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4.1 This practice is useful as a screening basis for acceptance or rejection of transparencies during manufacturing so that units with identifiable flaws will not be carried to final inspection for rejection at that time.4.2 This practice may also be employed as a go-no go technique for acceptance or rejection of the finished product.4.3 This practice is simple, inexpensive, and effective. Flaws identified by this practice, as with other optical methods, are limited to those that produce temperature gradients when electrically powered. Any other type of flaw, such as minor scratches parallel to the direction of electrical flow, are not detectable.1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for detecting flaws in the conductive coating (heater element) by the observation of polarized light patterns.1.2 This practice applies to coatings on surfaces of monolithic transparencies as well as to coatings imbedded in laminated structures.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This standard is broadly applicable to all autonomous systems, including both physical and non-physical systems. Examples of the former include vehicles with automated driving systems or assisted living (care) robots. Examples of the latter include medical diagnosis (recommender) systems or chatbots. Of particular interest to this standard are autonomous systems that have the potential to cause harm. Safety-critical systems are therefore within scope. This standard considers systems that have… read more the capacity to directly cause either physical, psychological, societal, economic or environmental, or reputational harm, as within scope. Harm might also be indirect, such as unauthorized persons gaining access to confidential data or "victimless crimes" that affect no-one in particular yet have an impact upon society or the environment. Intelligent autonomous systems that use machine learning are also within scope. The data sets used to train such systems are also within the scope of this standard when considering the transparency of the system as a whole. This standard provides a framework to help developers of autonomous systems both review and, if needed, design features into those systems to make them more transparent. The framework sets out requirements for those features, the transparency they bring to a system, and how they would be demonstrated in order to determine conformance with this standard. Future standards may choose to focus on specific applications or technology domains. This standard is intended as an "umbrella" standard from which domain-specific standards might develop (for instance, standards for transparency in autonomous vehicles, medical or healthcare technologies, etc.). This standard does not provide the designer with advice on how to design transparency into their system. Instead, it defines a set of testable levels of transparency and a standard set of requirements that shall be met in order to satisfy each of these levels. Transparency cannot be assumed. An otherwise well-designed system may not be transparent. Many well-designed systems are not transparent. Autonomous systems, and the processes by which they are designed, validated, and operated, will only be transparent if this is designed into them. In addition, methods for testing, measuring, and comparing different levels of transparency in different systems are needed. Note that system-system transparency (transparency of one system to another) is out of scope for this standard. However, this document does address the transparency of the engineering process. Transparency regarding how subsystems within an autonomous system interact is also within the scope of this standard. read less

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