定价： 936元 / 折扣价： 796 元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元

定价： 689元 / 折扣价： 586 元

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified and authorized to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. A certified Level III shall be available to assist with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person).4.2 Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).4.3 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of Reference Radiographs E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in the purchaser supplier agreement (see Note 2 and 5.1).4.4 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.1.1 These reference radiographs2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.3.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.NOTE 2: Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories, except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference Radiographs E186 and E280. Reference Radiographs E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.3, 5.1, and 6.3).1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2868.1.3 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X-rays. (II) 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X-rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:1.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types:1.3.3.1 Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.3.2 Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.3.3 Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.3.4 Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.3.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration.1.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration.1.3.6 Category F—Insert; 1 illustration.1.3.7 Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration.NOTE 3: The reference radiographs consist of the following:  Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250 kVp) X-ray Reference Radiographs—set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder. Volume II: 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs—Set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.  Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs—Set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.NOTE 4: Although Category G–Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III.1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers steel castings, general requirements, for pressure-containing parts. The steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric-furnace process, with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise designated by the individual specification. Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide substantially complete transformation of austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties. The material shall conform to the specified chemical composition requirements. An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified. The mechanical test methods and definitions are presented in details. One tension test shall be made from each heat, and shall conform to the tensile requirements specified. Test coupons shall be cast from the same heat as the castings represented, except that for investment castings, the test coupons shall be cast in the same type of mold as the castings. After machining, each casting shall be tested under specified hydrostatic shell test pressures in the applicable steel rating for which the casting is designed.1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to steel castings for pressure-containing parts under each of the following ASTM specifications:  Title of Specification ASTM Designation     Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, A216/A216M  for High-Temperature Service  Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for A217/A217M  Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-    Temperature Service  Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing A351/A351M  Parts  Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A352/A352M  Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature    Service  Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A389/A389M  Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-    Temperature Service  Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A487/A487MCastings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel A990/A990M  Alloys, Specially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining Parts for Corrosive Service  Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) A995/A995M  Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts  1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements which may be applied to the above specifications as indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 In case of conflict between the requirements of the individual specification and this general specification, the former shall prevail.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Reference images for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting discontinuities and corresponding image indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).4.2 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference images also apply to related government and commercial material specifications:Valve bronze castings B61AComposition bronze or ounce metal castings B62BTin bronze sand castings B584Leaded red brass sand castings B584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271(A) Similar to MIL-B-16541.(B) Similar to MIL-B-16444.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related alloy castings. The digital reference images are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed (see Section 2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of 22 21/2 by 51/2-in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductions originally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of these images were produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven (sand inclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with 3/4-in. plate castings originally derived for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The 1-in. plate castings address gas porosity, linear shrinkage, and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard are shown in 1.2.1 to 1.2.5:1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.2 Category B—Sand inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; two types:1.2.3.1 Ca—Linear shrinkage; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.3.2 Cd—Feathery and spongy shrinkage (see Note 2); severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).NOTE 2: The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrate aggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discontinuity types (see 5.1).1.2.4 Category D—Hot tear; one illustration.1.2.5 Category E—Inserts, chaplets; one illustration.1.3 All areas of this standard may be subject to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in tin bronze castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of tin bronze castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E310.1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production examination. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes (see Note 3).NOTE 3: The digital reference images consist of a set of digital image files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 22 reference images illustrate four categories of graded discontinuities (1.2.1 (Gas porosity), 1.2.2 (Sand inclusion), 1.2.3.1 (Linear shrinkage), and 1.2.3.2 (Feathery shrinkage)) and two categories of ungraded discontinuities (1.2.4 (Hot tear) and 1.2.5 (Inserts)) and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE3185.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车