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4.1 The pH is the measure of the free hydrogen ion concentration of a sample, and it indicates whether an electrocoat bath is acidic, neutral, or basic. Since pH measurements of good precision are made in aqueous solutions, it is suggested that the pH measurements of electrocoat baths are only semi-quantitative, and therefore such measurements should be referred to as apparent pH measurements.4.2 The pH of electrocoat paints is used for research, production, and quality control or electrocoat bath process control.4.3 Other related methods for determining the pH of water or aqueous systems are described in Test Methods D1293 and E70.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the free hydrogen ion concentration of electrocoat baths and their ultrafiltrates.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate information can be useful in predicting pressure drops in grease distribution systems under steady-state flow conditions at constant temperature.1.1 This test method covers measurement, in poises, of the apparent viscosity of lubricating greases in the temperature range from −54 °C to 38 °C (−65 °F to 100 °F). Measurements are limited to the range from 25 P to 100 000 P at 0.1 s−1 and 1 P to 100 P at 15 000 s−1.NOTE 1: At very low temperatures the shear rate range may be reduced because of the great force required to force grease through the smaller capillaries. Precision has not been established below 10 s−1.1.2 This standard uses inch-pound units as well as SI (acceptable metric) units. The values stated first are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. The capillary dimensions in SI units in Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 are standard.1.3 This test method uses mercury thermometers. WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location. The responsible subcommittee, D02.G0, continues to explore alternatives to eventually replace the mercury thermometers.1.3.1 In addition, temperature measuring devices such as liquid-in-glass thermometers (Specifications E1 and E2251), thermocouples, thermistors, or platinum resistance thermometers that provide equivalent or better accuracy and precision, that cover the temperature range for ASTM thermometer 49C, may be used.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 If the material to be tested includes forming skins, the apparent overall density, or the apparent core density, or both, shall be determined. If the material does not have forming skins, the term overall density is not applicable.4.2 This test method is also applicable to spray foam materials.4.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions in this method apply.4.4 When density or apparent density is used in reference to a cellular plastic, without further qualification, it shall be interpreted as follows:4.4.1 density—shall be interpreted as being the apparent overall density if the material is to be used with forming skins intact.4.4.2 density—shall be interpreted as the apparent core density if the forming skins have been, or will be, removed before the material is used.1.1 This test method covers the density of a cellular plastic. Density can be evaluated as the apparent overall density (includes forming skins) or by apparent core density (forming skins removed).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 845.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine a physical property of a wax and may determine the utility of the wax, as well as being a significant quality control test.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the viscosity of polyethylene wax using small-volume, concentric cylinder, rotational viscometer and a temperature bath at 140 °C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The units in parentheses are provided for user convenience and are not standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.NOTE 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.5.4.1 In the event that the dispute involves test results produced with the capillary porometer, Method A1 is considered the referee method for Test Methods D4751.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Methods A1 and A2) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Specific gravity, apparent, may be used as a qualitative test in establishing the identity of a chemical. It may be used to calculate the volume occupied by a product whose weight is known, or to calculate the weight of a product from its volume. It may be used to determine the composition of binary mixtures of pure chemicals. In the case of most refined industrial chemicals specific gravity, apparent, is of minimal value in defining quality, although it may detect gross contamination.4.2 Of the two test methods described, the pycnometer method (Test Method B, 1.1.2) is the most accurate and precise. For this reason it is the preferred method in case of disputes. The hydrometer method (Test Method A, 1.1.1) is the least accurate and precise, but it is also the simplest and fastest to perform and is often entirely satisfactory for many purposes. If the sample is too viscous to permit the hydrometer to float freely, the pycnometer test method should be used.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity, apparent, of liquid industrial chemicals. Two test methods are covered as follows:1.1.1 Test Method A, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a hydrometer.1.1.2 Test Method B, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a pycnometer.NOTE 1: Test Method D4052 describes an instrumental procedure.1.2 In common usage the term specific gravity, apparent, is understood to mean specific gravity.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in these test methods with the exception of Fahrenheit (°F) in 5.1 as an example of a possible industrial specification unit.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 8 and 16.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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