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3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.(A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Integrating ergonomic principles into new occupational systems may help businesses develop processes that do not exceed worker capabilities and limitations.5.2 Jobs and tasks that conform to worker capabilities and limitations may be performed more efficiently, safely, and consistently than those that do not.5.3 The application of ergonomic principles to the processes involved in occupational systems may help avoid system failures and inefficiencies.5.4 The integration of ergonomic principles at the earliest stages of process concept and design may facilitate appropriate design, layout, and allocation of resources and may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.5.5 Designing jobs that fit the capabilities of larger population segments may increase an organization's accessibility to the available labor pool.5.6 The integration of ergonomic principles into occupational systems may increase profit by lowering direct and indirect costs associated with preventable losses, injuries, and illnesses.5.7 The bibliography contains a list of reference materials that may be useful in particular applications. All appendixes are nonmandatory.1.1 This guide is intended to assist in the integration of ergonomic principles into the design and planning of new occupational systems from the earliest design stages through implementation. Doing so may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Each Facility Rating Scale (see Figs. 1-12) in this classification provides a means to estimate the level of serviceability of a building or facility for one topic of serviceability and to compare that level against the level of any other building or facility.4.2 This classification can be used for comparing how well different buildings or facilities meet a particular requirement for serviceability. It is applicable despite differences such as location, structure, mechanical systems, age, and building shape.4.3 This classification can be used to estimate the amount of variance of serviceability from target or from requirement, for a single office facility or within a group of office facilities.4.4 This classification can be used to estimate the following:4.4.1 Serviceability of an existing facility for uses other than its present use.4.4.2 Serviceability (potential) of a facility that has been planned but not yet built.4.4.3 Serviceability (potential) of a facility for which remodeling has been planned.4.5 Use of this classification does not result in building evaluation or diagnosis. Building evaluation or diagnosis generally requires a special expertise in building engineering or technology and the use of instruments, tools, or measurements.4.6 This classification applies only to facilities that are building constructions, or parts thereof. (While this classification may be useful in rating the serviceability of facilities that are not building constructions, such facilities are outside the scope of this classification.)4.7 This classification is not intended for, and is not suitable for, use for regulatory purposes, nor for fire hazard assessment nor for fire risk assessment.1.1 This classification covers matched sets of scales for classifying an aspect of the serviceability of an office facility, that is, the capability of an office facility to meet certain possible requirements for layout and building factors.1.2 Within that aspect of serviceability, each matched set of scales, shown in Figs. 1-12, are for classifying one topic of serviceability. Each topic is typically broken down into two or more demand functions or supply features. Each paragraph in an Occupant Requirement Scale (see Figs. 1-12) summarizes one level of serviceability on that function, which occupants might require. The matching entry in the Facility Rating Scale (see Figs. 1-12) is a translation of the requirement into a description of certain features of a facility which, taken in combination, indicate that the facility is likely to meet that level of required serviceability.FIG. 1 Demand Scale A.7.1.1 for Constraints on LayoutFIG. 2 Demand Scale A.7.1.2 for Constraints of Population DensityFIG. 3 Demand Scale A.7.1.3 for Cost of UpgradeFIG. 4 Supply Scale A.7.1.1 for Constraints on LayoutFIG. 5 Supply Scale A.7.1.2 for Population Density SupportedFIG. 6 Supply Scale A.7.1.3 for Cost of UpgradeFIG. 7 Demand Scale A.7.2.1 for Tolerance of Sound and Visual ConditionsFIG. 8 Demand Scale A.7.2.2 Avoiding Glare on MonitorsFIG. 9 Supply Scale A.7.2.1 Constraints on LayoutFIG. 10 Supply Scale A.7.2.2 Avoiding Glare on MonitorsFIG. 11 Demand Scale A.7.3 for Influence of Building Loss Features on Space NeedsFIG. 12 Supply Scale A.7.3 Influence of Building Loss Features on Space Needs1.3 The entries in the Facility Rating Scale (see Figs. 1-12) are indicative and not comprehensive. They are for quick scanning to estimate approximately, quickly, and economically, how well an office facility is likely to meet the needs of one or another type of occupant group over time. The entries are not for measuring, knowing, or evaluating how an office facility is performing.1.4 This classification can be used to estimate the level of serviceability of an existing facility. It can also be used to estimate the serviceability of a facility that has been planned but not yet built, such as one for which single-line drawings and outline specifications have been prepared.1.5 This classification indicates what would cause a facility to be rated at a certain level of serviceability but does not state how to conduct a serviceability rating nor how to assign a serviceability score. That information is found in Practice E1679. The scales in this classification are complimentary to and compatible with Practice E1679. Each requires the other.1.6 The scales are intended to identify the levels of various requirements unique to a particular user, and the serviceability (capability) of a building to meet those requirements. The scales thus supplement rather than include code requirements. It remain the responsibility of designers, builders, and building managers to meet applicable code requirements relative to their respective roles in facility design, construction, and ongoing management.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide may be used to provide a consistent method for determining load ratios for technical rescue equipment and systems.3.2 Use of this guide will help to maintain clearer, more consistent calculation and reporting of load ratios.3.3 It should be acknowledged that, while component load ratios are fairly straightforward to calculate, they are of limited value for estimating system load ratios. System load ratios are usually desired for field applications, but are more difficult to calculate accurately.1.1 This guide covers the general concept of determining safety factors for technical rescue equipment and systems.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 In the event of any conflict between the text of this guide and any references cited, the text of this guide takes preference.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 These tables include (1) a series of conversion factors required to convert the number of a yarn measured in a specific system to the equivalent number measured in various other systems (see Table 1), and (2) specific equivalent numbers for yarns measured in various systems (see Table 2). 1.2 The content is basically consistent with recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 2947. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Calibration of the responsivity of the detection system for emission (EM) as a function of EM wavelength (λEM), also referred to as spectral correction of emission, is necessary for successful quantification when intensity ratios at different EM wavelengths are being compared or when the true shape or peak maximum position of an EM spectrum needs to be known. Such calibration methods are given here and summarized in Table 1. This type of calibration is necessary because the spectral responsivity of a detection system can change significantly over its useful wavelength range (see Fig. 1). It is highly recommended that the wavelength accuracy (see Test Method E388) and the linear range of the detection system (see Guide E2719 and Test Method E578) be determined before spectral calibration is performed and that appropriate steps are taken to insure that all measured intensities during this calibration are within the linear range. For example, when using wide slit widths in the monochromators, attenuators may be needed to attenuate the excitation beam or emission, thereby, decreasing the fluorescence intensity at the detector. Also note that when using an EM polarizer, the spectral correction for emission is dependent on the polarizer setting. (2) It is important to use the same instrument settings for all of the calibration procedures mentioned here, as well as for subsequent sample measurements.FIG. 1 Example of Relative Spectral Responsivity of Emission Detection System (Grating Monochromator-PMT Based), (see Test Method E578) for which a Correction Needs to be Applied to a Measured Instrument-Specific Emission Spectrum to Obtain its True Spectral Shape (Relative Intensities).3.2 When using CCD or diode array detectors with a spectrometer for λEM selection, the spectral correction factors are dependent on the grating position of the spectrometer. Therefore, the spectral correction profile versus λEM must be determined separately for each grating position used. (3)3.3 Instrument manufacturers often provide an automated procedure and calculation for a spectral correction function for emission, or they may supply a correction that was determined at the factory. This correction can often be applied during spectral collection or as a post-collection correction. The user should be advised to verify that the automated vendor procedure and calculation or supplied correction are performed and determined according to the guidelines given within this standard.1.1 This practice (1)2 describes three methods for determining the relative spectral correction factors for grating-based fluorescence spectrometers in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range. These methods are intended for instruments with a 0°/90° transmitting sample geometry. Each method uses different types of transfer standards, including 1) a calibrated light source (CS), 2) a calibrated detector (CD) and a calibrated diffuse reflector (CR), and 3) certified reference materials (CRMs). The wavelength region covered by the different methods ranges from 250 nm to 830 nm with some methods having a broader range than others. Extending these methods to the near infrared (NIR) beyond 830 nm will be discussed briefly, where appropriate. These methods were designed for scanning fluorescence spectrometers with a single channel detector, but can also be used with a multichannel detector, such as a diode array or a CCD.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The shrinkage limit can be used to evaluate the shrinkage potential, crack development potential, and swell potential of earthwork involving cohesive soils.5.2 The shrinkage limit, along with the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil, are often collectively referred to as the Atterberg limits in recognition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Atterberg. These limits distinguish the boundaries of the several consistency states of cohesive soils.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the shrinkage factors of cohesive soils, using the water submersion technique, whereby the volume of a dried soil pat is determined while suspended in a water bath.1.2 The data obtained following this test method are also used to determine the shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage, and linear shrinkage of the soil.1.3 This test method is applicable only for cohesive soils.1.4 Since this test method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the 425-μm (No. 40) sieve, the relative consistency of the tested portion of the soil to the properties of the sample as a whole must be considered when evaluating the entire soil sample.1.5 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.5.1 The procedures, used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard, are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except the sieve designations are shown using the alternative sieve designation in parentheses. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazards, see Section 8.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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