5.1 Inorganic constituents in water and wastewater must be identified and measured to support effective water quality monitoring and control programs. Currently, one of the simplest, most practical and cost effective means of accomplishing this is through the use of chemical test kits and refills. A more detailed discussion is presented in ASTM STP 1102.55.2 Test kits have been accepted for many applications, including routine monitoring, compliance reporting, rapid screening, trouble investigation, and tracking contaminant source.5.3 Test kits offer time-saving advantages to the user. They are particularly appropriate for field use and usually are easy to use. Users do not need to have a high level of technical expertise. Relatively unskilled staff can be trained to make accurate determinations using kits that include a premixed liquid reagent, premeasured reagent (tablets, powders, or glass ampoules), and premeasured sample (evacuated glass ampoules).1.1 This guide covers general considerations for the use of test kits for quantitative determination of analytes in water and wastewater. Test kits are available from various manufacturers for the determination of a wide variety of analytes in drinking water, surface or ground waters, domestic and industrial feedwaters and wastes, and water used in power generation and steam raising. See Table 1 for a listing of some of the types of kits that are available for various inorganic analytes in water.2(A) Kit Methodology: A = appearance/turbidity, C = visual colorimetric, GNG = go no go, P = photometric, and T = titrimetric.1.2 Ranges, detection limits, sensitivity, accuracy, and susceptibility to interferences vary from kit to kit, depending on the methodology selected by the manufacturer. In some cases, kits are designed to replicate exactly an official test method of a standard-setting organization such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), American Public Health Association (APHA), ASTM, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In other cases, minor modifications of official test methods are made for various reasons, such as to improve performance, operator convenience, or ease of use. Adjustments may be made to sample size, reagent volumes and concentrations, timing, and details of the analytical finish. In yet other cases, major changes may be made to the official test method, such as the omission of analytical steps, change of the analytical finish, omission of reagents, or substitution of one reagent for another. Reagents in test kits are often combined to obtain a fewer number and make the test easier to use. Additives may also be used to minimize interferences and to make the reagent more stable with time. A kit test method may be based on a completely different technology, not approved by any official or standard-setting organization. Combinations of test kits—multi-parameter test kits—may be packaged to satisfy the requirements of a particular application conveniently. The test kits in such combination products may be used to make dozens of determinations of several parameters.1.3 Test kit reagent refills are commonly available from manufacturers. Refills permit cost savings through reuse of the major test kit components.1.4 Because of the wide differences among kits and methodologies for different analytes, universal instructions cannot be provided. Instead, the user should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular kit.1.5 A test kit or kit component should not be used after the manufacturer's expiration date; it is the user's responsibility to determine that the performance is satisfactory.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 10.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 加购物车

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5.1 Ethanol is used as a blending agent added to gasoline. Sulfates are indicated in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. When fuel ethanol is burned, sulfates may contribute to sulfuric acid emissions. Ethanol acceptability for use depends on the sulfate content. Sulfate content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of determination of the acceptability of ethanol for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.1.1 This test method covers a potentiometric titration procedure for determining the existent inorganic sulfate content of hydrous, anhydrous ethanol, and anhydrous denatured ethanol, which is added as a blending agent with spark ignition fuels. It is intended for the analysis of denatured ethanol samples containing between 1.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg existent inorganic sulfate.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 General—CCPs can have chemical and mineralogical compositions that are conducive to use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent with or without addition of other materials.NOTE 1: In the United States, S/S is considered the BDAT for the disposal of some wastes that contain metals since they cannot be destroyed by other means (2).4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPs—Advantages of using CCPs for waste stabilization include their availability in high volumes, and generally good product consistency from a single source. In addition, in some instances certain CCPs can partly or entirely replace other expensive stabilization materials such as Portland cement. CCPs vary depending on the combustion or emission control process and the coal or sorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements, although usually at very low concentrations. CCPs are generally an environmentally suitable materials option for waste stabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must be evaluated with individual wastes or wastewater through laboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration and verification. CCPs suitable for the chemical stabilization have the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water via hydration reactions. These same hydration reactions frequently result in the formation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically immobilize the trace elements of concern. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (>11.5) offer advantages in stabilizing trace elements that exist as oxyanions in nature (such as arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, and vanadium) and trace elements that form oxyhydroxides, carbonates or other low-solubility precipitates at high pH (such as cadmium, barium, nickel, and zinc).4.2 Chemical/Mineralogical Composition—Since many CCPs are generated at higher temperature, reactions with water during contact with aqueous solutions can be expected. Mineral formation may contribute to the chemical stabilization and/or solidification achieved in the waste treatment process. One example of this type of chemical stabilization is achieved by ettringite formation. Reduced leachability of several trace elements has been correlated with ettringite formation in hydrated high-calcium CCPs typically from U.S. lignite and subbituminous coal, and dry FGD materials. These materials worthy candidates for use in this chemical stabilization process. Lower-calcium CCPs in presence of sulfate sources, may also be effective with the addition of a calcium source that maintains the pH above 11.5. Ettringite forms as a result of hydration of many high-calcium CCPs in presence of sulfate sources, so adequate water must be available for the reaction to occur. The mineral and amorphous phases of CCPs contribute soluble elements required for ettringite formation, and the ettringite formation rate can vary based on the mineral and amorphous phase compositions.4.3 Regulatory Framework: 4.3.1 Waste Management Framework—Waste stabilization activities most often occur within a regulatory waste management framework. This regulatory framework will generally establish minimum waste sampling and characterization requirements as well as establish documentation, qualification, and performance criteria for waste management activities. The framework may also prescribe or prohibit certain waste management practices. The applicable requirements of the regulatory framework may be formalized in a permit. This guide is intended to be applied within the context of a regulatory waste management framework.NOTE 2: The U. S. regulatory framework is briefly described in Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes: Physical Tests, Chemical Testing Procedures, Technology Screening, and Field Activities (2).4.3.2 Beneficial Use Framework—Beneficial use activities often occur within a regulatory framework. In some locations, new beneficial uses require prior regulatory approval as part of a beneficial use determination. Beneficial use determinations may require specific characterization of the material and the beneficial use. Jurisdictions that require approval of beneficial use may also maintain exemptions or predeterminations for certain materials or beneficial uses.1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent (with or without the addition of other materials. Stabilization may be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2 Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.1.2 The CCPs that are suited for this application include fly ash, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash.1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the inorganic species may be highly variable, so the chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to be treated must be determined and considered in the selection and application of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In any waste stabilization process, laboratory-scale tests for compatibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabilization with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stability are recommended prior to pilot-scale and full-scale application of the stabilizing agent.1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend pilot-scale or full-scale processes or procedures for waste stabilization. Full-scale processes should be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It is recommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify laboratory test results.1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; coal coking byproducts; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood waste products; rice hulls; agricultural waste; or other noncoal fuels.1.7 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by nation, state and locality. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable regulations.1.8 It is recommended that work performed under this guide be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide covers the standard method for selecting sampling plans to be used in the inspection of electrodeposited metallic and inorganic coatings on products for the purpose of deciding whether submitted lots comply with the specifications applicable to the coatings. The characteristics of the sampling plan are expressed in terms of the Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), Limiting Quality Level (LQL), Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ), and Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL). General procedures and criteria for the construction and selection of the type of sampling plan, selection of a specific plan, selection of the inspection lot, sampling and inspection of samples, and the disposition of lots are discussed fully.1.1 This guide gives guidance in the selection of sampling plans to be used in the inspection of electrodeposited and related coatings on products for the purpose of deciding whether submitted lots of coated products comply with the specifications applicable to the coatings. This supplements Test Method B602 by giving more information on sampling inspection and by providing additional sampling plans for the user who finds the limited choice of plans in Test Method B602 to be inadequate.1.2 When using a sampling plan, a relatively small part of the articles in an inspection lot is selected and inspected. Based on the results, a decision is made that the inspection lot either does or does not satisfactorily conform to the specification.1.3 This guide also contains several sampling plans. The plans are attribute plans, that is, in the application of the plans each inspected article is classified as either conforming or nonconforming to each of the coating requirements. The number of nonconforming articles is compared to a maximum allowable number. The plans are simple and relatively few. Additional plans and more complex plans that cover more situations are given in the Refs (1-7) at the end of this guide and in MIL-STD-105.1.4 Acceptance sampling plans are used:1.4.1 When the cost of inspection is high and the consequences of accepting a nonconforming article are not serious.1.4.2 When 100 % inspection is fatiguing and boring and, therefore, likely to result in errors. In these cases a sampling plan may provide greater protection than 100 % inspection.1.4.3 When inspection requires a destructive test. Here, sampling inspection must be used.1.5 Another general type of acceptance sampling plan that is not covered in these guidelines is the variables plan in which measured values of characteristics are analyzed by statistical procedures. Such plans, when applicable, can reduce inspection cost and increase quality protection. Information on variables plans is given in Test Method B762, MIL-STD-414, ANSI/ASQC Z1.9-1979, and Refs (1-2).1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or imparting unique properties to the surface of a substrate, it must adhere to the substrate for the expected service life. Because surface preparation (or lack of it) has a drastic effect on adhesion of coatings, a test method for evaluating adhesion to different surface treatments or of different coatings to the same treatment is of considerable use to the industry.4.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods, and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3) should be recognized before using it. These test methods are mechanized adaptations of Test Methods D3359; therefore, the intra- and interlaboratory precision of these test methods are similar to Test Methods D3359 and to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates, for example, Test Method D2370, but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. The pass-fail scale of 0 to 5 for Method B1 and B2 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.1.1 These test methods describe procedures for assessing the adhesion of metallic and inorganic coatings and other thin films to metallic and nonmetallic substrates. Assessment is made by applying pressure-sensitive tape to a coated surface and then utilizing a mechanical device to remove the tape at a regulated, uniform rate and constant angle while simultaneously recording the removal force.1.2 Four methods are described. Methods A1 and A2 are intended primarily for use on parts. Methods B1 and B2 are intended primarily for use in laboratory evaluations. Methods B1 and B2 are not recommended for testing coatings and films on polymer substrates.1.3 These test methods may be used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is within a required range (between a quantified low and a quantified high level). Determination of actual adhesive forces requires more sophisticated methods of measurement. In multilayer systems adhesion failure may occur between intermediate coating layers so that the adhesion of the total coating system to the substrate may not necessarily be determined.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Some insulation materials contain moisture, which will affect the thermal and other physical properties of the insulation.1.1 This test method will determine the moisture content, as a percentage of the dry weight of organic and inorganic insulation materials.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 In order to obtain meaningful analytical data, sample preservation techniques must be effective from the time of sample collection to the time of analysis. A laboratory must confirm that sample integrity is maintained throughout maximum time periods between sample collection and analysis. In many cases, it is useful to know the maximum holding time. An evaluation of holding time is useful also in judging the efficacy of various preservation techniques.1.1 This practice covers the means of estimating the period of time during which a water sample can be stored after collection and preservation without significantly affecting the accuracy of analysis.1.2 The maximum holding time is dependent upon the matrix used and the specific analyte of interest. Therefore, water samples from a specific source must be tested to determine the period of time that sample integrity is maintained by standard preservation practices.1.3 In the event that it is not possible to analyze the sample immediately at the time of collection, this practice does not provide information regarding degradation of the constituent of interest or changes in the matrix that may occur from the time of sample collection to the time of the initial analysis.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车