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4.1 The ENDF/B library in the United States and similar libraries elsewhere, such as JEFF (23), JENDL (21), and BROND (22), provide a compilation of neutron cross section and other nuclear data for use by the nuclear community. The availability of these excellent evaluations makes possible standardized usage, thereby allowing easy referencing and intercomparisons of calculations. However, as the first ENDF/B files were developed it became apparent that they were not adequate for all applications. This need resulted in the development of the specialized ENDF/B Dosimetry File (17, 25), consisting of activation cross sections important for dosimetry applications. This file was made available worldwide. Later, other “Special Purpose” files were introduced (26). In the ENDF/B-VI compilation (27), dosimetry files no longer appeared as separate evaluation files. The ENDF/B-VII.0 compilation (28) removed most of the reaction-specific covariance files used by the dosimetry community. It kept the covariance files for the “standard cross sections” in a special sub-library, but the covariance data in this sub-library are only provided over the energy range in which each reaction is considered to be a “standard”, and does not include the full energy range required for LWR PVS dosimetry applications. Later updates to the ENDF/B releases added covariance files for some reaction channels but these covariance files were often based solely on calculations and were not representative of the methodology used to derive the underlying ENDF/B cross section. In response to the need for a dosimetry-specific library, the International Atomic Energy Agency convened a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) that drew upon the set of international experts to provide a recommended set of dosimetry cross sections and to compile a set of validation evidence that supported the use of this recommended dataset. This file, the International Reactor Dosimetry and Fusion File (IRDFF) (19, 20), draws upon other national nuclear evaluations and supplements these evaluations with a set of reactions evaluated by expert international groups. The IRDFF library was developed to support the LWR dosimetry application as well as other dosimetry applications that go beyond the scope of this standard and, as part of its development process, it incorporates validation data acquired in reference and standard benchmark neutron fields. Some of the IRDFF supplemental reactions represent material evaluations that are currently being examined by the CSEWG for inclusion within updated ENDF/B evaluations. The supplemental IRDFF evaluations only include the specific reactions of interest to the dosimetry community and not a full material evaluation. The ENDF community requires a complete evaluation before including it in the main ENDF/B evaluated library.4.2 The application to LWR surveillance dosimetry introduced new data needs that can best be satisfied by the creation of a dedicated cross section file. This file shall be maintained in a form designed for easy application by users (minimal processing). The file shall continue to incorporate the following types of information or indicate the sources of the following type of data that should be used to supplement the file contents:4.2.1 Dosimetry cross sections for fission, activation, helium production sensor reactions in LWR environments in support of radiometric, solid state track recorder, helium accumulation dosimetry methods (see Test Methods E853, E854, E910, and E1005).4.2.2 Other cross sections or sensor response functions useful for active or passive dosimetry measurements, for example, the use of neutron absorption cross sections to represent attenuation corrections due to covers or self-shielding.4.2.3 Cross sections for damage evaluation, such as displacements per atom (dpa) in iron.4.2.4 Related nuclear data needed for dosimetry, such as branching ratios, fission yields, and atomic abundances.4.3 The ASTM-recommended cross sections and uncertainties are based mostly on the IRDFF (version 1.05) dosimetry files. Damage cross sections for materials such as iron have been added in order to promote standardization of reported dpa measurements within the dosimetry community. Integral measurements from benchmark fields and reactor test regions have been considered in order to ensure self-consistency (29). The total dosimetry file is intended to be as self-consistent as possible with respect to both differential and integral measurements as applied in LWR environments. This self-consistency of the data file is mandatory for LWR-pressure vessel surveillance applications, where only very limited dosimetry data are available. Where modifications to an existing evaluated cross section have been made to obtain this self-consistence in LWR environments, the modifications shall be detailed in the associated documentation (see (19, 29)).1.1 This guide covers the establishment and use of an ASTM evaluated nuclear data cross section and uncertainty file for analysis of single or multiple sensor measurements in neutron fields related to light water reactor LWR-Pressure Vessel Surveillance (PVS). These fields include in- and ex-vessel surveillance positions in operating power reactors, benchmark fields, and reactor test regions.1.2 Requirements for establishment of ASTM-recommended cross section files address data format, evaluation requirements, validation in benchmark fields, evaluation of error estimates (covariance file), and documentation. A further requirement for components of the ASTM-recommended cross section file is their internal consistency when combined with sensor measurements and used to determine a neutron spectrum.1.3 Specifications for use include energy region of applicability, data processing requirements, and application of uncertainties.1.4 This guide is directly related to and should be used primarily in conjunction with Guides E482 and E944, and Practices E560, E185, and E693.1.5 The ASTM cross section and uncertainty file represents a generally available data set for use in sensor set analysis. However, the availability of this data set does not preclude the use of other validated data, either proprietary or nonproprietary. When alternate cross section files that deviate from the requirements laid out in this standard are used, the deviations should be noted to the customer of the dosimetry application.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Coating thickness is an important factor in the performance of a coating in service and is usually specified in a coating specification.4.2 This method is suitable for acceptance testing.1.1 This test method covers measurement of the local thickness of metal and oxide coatings by the microscopical examination of cross sections using an optical microscope.1.2 Under good conditions, when using an optical microscope, the method is capable of giving an absolute measuring accuracy of 0.8 μm. Accuracy will determine the suitability of the method for measuring the thickness of thin coatings. Accuracy is dependent upon the setup of the microscope and preparation of the sample; 0.8 μm should not be taken as an absolute and instead as guideline.1.2.1 Optical microscopes may use digital image capture devices and software to evaluate those images.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (This is especially applicable to the chemicals cited in Table X2.1.)1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The presence of large grains has been correlated with anomalous mechanical behavior in, for example, crack initiation, crack propagation, and fatigue. Thus there is engineering justification for reporting the ALA grain size.4.2 These methods shall only be used with the presence of outlier coarse grains, 3 or more ASTM grain size numbers larger than the rest of the microstructure and comprising 5 % or less of the specimen area. A typical example is shown in Annex A1 as Fig. A1.1.4.3 These methods shall not be used for the determination of average grain size, which is treated in Test Methods E112. Examples of microstructures that do not qualify for ALA treatment are shown in Annex A1 as Fig. A1.2, Fig. A1.3, and Fig. A1.4.4.4 These methods may be applied in the characterization of duplex grain sizes, as instructed in the procedures for Test Methods E1181.1.1 These test methods describe simple manual procedures for measuring the size of the largest grain cross-section observed on a metallographically prepared plane section.1.2 These test methods shall only be valid for microstructures containing outlier coarse grains, where their population is too sparse for grain size determination by Test Methods E112.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is useful for the direct measurement of the thicknesses of metallic coatings and of individual layers of composite coatings, particularly for layers thinner than normally measured with the light microscope.4.2 This test method is suitable for acceptance testing.4.3 This test method is for the measurement of the thickness of the coating over a very small area and not of the average or minimum thickness per se.4.4 Accurate measurements by this test method generally require very careful sample preparation, especially at the greater magnifications.4.5 The coating thickness is an important factor in the performance of a coating in service.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of metallic coating thicknesses by examination of a cross section with a scanning electron microsope (SEM).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity,5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression, and5.1.5 Transition strain.1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test procedure introduces the compressive force into the specimen through shear at wedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs from the procedure in Test Method D695 where compressive force is transmitted into the specimen by end-loading, Test Method D6641/D6641M where compressive force is transmitted by combined shear and end loading, and Test Method D5467/D5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjecting a honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-point bending.1.2 This test method is applicable to composites made from unidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example, fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some product forms may require deviations from the test method.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.NOTE 1: Additional procedures for determining compressive properties of resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D695, D5467/D5467M, and D6641/D6641M.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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