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4.1 When the various producers and users of ethylene product deal with the results obtained in analytical testing, inconsistency of units and test methods may cause major errors. This guide provides an overview of the typical concentrations of the possible components found in ethylene product, the methods used in analysis, and the units of measure. This overview is intended to be used to improve the consistency of methods and the units reported so that errors are minimized. Each producer and user of ethylene product should immediately review this guide to improve their awareness of the various analytical methods in use, the units of measure, and concentration levels of the possible components.4.2 Although this guide is not to be used for specifications, it can provide a starting point for the various parties to develop mutually agreed upon specifications that meet their respective requirements. It can also be used as a starting point in finding suitable test methods for ethylene components.1.1 This guide covers and provides direction for the analysis of ethylene product in a way that allows the analyst to know the possible test methods, the units of measure, and the potential concentrations range of possible components, so that the consistency of the analytical measurements is improved. This guide is not intended to be used, nor to be construed in any way, as a set of specifications for ethylene product.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Procurement practices encourage industry innovation and provide flexibility to achieve the benefits of continuous improvement.5.2 There is an evolving industrial product quality philosophy that recognizes the need for quality policy changes that will provide producers with opportunities and incentives toward improvement of product quality and cooperative relationships between the producer and the consumer.5.3 Process controls and statistical control methods are the preferable means of preventing nonconformances, controlling quality, and generating information for improvement. An effective process control system may also be used to provide information to assess the quality of deliverables submitted for acceptance. Producers are encouraged to use process control and statistical control procedures for their internal control and to submit effective process control procedures in lieu of prescribed sampling requirements to the consumer for approval.5.4 Sampling inspection by itself is an inefficient industrial practice for demonstrating conformance to the requirements of a contract and its technical data package. The application of sampling plans for acceptance involves both consumer and producer risks; and increased sampling is one way of reducing these risks, but it also increases costs. Producers can reduce risks by employing efficient processes with appropriate process controls. To the extent that such practices are employed and are effective, risk is controlled and, consequently, inspection and testing can be reduced.5.5 The following points provide the basis for this standard:5.5.1 Producers are required to submit deliverables that conform to requirements and to generate and maintain sufficient evidence of conformance.5.5.2 Producers are responsible for establishing their own manufacturing and process controls to produce results in accordance with requirements.5.5.3 Producers are expected to use recognized prevention practices such as process controls and statistical techniques.5.6 This standard also provides a set of sampling plans and procedures for planning and conducting inspections to assess quality and conformance to contract requirements. This standard eliminates acceptable quality levels (AQL's) and associated practices within specifications.5.7 Applicability—This standard, when referenced in the contract, specification, or purchase order, is applicable to the prime producer, and should be extended to subcontractors or vendor facilities. The quality plans are to be applied as specified in the contract documents, and deliverables may be submitted for acceptance if the requirements of this standard have been met.5.8 Applications—Quality plans and procedures in this standard may be used when appropriate to assess conformance to requirements of the following:5.8.1 End items,5.8.2 Components or basic materials,5.8.3 Operations or services,5.8.4 Materials in process,5.8.5 Supplies in storage,5.8.6 Maintenance operations,5.8.7 Data or records, and5.8.8 Administrative procedures.NOTE 1: Use of the word “product” throughout this standard also refers to services and other deliverables.5.9 Product Requirements—The producer is required to submit product that meets all contract and specification requirements. The application of the quality plans or procedures of this standard does not relieve the producer of responsibility for meeting all contract product requirements. The producer's quality system, including manufacturing processes and quality control measures, will be established and operated to consistently produce products that meet all requirements. Absence of any inspection or process control requirement in the contract does not relieve the producer of responsibility for assuring that all products or supplies submitted to the consumer for acceptance conform to all requirements of the contract.5.10 Limitations—The sampling plans and procedures of this standard are not intended for use with destructive tests or where product screening is not feasible or desirable. In such cases, the sampling plans to be used will be specified in the contract or product specifications.AbstractThis guide establishes lot or batch and continuous sampling plans using MIL-STD-1916 as a basis. It represents an alternative sampling approach to attributes sampling (MILSTD-105E, same as Practice E2234), variables sampling (MILSTD-414, Practice E2762), and continuous sampling (MILSTD-1235B, Practice E2819). This standard provides a set of sampling plans and procedures for planning and conducting inspections to assess quality and conformance to contract requirements. This standard eliminates acceptable quality levels (AQL’s) and associated practices within specifications.1.1 This guide establishes lot or batch and continuous sampling plans using MIL-STD-1916 as a basis. It represents an alternative sampling approach to attributes sampling (MIL-STD-105E, same as Practice E2234), variables sampling (MIL-STD-414, Practice E2762), and continuous sampling (MIL-STD-1235B, Practice E2819).1.2 This guide provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-1916 in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-1916 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-1916 is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this guide. The original wording of “Government” in MIL-STD-1916 has been changed to “consumer”, and “contractor” has been changed to “producer” to make this standard more generic.1.3 Purpose—To encourage producers supplying goods and services to its consumers to submit efficient and effective process control (prevention) procedures in place of prescribed sampling requirements. The goal is to support the movement away from an AQL-based inspection (detection) strategy to implementation of an effective prevention-based strategy including a comprehensive quality system, continuous improvement and a partnership with the consumer. The underlying theme is a partnership between consumer and the producer, with the requisite competence of both parties, and a clear mutual benefit from processes capable of consistently high quality products and services. The objective is to create an atmosphere where every noncompliance is an opportunity for corrective action and improvement rather than one where acceptable quality levels are the contractually sufficient goals.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 The following requirements apply to the documentation of Light Sport Airplanes. This specification covers the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH), Flight Training Supplement (FTS), Maintenance Manual, Aircraft Kit Assembly Instructions (KAI), Component Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) manuals, Aircraft OEM’s Statement of Compliance, Registration, and Airframe Records information required for aircraft designed and manufactured in accordance with the ASTM Standards.1.1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for information that shall be provided by the airplane OEM or seller of a new light sport airplane, light sport airplane kit, engines, propellers, or accessories (that is, radio, transponder, instruments, GPS, etc.) as a part of the initial sale or transfer to the first end-user.1.1.2 This specification does not apply to the sale or transfer of used light sport airplane, engines, propellers, or accessories.1.2 This specification applies to airplanes seeking civil aviation authority approval, in the form of airworthiness certificates or other like documentation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Using best practices for SGPE ensures that decisions made will be based on scientific principles, and the outputs obtained will be more objective than those evaluation sessions conducted without this planning, structure, focus, and best practices. These small group evaluations contrast with more formal product tests that include a prequalified participant sample, hypothesis testing, and statistical analysis. Without best sensory practices and procedures, SGPE may be unstructured, unsystematic, difficult to manage, and may lead to outputs that are unclear, not credible, or ignored. Additionally, the use of proper sensory practices reduces bias among participants with specific sample knowledge or a desire to advance an agenda. This guide provides a framework for conceptualizing, organizing, and executing these SGPE.4.2 SGPE are used in situations in which formal, hypothesis-driven product evaluations are not required. These include situations in which the decision risk is small or stakeholders feel comfortable in making a decision with the attendant risks, or both. Examples of these situations may include limited availability of samples or other resources, potential patent exposure, or low incidence of target population. The SGPE could be an initial screening step or a precursor test before a more formal product test. In the proper context, SGPE can also be a decision-making tool in and of itself. Using the framework presented here provides a degree of rigor that may be absent when a few people evaluate a product without controlled conditions. A poster presented at the 2009 Pangborn Sensory Science Symposium (1)3 reported the results of a survey on SGPE. 59 % of respondents (N = 92) stated that, at their place of employment, typically, non-sensory professionals organized SGPE. Table 1 summarizes key differences between a typical unstructured product evaluation with a small group not following best practices and an SGPE that follows the best practices outlined in this guide.1.1 This guide covers those occasions in which a small group of individuals (generally between three and ten) with potentially different functional roles and degrees of training in sensory and product evaluation, evaluates a product or series of products for a specific objective, with a pre-identified decision to be made, but without the use of formal hypothesis testing or statistics. In the product testing industry, these are often referred to as “benchings,” “cuttings,” or “bench screenings” or, in the case of food products, “tastings,” “informal tastings,” “team tastings,” or “technical tastings.” In this guide, the term “Small Group Product Evaluation” (SGPE) is used.1.2 The aim of this guide is to provide best practices to ensure that SGPE are conducted with sufficient rigor to enable the most appropriate decision or to yield the needed learning while considering the risk. Because the participants may be heterogeneous with respect to functional role, knowledge of the issue at hand, sensory sensitivity, and degree of sensory or product evaluation training, the likelihood of agreement on a path forward is not assured. Additionally, participants may have certain biases with respect to the issue to be decided, because of prior knowledge or their role within the organization. These potential derailers can be addressed through proper planning and execution of an SGPE. When SGPE are unstructured, unfocused and experimental error and biases uncontrolled, the outputs of SGPEs do not inform decisions or deliver the desired learning in a scientific manner. The goal of this document is to elevate the practice of small group product evaluations by outlining a structure, defining decision criteria in advance, and providing guidelines for implementation, drawing upon existing sensory theory and methods. Outputs from these SGPE are used to inform decisions and determine next steps including the risks involved with each of these.SGPE are widely used, and when properly conducted, are an option in the sensory professional’s toolbox. SGPE should be conducted only when the risks are known, stated, and shared. Limited timing and resources alone are not adequate reasons to utilize SPGE testing and forgo formal sensory testing. Risks in doing so must be clearly communicated and agreed to by all involved parties.The proper uses of SGPE are several: to screen variables, to establish hypotheses, to gain information about a product set or category, to take a course of action where a low risk product decision is needed or for product learning throughout a development program. In all of these cases, the team must accept the risks that come with having SGPE outputs to inform a decision. One risk involved in SGPE is missing small differences among products (beta risk), when the goal of the evaluation is to find such differences, particularly those differences that might be important to the consumer. An SGPE failure to find differences does not mean that product similarity or equivalence is established, since much larger sample sizes than are common to SPGE’s are required to establish similarity/equivalence.1.3 This guide covers the planning and implementation processes, including objective setting, method determination, number and types of participants, ballots, sample preparation, decision criteria, products to be included, review of information collected, and management of the post-product evaluation discussion to arrive at a decision within the small group. Documenting and communicating SGPE outputs are also covered, as well as next steps if a decision cannot be reached. Worked examples across industries including food, household, and personal care are included. The different types of SGPE covered include those commonly executed but is not exhaustive.1.4 This guide does not cover the use of small group evaluations to pilot research or test protocols before implementation in larger scale testing. In addition, the use of small group evaluations to substitute for larger evaluations that incorporate formal hypothesis testing and statistical analysis or to replace hedonic testing are neither recommended nor included within this guide. SGPE that are regular activities of a quality function and product reviews that are done for demonstration or informative purposes with no defined decision criteria are also not covered in this guide.1.5 See 5.2 for a best practice recommendation for the role of the sensory professional or trained delegate in the planning, designing, conducting, or oversight of structured SGPE.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes requirements and test methods for specified elements and certain mechanical hazards in children's jewelry. It also includes recommendations for age labelling and warnings, as well as guidelines on identifying the primary intended users, namely children or adults. The specification also lists the lead content limits for children's jewelry, the materials that are excluded from the lead limits in children's jewelry, and the approved materials for children's body piercing jewelry.1.1 This specification establishes requirements and test methods for specified elements and certain mechanical hazards in children’s jewelry. It also includes recommendations for age labeling and warnings, and guidelines on identifying the primary intended users (children or adults). It does not purport to cover every conceivable hazard of children’s jewelry. It does not cover product performance or quality, except as related to safety. This specification has no requirements for those aspects of children’s jewelry that present an inherent and recognized hazard as part of the function of jewelry, such as small parts. This specification establishes requirements recognizing that not all jewelry is appropriate for all age groups. Jewelry is not recommended for young children 3 and under absent close parental supervision.1.2 This specification applies only to jewelry, as defined in 3.2.1, which is designed or intended primarily for children 12 years of age and younger, as defined in 3.2.2. Children’s jewelry is a product principally designed and intended as an ornament worn by a child. This includes a product or a component of the product intended to be removed and worn by a child as an item of ornamentation (that is, a shoe charm that can be placed on a bracelet). Adult jewelry, which is defined as jewelry designed and intended for use primarily by those over age 12, is covered by another ASTM standard, Consumer Safety Specification F2999.1.3 This specification does not apply to the following:1.3.1 Toy jewelry or any other products that are intended for use by a child when the child plays (that is, a necklace worn by a doll or stuffed animal; novelty jewelry with play value);21.3.2 Accessories (that is, Handbags, Belts);1.3.3 Apparel (except as described in 3.2.1(p));1.3.4 Footwear (except as described in 3.2.1(p));1.3.5 Any other item whose primary purpose is functional (that is, keys, key chains, or other items not primarily intended to be worn as a personal item of ornamentation).1.4 This consumer safety specification includes the following sections:Title Section 1Referenced Documents 2Definitions 3Age-Labeling 4Specifications for Lead in Children’s Jewelry 5Specifications for Children’s Body-Piercing Jewelry 7Specifications for Antimony, Arsenic, Barium,Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury andSelenium in Paint and Surface Coatingsof Children’s Jewelry 8Specifications for Cadmium in Substrate Materialsof Children’s Jewelry 9Specification for Nickel in Metal Componentsof Children’s Jewelry 10Specification for Phthalates in Plasticized Components of Children’s Jewelry 11Specifications for Liquid-Filled Children’s Jewelry 12Mechanical Requirements for Children’s Jewelry 13Test Methods 14Keywords 15Annex Annex A1Rationales Appendix X11.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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