 The purposes of patient records are to document the course of the patient's illness or health status during each encounter and episode of care; to furnish documentary evidence of the course of the patient's health evaluation, treatment and change in condition; to document an individual's health status; to provide data for preventive care; to document communication between the practitioner responsible for the patient's care and any other healthcare practitioner who contributes to the patient's care; to assist in protecting the legal interest of the patient, the health care facility and the responsible practitioner; to provide continuity of care; to provide data to substantiate insurance claims; to provide a basis for evaluating the adequacy and appropriateness of care; and to provide data for use in continuing education and research.4.3 Health information is a broad concept. It includes all information related to an individual's physical and mental health, the provision of health care generally, and payment for health care. The patient record is a major component of the health information system. The creation of electronic databases and communication protocols to transfer data between systems presents new opportunities to implement more effective systems for health information, to enhance patient care, reduce the cost of health care, and improve patient outcomes. National standards guide all that have responsibilities for records and information systems containing person identifiable health data and information.4.4 This guide also acknowledges the large and growing list of health information databases already in existence. These databases have been assembled to pay for services rendered (insurance), to validate the appropriate use of patient services (utilization management), to support policy (national levels), to gather data for research/tracking of specific problems (registries—such as tumor, trauma, birth defects, mental health case management), to prevent the spread of disease (required reporting of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, gonorrhea, AIDS), and to respond to new uses which are proposed each year.4.5 National standards delineating principles and practices in the areas of confidentiality, privacy, access, and data security will provide a guide for policy, law, and systems development and a base for standards for electronic health information regardless of its location.1.1 This guide covers the principles for confidentiality, privacy, access, and security of person identifiable health information. The focus of this standard is computer-based systems; however, many of the principles outlined in this guide also apply to health information and patient records that are not in an electronic format. Basic principles and ethical practices for handling confidentiality, access, and security of health information are contained in a myriad of federal and state laws, rules and regulations, and in ethical statements of professional conduct. The purpose of this guide is to synthesize and aggregate into a cohesive guide the principles that underpin the development of more specific standards for health information and to support the development of policies and procedures for electronic health record systems and health information systems.1.2 This guide includes principles related to:  SectionPrivacy 7Confidentiality 8Collection, Use, and Maintenance 9Ownership 10Access 11Disclosure/Transfer of Data 12Data Security 13Penalties/Sanctions 14Education 151.3 This guide does not address specific technical requirements. It is intended as a base for development of more specific standards.

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