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定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

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5.1 The AHP method allows you to generate a single measure of desirability for project/product/process alternatives with respect to multiple attributes (qualitative and quantitative). By contrast, life-cycle cost (Practice E917), net savings (Practice E1074), savings-to-investment ratio (Practice E964), internal rate-of-return (Practice E1057), and payback (Practice E1121) methods all require you to put a monetary value on benefits and costs in order to include them in a measure of project/product/process worth.5.2 Use AHP to evaluate a finite and generally small set of discrete and predetermined options or alternatives. Specific AHP applications are ranking and choosing among alternatives. For example, rank alternative building locations with AHP to see how they measure up to one another, or use AHP to choose among building materials to see which is best for your application.5.3 Use AHP if no single alternative exhibits the most preferred available value or performance for all attributes. This is often the result of an underlying trade-off relationship among attributes. An example is the trade-off between low desired energy costs and large glass window areas (which may raise heating and cooling costs while lowering lighting costs).5.4 Use AHP to evaluate alternatives whose attributes are not all measurable in the same units. Also use AHP when performance relative to some or all of the attributes is impractical, impossible, or too costly to measure. For example, while life-cycle costs are directly measured in monetary units, the number and size of offices are measured in other units, and the public image of a building may not be practically measurable in any unit. To help you choose among candidate buildings with these diverse attributes, use AHP to evaluate your alternatives.5.5 The AHP method is well-suited for application to a variety of sustainability-related topics. Guide E2432 states when applying the concept of sustainability, it is necessary to assess and balance three dissimilar yet interrelated general principles—environment, economic, and social—based on the best information available at the time the decision is made. Use AHP for pairwise comparisons among environmental attributes, among economic attributes, and among social attributes, and for establishing relative importance weights for each attribute and for each of the three general principles to which the attributes are attached. Use the AHP-established relative importance weights to select the preferred project/product/process from among the competing alternatives.5.6 Potential users of AHP include architects, developers, owners, or lessors of buildings, real estate professionals (commercial and residential), facility managers, building material manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, product and process engineers, life cycle assessment experts, and agencies managing building portfolios.1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating and interpreting AHP scores of a project’s/product’s/process’ total overall desirability when making capital investment decisions.3 Projects include design, construction, operation, and disposal of commercial and residential buildings and other engineered structures.4 Products include materials, components, systems, and equipment.5 Processes include procurement, materials management, work flow, fabrication and assembly, quality control, and services.1.2 In addition to monetary benefits and costs, the procedure allows for the consideration of characteristics or attributes which decision makers regard as important, but which are not readily expressed in monetary terms. Examples of such attributes that pertain to the selection among project/product/process alternatives are: a construction projects’s building alternatives whose nonmonetary attributes are location/accessibility, site security, maintainability, quality of the sound and visual environment, and image to the public and occupants; building products based on their economic and environmental performance; and sustainability-related issues for key construction processes that address environmental needs, while considering project safety, cost, and schedule.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The test method is designed to demonstrate that all accessible surfaces and internal recesses or lumina of previously cleaned, reusable medical devices can be rendered free of recoverable microorganisms when processed in a specified sterilizer cycle.5.2 Surviving spores are recovered by swabbing, brushing, or irrigating with an elution fluid. Recovery methods may be enhanced by mechanical action, sonication, and repeated flushing with elution fluid.NOTE 1: The spore inoculation technique described in this test method is only one of the available procedures for testing the sterilization of devices. Spores on paper strips (biological indocators) are a traditional tool used to develop and monitor sterilization cycles and are also appropriate for the evaluation of sterilization of medical devices.51.1 This test method covers a reproducible procedure for testing processes used to sterilize reusable medical devices (instruments). This test method is not designed to validate a sterilization process, but tests an established sterilization cycle or process. It is a practical test of the effectiveness of a sterilization process applied to reusable medical devices. Bacterial spores more resistant to the test sterilant than the natural bioburden of the instrument are used as the test organisms. Commercially available liquid suspensions of bacterial spores are used to inoculate the instruments.1.2 This test method is intended for reusable medical devices cleaned in accordance with the device manufacturer's instructions and prepared for sterilization in accordance with the instructions for the sterilization process being used.1.3 This test method assumes that cleaned, reusable medical devices will be free of visible soil but may have remaining adherent bioburden. A worst-case bioburden can be represented by suspensions of bacterial endospores, which are commercially available for monitoring chemical or physical sterilization processes. These endospores should have a verifiable resistance (D value) to the specific process and sterilant being evaluated.21.4 It is impractical to test for the sterility of some devices by immersion in growth medium because of their complexity, size, and availability (for long-term incubation) or adverse effects on the devices from long-term immersion. Therefore, elution, rinsing, or swabbing techniques are used to recover test organisms from inoculated devices.1.5 A recovery control will be included by inoculation of a test device and use of the elution methods without applying the sterilization process being tested. A minimal recovery of 106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL per device is required for the recovery control.1.6 Results of the recovery control and process test cycle are compared to determine the effectiveness of the sterilization process.1.7 Results of the recovery control and applied inoculum are compared to determine the recovery efficiency, if desired.1.8 The procedure should reveal that tested devices are free of recoverable microorganisms when five or more consecutive tests are conducted.1.9 A knowledge of microbiological techniques is required to conduct these procedures.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 The requirements in this document are for part manufacturers using additive manufacturing techniques and are independent of the used material and manufacturing method.1.2 This document specifies criteria for AM relevant processes as well as quality-relevant characteristics and factors along the additive system operations and defines activities and sequences within an additive manufacturing production site.1.3 This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technologies defined in ISO/ASTM 52900 and defines quality assurance measures along the manufacturing process.1.4 Environment, health and safety aspects are not covered comprehensively in this document. The corresponding content is addressed in the equipment manufacturer guidelines and ISO/ASTM 52931, ISO 27548,2 ISO/ASTM 52933, and ISO/ASTM 52938-1.31.5 This document provides requirements that are additional to those provided by a quality management system (such as, ISO 9001, ISO/TS 22163, ISO 19443, EN 9100, ISO 13485, IATF 16949). Additionally, this document can be used to establish quality management system relevant content that is specific to AM-technology.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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