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5.1 A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample from stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The most common use of a bailer is for sampling ground water from single-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see Guide D4448).5.2 This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquid wastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling plan and the data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D5792).5.3 Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastes in underground and above ground tanks and surface impoundments. However, the design of the unit and associated piping should be well understood so that the bailer can access the desired compartment and depth. Any stratification of the liquid should be identified prior to sampling.NOTE 1: Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with a bailer's designed operation.5.4 Bailers do not subject the sample to pressure extremes. Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changes to the parameters to be measured (for example, turbidity, gases, etc.).5.5 The use of bailers in low flow wells for purging can result in increased agitation and turbidity in the sample and can introduce errors into the sample if the water surface level is drawn down below the top of the screen. In such cases, alternate methods of sampling such as Passive Sampling (Guide D7929) or Low Flow Sampling (Practice D6771) should be considered.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.1.2 Three specific bailers are discussed in this practice. The bailers are the single and double check valve and differential pressure.1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are typical of those commercially available.1.4 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, Practice D5088, and Practice D5283.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 571元 加购物车

定价： 571元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

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定价： 646元 加购物车

4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by 1/4 in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (1/4 in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (1/2 in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw, and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.4.2 Preparation Methods B and C—Methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (<20 g). The drying step is done in a convection oven at 45 °C (Test Method B) or by lyophilization (Test Method C).4.3 Preparation Methods A, B, and C are not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or that cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater than 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.4.4 Preparation Method A will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.4.4.1 Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the −80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the −20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.NOTE 1: During analysis, the very fine consistency of the −80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.4.5 Preparation Method D—Method suitable for cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and cereal grain fermentation residues that are generally stable.4.6 Preparation Method E—Method suitable for cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and cereal grain fermentation residues that are biologically or enzymatically active.1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车