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Moisture permeating from concrete floor slabs affects the performance of flooring systems such as resilient, wood, textile floor coverings and resinous coatings. Manufacturers of such systems generally require humidity/moisture testing be performed before installation over concrete floor slabs. The measurement of relative humidity (RH) directly above the porous surfaces of a floor slab is one such method.Excessive moisture in or emitting from floor slabs after installation can cause floor covering system failures such as delamination, bonding failure, deterioration of finish flooring and coatings, and microbial growth.The surface RH Hood (relative humidity) test method is intended to quantify the relative humidity condition that exists at the surface of a floor slab to which a floor covering or coating shall be applied. Results indicate moisture content conditions at the time of the test, as moisture movement within the slab is dynamic. See A1.4 for reference to some methods of determining moisture/humidity levels in a concrete slab.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of percent relative humidity above the surface of concrete floor slabs for field or laboratory tests.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific warnings are given in Section 7.

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Lightfastness or weatherability for specified periods of time is pertinent for certain types of printed matter such as magazine and book covers, posters and billboards, greeting cards and packages. Since the ability of printed matter to withstand color changes is a function of the spectral-power distribution of the light source to which it is exposed, it is important that lightfastness be assessed under conditions appropriate to the end-use application. The accelerated procedures covered in these exposure methods provide means for the rapid evaluation of lightfastness or weatherability under laboratory conditions. Test results are useful for specification acceptance between producer and user and for quality control. The xenon-arc lamp with an appropriate filter system exhibits a spectral-power distribution that corresponds more closely to that of daylight than the carbon-arc. In turn, accelerated tests using xenon-arc apparatus may be expected to correlate better with exposure to natural daylight than do those using carbon-arc apparatus. To accommodate variations in light intensity among days, seasons, locations, or instruments, duration of exposure is preferably expressed as the radiant exposure in specific bandpasses rather than time. In either case, the inclusion of an appropriate control serves to minimize effects of variations in test conditions. Color changes are not a linear function of duration of exposure. The preferred method of determining lightfastness or weatherability is to expose the prints for a number of intervals and to assess the time or radiant exposure required to obtain a specified color difference. For a given printing ink, lightfastness and weatherability or both depend on the type of substrate, the film thickness of the print, and the area printed (solid versus screen). Therefore, it is important that the nature of the test and control specimens correspond to that expected under actual use conditions. Note 2—Specifications D4302, D5067, and D5098 provide useful guides to the lightfastness of pigments in several types of artists' paints after 1260 MJ/m2 total window glass filtered solar radiant exposure (equivalent to about 2 or 3 months' exposure to window glass filtered solar radiation in accordance with Practice G24 at a tilt angle of 45 degrees). However, because of major differences between printing inks and artists' colors, especially in applied film thickness, it cannot be assumed that the lightfastness categories of printed ink films containing these pigments will be comparable to those indicated in the three specifications.1.1 This standard describes procedures for the determination of the relative lightfastness and weatherability of printed matter under the following conditions, which involve exposure to natural daylight or accelerated procedures in the laboratory: 1.1.1 Method 1—Daylight behind window glass, 1.1.2 Method 2—Outdoor weathering, 1.1.3 Method 3—Xenon-arc apparatus with window glass filters to simulate daylight behind window glass, 1.1.4 Method 4—Xenon-arc apparatus with water spray and daylight filters to simulate outdoor weathering, 1.1.5 Method 7—Fluorescent lamp apparatus to simulate indoor fluorescent lighting in combination with window-filtered daylight. 1.1.6 Method 8—Fluorescent lamp apparatus operating with fluorescent cool white lamps to simulate indoor fluorescent lighting. Note 1—Previous versions of this standard included Methods 5 and 6 that are based on enclosed carbon-arc exposures. These methods are described in Appendix X1. The spectral irradiance of the enclosed carbon-arc is a very poor simulation of solar radiation, window glass filtered solar radiation, or the emission of lamps used for interior lighting. In addition, enclosed carbon-arc devices are no longer readily available or commonly used. 1.2 These methods require that a suitable print or other control (reference standard) be run along with the test sample. Color changes due to conditions of exposure may be evaluated by visual examination or instrumental measurement. 1.3 These methods are applicable to prints on any flat substrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil, metal plate, and plastic film, and are produced by any printing process including letterpress, offset lithography, flexography, gravure, and silk screen. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

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PKP values indicate high aromatic or high naphthenic content, or both, which contributes to high relative solvency of the oil.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the relative solvency of petroleum oils used in ink formulations by a pentaerythritol ester of resin acids (PKP) titration. 1.2 This test method is applicable to petroleum oils that have an initial boiling point over 90oC and a dry point under 500oC as determined by Method D86. 1.3 This test method, along with viscosity measurements as determined by Test Method D445, is used to ensure the compositional consistency of petroleum oils. It can also differentiate between hydrotreated and non-hydrotreated oils that have the same viscosity. 1.4 This test method includes the use of a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-designated flammable chemical, pentane. Consult the suppliers' material safety data sheet for specific hazard information and guidance relative to use. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 1.3.

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5.1 This test method is suitable for setting specification, for use as an internal quality control tool, and for use in development or research work on industrial aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials. In addition to the pure liquid chemicals for which expansion functions are known, it may also be used for liquids for which temperature expansion data are not available, or for impure liquid chemicals if certain limitations are observed. Information derived from this test can be used to describe the relationship between weight and volume.1.1 This test method describes a simplified procedure for the measurement of density or relative density of pure liquid chemicals for which accurate temperature expansion functions are known. It is restricted to liquids having vapor pressures not exceeding 79 993 Pascal (0.800 bar, 600 mm Hg (0.789 atm) at the equilibration temperature, and having viscosities not exceeding 15 cSt at 20°C.1.2 Means are provided for reporting results in the following units:Density g/cm3 at 20°CDensity g/mL at 20°CRelative density 20°C/4°CRelative density 15.56°C/15.56°CNOTE 1: This test method is based on the old definition of  1 L = 1.000028 dm3 (1 mL = 1.000028 cm3). In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures withdrew this definition of the litre and declared that the word “litre” was a special name for the cubic decimetre, thus making 1 mL = 1 cm3 exactly.NOTE 2: An alternative method for determining relative density of pure liquid chemicals is Test Method D4052.1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8, Hazards.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Tinting strength may be one factor in judging the relative economic value of paints, since pigment concentration contributes to strength in a major way; other factors are formulation and color development in grinding. The user may also select products for other properties, such as transparency, that are accompanied by different tinting strengths. The results of this test method may be used for production control or quality comparisons.5.2 The product with the greatest or the least tinting strength may not be the most desirable for a given artistic use. For example, low tinting strength may lead to the need to use an excessively high pigment concentration to obtain a desired color effect, and this may lead to defects in the dry paint film.5.3 This test method applies only to single-pigment paints. The tinting strength of paints that contain two or more chromatic pigments with different optical properties cannot be evaluated by this test method.5.4 The term “similar chemical type” used in 1.1 does not limit the ingredients in the paints to identity, but refers to compatibility in the case of vehicles and to similarity in the case of pigment types.5.5 While the instrumental evaluation of tinting strength is described, visual comparisons can also be used, with lower precision, and should be made to provide confirmation of the instrumental and computational results.5.6 If the sample and standard are widely different in appearance when prepared at the same ratio of chromatic to white paint, another sample should be prepared to bring the two closer in appearance, to obtain the most accurate results.5.7 The quantities of chromatic and white paints mixed must be accurately known, on either a weight or a volume basis, but the concentration of pigment in the chromatic paint need not be known.5.8 When the paints being compared have the same vehicle and pigment (same Colour Index name and number) the values of uncorrected tinting strength from 9.1 and corrected tinting strength from 9.2 should be nearly the same. If they are not, an average of the two tinting strengths is recommended as the best estimate of the true value, and a range provides a measure of the magnitude of the uncertainty, which is due to differences in hue or chroma, or both, between the paints.5.9 Strictly speaking, the Kubelka-Munk-type analysis of this test method should not be applied to the tristimulus filter readings used, but only to spectral data. For the purposes of the relative comparisons of this test method, however, the errors introduced by the calculations used cancel to an adequate degree.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the absorption tinting strength of a chromatic test paint relative to that of a standard or reference paint of the same chemical type. The procedures are based on dilution of the paints with a standard mixing white paint, followed by instrumental measurement and calculation. Provision is made for correcting the results for small differences in hue or chroma, or both, between the test and reference chromatic paints.1.2 This test method is intended for the comparison of paints containing the same type of vehicle (acrylic, alkyd, or oil) and single-pigment colorants of the same Colour Index2 name and number. The amounts of the pigment and of the other components of the paint need not be known.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Vinyl siding with higher rigidity is often easier to install than siding with lower rigidity and expected to provide a straighter appearance when installed on walls having an uneven surface.5.2 The rigidity of vinyl siding is believed to be controlled primarily its characteristic configuration and is not believed to be significantly influenced by manufacturing variables. Siding weight has little influence on this test.1.1 This procedure describes a method to determine a numerical value indicating the relative rigidity or stiffness of vinyl siding panels. This procedure is not intended for routine quality control inspection during the manufacture of vinyl siding. The rigidity of vinyl siding is believed to be controlled primarily by its configuration and is not believed to be significantly influenced by manufacturing variables.1.2 Vinyl siding with higher rigidity is often easier to handle and install than siding of lower rigidity. It is expected to provide a straighter appearance when installed on walls having an uneven surface.1.3 All other vinyl siding requirements and test methods can be identified through Specification D3679.1.4 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Relative density (specific gravity) is the ratio of mass of an aggregate to the mass of a volume of water equal to the volume of the aggregate particles – also referred to as the absolute volume of the aggregate. It is also expressed as the ratio of the density of the aggregate particles to the density of water. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate particles and the bulk density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C29/C29M, which includes the volume of voids between the particles of aggregates.5.2 Relative density is used to calculate the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including hydraulic cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C29/C29M. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the aggregate is in a saturated-surface-dry condition, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Alternatively, the relative density (specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.5.3 Apparent relative density (specific gravity) pertain to the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water.5.4 Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that obtained after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period of time. Aggregates mined from below the water table commonly have a moisture content greater than the absorption determined by this test method, if used without opportunity to dry prior to use. Conversely, some aggregates that have not been continuously maintained in a moist condition until used are likely to contain an amount of absorbed moisture less than the 24-h soaked condition. For an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free moisture on the particle surfaces, the percentage of free moisture is determined by deducting the absorption from the total moisture content determined by Test Method C566.5.5 The general procedures described in this test method are suitable for determining the absorption of aggregates that have had conditioning other than the 24-h soak, such as boiling water or vacuum saturation. The values obtained for absorption by other test methods will be different than the values obtained by the prescribed soaking, as will the relative density (specific gravity) (SSD).1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative density (specific gravity) and the absorption of coarse aggregates. The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quantity, is expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity). The OD relative density is determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD relative density and absorption are determined after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.1.2 This test method is not intended to be used with lightweight aggregates that comply with Specification C332 Group I aggregates.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.NOTE 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.5.3 Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Changes in temperature and humidity during shipping, storage or use can affect the visual appearance, mechanical integrity, or electrical functionality of switches. This practice simulates three different environments to which membrane switches may be exposed.4.2 The three industry-recognized switch categories based on performance levels are Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 (see section 9.1).4.3 Additionally, there may be custom requirements that vary by application, therefore, these requirements can be determined by customer and vendor agreement and be established as a Level 4.4.4 This practice defines the duration of a single cycle. Multiple cycles may be appropriate depending on the requirements of the application.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for temperature and humidity cycling of a membrane switch or printed electronic device.1.2 This test method is performed to evaluate the properties of materials used in the construction of membrane switch or printed electronic assemblies as they are influenced by the absorption and diffusion of moisture and moisture vapor. This is an accelerated environmental test, accomplished by the continuous exposure of the test specimen to high relative humidity at an elevated temperature. Absorption of moisture by many materials results in swelling, which destroys their functional utility, causes loss of physical strength, and changes in other mechanical properties. Insulating materials which absorb moisture may suffer degradation of their electrical properties.1.2.1 Physical changes:1.2.1.1 Differential contraction or expansion rates or induced strain of dissimilar materials.1.2.1.2 Cracking of surface coatings.1.2.1.3 Leaking of sealed compartments.1.2.1.4 Deformation or fracture of components.1.2.2 Chemical changes:1.2.2.1 Separation of constituents.1.2.2.2 Failure of chemical agent protection.1.2.3 Electrical changes:1.2.3.1 Changes in electronic and electrical components.1.2.3.2 Electronic or mechanical failures due to rapid water of condensate formation.1.2.3.3 Excessive static electricity.1.3 This test method is not intended to be a thermal shock procedure; a ramp rate between temperature extremes should not exceed 2°C/min.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Permittivity:5.1.1 Polyethylene and Materials of Permittivity Within 0.1 of That of Polyethylene—Since the permittivity of benzene or 1-cSt silicone fluid is very close to that of polyethylene, these fluids are recommended for highly accurate and precise testing of polyethylene or other materials with permittivity close to that of polyethylene. These aspects of the test method make it a suitable tool to determine batch-to-batch uniformity of a polyethylene compound to meet precise requirements of high capacitance uniformity and capacitance stability in electronic apparatus. It also serves as a means to detect impurities, as well as changes resulting from prolonged exposure to high humidity, water immersion, weathering, aging, processing treatments, and exposure to radiation.5.1.2 Other Materials—This test method provides advantages for routine testing of those materials that have a poorer match in permittivity between the liquids mentioned in 5.1.1 and the specimen. These advantages include, but are not limited to, a reduction of the probability of errors caused by imprecise thickness data and the ease with which tests can be performed. Correction factors can be calculated to account for the bias introduced by the permittivity mismatch. The two liquids mentioned in 5.1.1 are not the only liquids having known values of dielectric properties and are known to be compatible with a solid electrical insulating material.Dissipation Factor—Normally, polyethylene has a very low dissipation factor, and a test specimen exhibiting an abnormally high dissipation factor would be suspected of containing impurities or being contaminated. The reproducibility of dissipation factor by this test method is somewhat better than that obtainable with the more conventional methods, but is limited by the sensitivity of commercially available measuring apparatus.1.1 These test methods provide techniques for the determination of the relative (Note 1) permittivity and the dissipation factor of solid insulating materials by fluid (Note 2) displacement.Note 1—In common usage, the word "relative" is frequently dropped.Note 2—The word "fluid" is a commonly used synonym for "liquid" and yet a gas is also a fluid. In this standard, the word "fluid" is used to show that liquid is not all that is meant.1.2 Test Method A is especially suited to the precise measurements on polyethylene sheeting at 23°C and at frequencies between 1 kHz and 1 MHz. It may also be used at other frequencies and temperatures to make measurements on other materials in sheet form.1.3 Test Method B is limited to the frequency range of available guarded bridges. It is especially suited to measurements on very thin films since it does not require determination of the thickness of the specimen yet it provides an estimate of the thickness of thin films that is more accurate and precise than thickness measurements obtained by other means.1.4 Test Method B is also useful for measurements of polymer sheeting up to 2-mm thickness.1.5 These test methods permit calculation of the dissipation factor of the specimens tested.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see 7.2.

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The content of dissolved decay products in insulating oils is made up of a variety of compounds, such as peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Each of them is partially adsorbed on the large surface of paper insulation leading to the premature aging of power transformers. The relative assessment of byproduct formation, therefore, can be used as an indicator of the aging of the mineral oil.1.1 This test method characterizes by spectrophotometry the relative level of dissolved decay products in mineral insulating oils of petroleum origin. While new oil is almost transparent to a monochromatic beam of light in the visible spectrum, the increasing concentration of dissolved decay products shift the absorbance curve to longer wavelengths.1.2 This test method is applicable to compare the extent of dissolved decay products for oils in service. It can assess the effectiveness of used or stored oil purification during the reclamation process, as well.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with two procedures for determining relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) from ion implanted external standards. This guide may be used for obtaining the RSFs of trace elements (<1 atomic %) in homogeneous (chemically and structurally) specimens. This guide is useful for all SIMS instruments.1.2 This guide does not describe procedures for obtaining RSFs for major elements (>1 atomic %). In addition, this guide does not describe procedures for obtaining RSFs from implants in heterogeneous (either laterally or in-depth) specimens.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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