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1. Scope 1.1 This Standard is concerned with the geometric irregularities of surfaces of solid materials. It establishes defi nite classifications for roughness, waviness, lay, and a set of symbols for drawings, specifications, and reports, and makes

定价： 319元 / 折扣价： 272 元

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5.1 The use of STM images and data is for purposes of textural quality assessment and calculation of figures of merit, and for high purity gas system clean room components.5.2 This test method defines a standard data presentation format and suggests figures of merit that utilize STM's ability to analyze three-dimensional surface features.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to define a method for analyzing the surface texture of the above-mentioned components using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). STM is a noncontact method of surface profiling that can measure three-dimensional surface features in the nanometer size range, which can then be used to represent the surface texture or to provide figures of merit. Application of this test method, where surface texture is used as a selection criterion, is expected to yield comparable data among different components tested.1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This test method is limited to characterization of stainless steel surfaces that are smoother than Ra = 0.25 μm, as determined by a contact-stylus profilometer and defined by ANSI B46.1. The magnifications and height scales used in this test method were chosen with this smoothness in mind.1.2.2 Intentional etching or conductive coating of the surface are considered modifications of the gas-wetted surface and are not covered by this test method.1.2.3 This test method does not cover steels that have an oxide layer too thick to permit tunneling under the test conditions outlined in 11.3.1.3 This technique is written with the assumption that the STM operator understands the use of the instrument, its governing principles, and any artifacts that can arise. Discussion of these points is beyond the scope of this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification details the design, performance, and operating features of trailers used for measuring vehicular response to road roughness. The instrumentation for sensing the movements of the trailer is, however, not covered here. The trailer covered here is a two-wheeled, single-axle vehicle that is towed on highways at typical traffic speeds while the relative movement between the axle and body is transduced and recorded as an indication of road roughness.1.1 This specification covers the design, performance, and operating features of a trailer used for measuring response to road roughness.1.2 The specified trailer is a two-wheeled, single-axle vehicle that is towed on highways at typical traffic speeds while the relative movement between the axle and body is transduced and recorded as an indication of road roughness.1.3 The instrumentation for sensing the movements of the trailer is not covered in this specification. One example of instrumentation is described in Test Method E1082.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 The following caveat pertains only to Section 5 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating traveled surface roughness. The measured values represent vehicular response to traveled surface roughness obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other methods.31.1 This test method covers the determination of vehicular response to traveled surface roughness.1.2 This test method utilizes an apparatus that measures the relative motion of a sprung mass system in response to traveled surface roughness where the mass is supported by automotive-type suspension and tires.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

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4.1 This test method provides a means for obtaining a standard roughness index using generic equipment. This particular test method is simple but labor intensive, and is most appropriate for establishing reference roughness levels for a limited number of test sites.4.2 Test sites whose roughness is measured with this test method can be used to calibrate response-type measuring systems (see Test Method E1082).4.3 Such sites can also be used to verify proper operation of other profile measuring systems, and to establish accuracy levels for other profile measuring systems (see Test Method E950/E950M).1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a longitudinal profile of a travelled surface using a static level for the purpose of obtaining a road roughness index. This test method is suitable for all surface types that are travelled by conventional ground vehicles, including paved and unpaved roads.1.2 This test method is labor intensive with respect to other means for measuring longitudinal profile, and is used mainly for (1) validating other profile measuring methods, and (2) calibrating response-type roughness measuring systems.NOTE 1: When measuring road roughness with a static level for the purposes of validating other profile measuring methods or calibrating response-type roughness measuring systems, the static level measurement process should be evaluated to ensure the measurements are within the resolution required in Table 1. It is recommended that several locations be marked at various distances from the level and these locations be measured in sequence several times to establish if the readings stay within the resolution required. Wind, distance between the rod and the level, surface texture, and positioning of the rod all have significant impact on the repeatability of the elevation measurements. Any variation from the true elevations will primarily affect the bias as explained in 10.2. To determine the effect of random variations, random variations can be added to an existing profile and the IRI recalculated to determine the impact of the variations.1.3 This test method describes the computation required for one particular type of roughness index, the vehicle simulation used in the International Roughness Index (IRI). Additionally, the profile obtained with this test method can be processed to obtain other roughness measures.1.4 This test method includes two levels of accuracy that can be chosen according to need. The more accurate, designated as Class 1, reduces the measurement error of the roughness index to less than 2 % of the true value of the index. The second, designated as Class 2, involves errors less than 5 %.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Measures obtained by a response-type system depend primarily on the vehicle design and condition, the load, the measuring speed, and a host of environmental conditions. Even with control of all significant variables, the response of every vehicle is unique. Thus, raw measures from such a system are not reproducible with other systems.4.2 The calibration described in this practice provides a method for converting the raw output of a particular response-type system to a reproducible standard roughness scale.4.2.1 The response of a vehicle to road roughness is a complex phenomenon that cannot be summarized in a laboratory test. Therefore, the calibration is made through correlation with standard roughness index values established for calibration sites situated on representative roads. The data from the calibration sites are analyzed to determine an equation to estimate the standard roughness index from an RTSN.4.3 The estimate of the standard roughness index made by transforming an RTSN is subject to three types of error:4.3.1 Random Error of the Response-Type System (Repeatability)—This error includes operator error and variability in the response of the vehicle and other components of the response-type system. It can be reduced by performing repeated measurements with the response-type system and averaging the individual measurements to estimate the true RTSN for a site. Appendix X1 describes a test method for determining the magnitude of in-use repeatability error.NOTE 1: The length of the site or sites used to estimate in-use repeatability shall be equal to the minimum length of the test sections to be surveyed by the response-type system. This may require test sites that are longer than those profiled for the calibration.4.3.2 Bias Error in the Calibration Equation—Estimates of the standard roughness index are biased if the calibration equation is incorrect or if no calibration equation is used. The purpose of this standard practice is to reduce bias to a negligible level. If desired, the magnitude of bias remaining after calibration can be estimated from data collected in the calibration.4.3.3 Standard Error of the Estimate (Error Due to Interactions Between Site Effects and Response-Type System Effects)—This error is constant (a bias) for a particular combination of response-type system and site, but it is random with site selection. Ultimately it limits the accuracy of the estimate of the standard roughness of a site made with a response-type system. The error can be estimated from data collected in the calibration.4.3.3.1 The standard error of the estimate estimates the error due to physical differences in response between a particular response-type system and the standard roughness index. It cannot be reduced by a mathematical transform.4.3.3.2 Three physical variables that are controllable and that influence the standard error of the estimate are vehicle test speed, shock absorber damping stiffness, and vehicle tire pressure. For most vehicles, maximum reproducibility of standard roughness index estimates is obtained by adopting a test speed of 80 km/h [50 mph], by equipping the vehicle with stiff shock absorbers, and by maintaining a standard tire pressure. (See also 8.2.)4.4 Periodic verification is essential to ensure that the calibration remains valid.1.1 This practice describes equipment and procedures for the calibration of systems used for measuring vehicular response to pavement roughness. Such systems are referred to as response-type systems. (See Test Method E1082.)1.2 The response-type system includes the driven vehicle, the driver and contents of the vehicle, the towed trailer (if one is used with the system), and a device called a road meter that measures the vehicle response to pavement roughness. The road meter may be mounted in an automobile, van, or in a towed trailer. Response-type (road meter) devices covered in this practice include: devices measuring the relative axle-body motion of a vehicle, devices measuring the vertical acceleration of the vehicle body, and devices measuring the vertical acceleration of the vehicle axle.1.3 The calibration procedures described in this practice are limited to the use of the simulations described in Practice E1170.1.4 This practice is not intended to apply to pavement roughness measuring equipment whose output is not influenced by the response of the host vehicle.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车