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5.1 Knowledge of the presence of trace metals in gas turbine fuels enables the user to predict performance and, when necessary, to take appropriate action to prevent corrosion.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sodium, lead, calcium, and vanadium in Specification D2880 Grade Nos. 0-GT through 4-GT fuels at 0.5 mg/kg level for each of the elements. This test method is intended for the determination of oil-soluble metals and not waterborne contaminants in oil-water mixtures.1.1.1 Test Method D6728 is suggested as an alternative test method for the determination of these elements in Specification D2880.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Moisture measurement in natural gas is performed to ensure sufficiently low levels for gas purchase contracts and to prevent corrosion. Moisture may also contribute to the formation of hydrates.5.2 The significance of applying TDLAS for the measurement of moisture in natural gas is TDLAS analyzers may have a very high degree of selectivity and minimal interference in many natural gas streams. Additionally, the sensing components of the analyzer are not wetted by the natural gas, limiting the potential damage from corrosives such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and liquid contaminants such as ethylene glycol or compressor oils. As a result, the TDLAS analyzer is able to detect changes in concentration with relatively rapid response. It should be noted that the mirrors of a TDLAS analyzer may be fouled if large quantities of condensed liquids enter the sample cell. In most cases the mirror can be cleaned without the need for recalibration or realignment.5.3 Primary applications covered in this method are listed in 5.3.1 – 5.3.3. Each application may have differing requirements and methods for gas sampling. Additionally, different natural gas applications may have unique spectroscopic considerations.5.3.1 Raw natural gas is found in production, gathering sites, and inlets to gas-processing plants characterized by potentially high levels of water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and heavy hydrocarbons. Gas-conditioning plants and skids are normally used to remove H2O, CO2, H2S, and other contaminants. Typical moisture concentration after dehydration is roughly 20 to 200 ppmv. Protection from liquid carryover such as heavy hydrocarbons and glycols in the sample lines is necessary to prevent liquid pooling in the cell or the sample components.5.3.2 Underground gas storage facilities are high-pressure caverns used to store large volumes of gas for use during peak demand. Underground storage caverns can reach pressures as high as 275 bar. Multistage and heated regulator systems are usually required to overcome significant temperature drops resulting from gas expansion in the sample.5.3.3 High-quality “sales gas” is found in transportation pipelines, natural gas distribution (utilities), and natural gas power plant inlets. The gas is characterized by a very high percentage of methane (90 to 100 %) with small quantities of other hydrocarbons and trace levels of contaminates.1.1 This test method covers online determination of vapor phase moisture concentration in natural gas using a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) analyzer also known as a “TDL analyzer.” The particular wavelength for moisture measurement varies by manufacturer; typically between 1000 and 10 000 nm with an individual laser having a tunable range of less than 10 nm.1.2 Process stream pressures can range from 700-mbar to 700-bar gage. TDLAS is performed at pressures near atmospheric (700- to 2000-mbar gage); therefore, pressure reduction is typically required. TDLAS can be performed in vacuum conditions with good results; however, the sample conditioning requirements are different because of higher complexity and a tendency for moisture ingress and are not covered by this test method. Generally speaking, the vent line of a TDL analyzer is tolerant to small pressure changes on the order of 50 to 200 mbar, but it is important to observe the manufacturer’s published inlet pressure and vent pressure constraints. Large spikes or steps in backpressure may affect the analyzer readings.1.3 The typical sample temperature range is -20 to 65 °C in the analyzer cell. While sample system design is not covered by this standard, it is common practice to heat the sample transport line to around 50 °C to avoid concentration changes associated with adsorption and desorption of moisture along the walls of the sample transport line.1.4 The moisture concentration range is 1 to 10 000 parts per million by volume (ppmv). It is unlikely that one spectrometer cell will be used to measure this entire range. For example, a TDL spectrometer may have a maximum measurement of 1 ppmv, 100 ppmv, 1000 ppmv, or 10 000 ppmv with varying degrees of accuracy and different lower detection limits.1.5 TDL absorption spectroscopy measures molar ratios such as ppmv or mole percentage. Volumetric ratios (ppmv and %) are not pressure dependent. Weight-per-volume units such as milligrams of water per standard cubic metre or pounds of water per standard cubic foot can be derived from ppmv at a specific condition such as standard temperature and pressure (STP). Standard conditions may be defined differently for different regions and entities. The dew point can be estimated from ppmv and pressure. Refer to Test Method D1142 and ISO 18453.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 In many cases, equipment failure modes are identified by wear debris that is not captured in used lubricating oil samples but captured on chip detectors, filters or by other means. Users of this technique include, but are not limited to, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), commercial airlines, civil aerospace operators, maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) facilities, and military maintenance personnel.1.1 This test method describes a means for quantitative determination of wear debris found in in-service lubricants by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS is an analytical technology that uses short laser pulses to create micro hot-plasma ablation of a material and then employs spectroscopic tools for analysis.21.2 This method covers the means for alloy classification and sizing of wear debris. Wear debris sources can include, but are not limited to: (1) chip collector and chip detector devices, (2) filters, (3) ferrograms, and (4) loose particles. The 23 tested alloys and metals included in the default material library of the instrument are listed in Table 1.1.3 The method for alloy classification and sizing of wear debris is not limited to the list of alloys in Table 1. The instrument has the capability of including additional alloys and metals as required.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

AbstractThese practices cover a data system comprising procedures for the identification of individual chemical substances using infrared absorption spectroscopy and band indexes of spectral data. Although this data system is in use world wide as the largest publicly available data base, it does not represent the optimum way to generate a new data base with the most modern computerized equipment. In addition, the use of these practices requires encoded data and appropriate data handling equipment. The index data, which are available on magnetic tape, include codes for spectral data of chemical substances, chemical-structure classification, empirical formula, melting or boiling point, and serial number reference. Codes on sample state, wavelength intervals of strongest bands, and no-data areas are included as well.1.1 These practices cover a data system generated from 1955 through 1974. It is in world-wide use as the largest publicly available data base. It is recognized that it does not represent the optimum way to generate a new data base with the most modern computerized equipment.1.2 These practices describe procedures for identification of individual chemical substances using infrared absorption spectroscopy and band indexes of spectral data. Use of absorption spectroscopy for qualitative analysis has been described by many (), but the rapid matching of the spectrogram of a sample with a spectral data in the literature by use of a band index system designed for machine sorting was contributed by Kuentzel (). It is on Kuentzel's system that the ASTM indexes of absorption spectral data are based.1.3 Use of these practices requires, in addition to a recording spectrometer and access to published reference spectra, the encoded data and suitable data handling equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The presence and concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as total oil and grease, in domestic and industrial wastewater is of concern to the public because of its deleterious aesthetic effect and its impact on aquatic life.5.2 Regulations and standards have been established that require monitoring of total petroleum hydrocarbons as well as total oil and grease in water and wastewater.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oil and grease (TOG) that can be extracted from water or wastewater samples by cyclohexane and measured by non-dispersive IR spectroscopy from 1370–1380 cm-1. Treating the extract with Florisil2 to remove polar substances prior to the IR measurement enables determination of the total petroleum (TPH).1.2 This method also considers the volatile fraction of petroleum hydrocarbons which is lost by gravimetric methods that require solvent evaporation prior to weighing, as well as by solventless IR methods that require drying of the employed solid phase material prior to measurement. Similarly, a more complete fraction of extracted petroleum hydrocarbon is accessible by this method as compared to GC methods that use a time window for quantification, as petroleum hydrocarbons eluting outside these windows are also quantified.1.3 This method defines total oil and grease in water as material that can be extracted with cyclohexane and measured by IR absorption in the region of 1370–1380 cm-1 (7.25–7.3 µm). Similarly, total petroleum hydrocarbon in water is defined as material that can be extracted with cyclohexane, remains in the extract after filtration over Florisil and is measured by IR absorption in the region of 1370–1380 cm-1 (7.25–7.3 µm). The concentration of total grease is defined as the difference between the total oil and grease and total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations.1.4 This method covers the range of 0.5 to 1000 mg/L for total oil and grease as well as for total petroleum hydrocarbons and has a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.5 mg/L. The range and method detection limit may be extended to higher or lower concentrations by adjusting the water or solvent volume used in the liquid-liquid extraction.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.NOTE 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908 as prepared for analysis using EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.1.3 This test method cites specific methods for preparing test solutions of dried paint, soil, and wipe samples for analysis.1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-OES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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