4.1 Where to draw the tangent to determine the modulus of elasticity is often unclear when performing tensile tests with polyethylene geomembranes. This problem results in a wide variation in test results and, therefore, makes this property unreliable for comparisons.4.2 A secant modulus based on 2 % strain can be useful when making comparisons between materials, in quality control, and in comparing the same sample after being subjected to a nonstandard environment.4.3 Secant modulus is an approximation of modulus of elasticity and generally results in a lower value than that for the modulus of elasticity.4.4 Although the technique for measuring 2 % secant modulus is described here, other percent secant moduli can be measured by this practice.1.1 This practice presents a technique for calculating the 2 % secant modulus for polyethylene geomembranes between 0.5 mm and 5 mm (20 mil and 200 mil) using Test Method D6693/D6693M.1.2 This practice will facilitate modulus comparisons of similar materials by standardizing the method for deriving the points on the stress-strain curve from which the calculations are performed.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Published literature shows that the yield of radiolytic reactions that occur during radiation treatment increases with radiation dose level. Measurement of the products of these reactions can be used as an internal dosimeter.4.2 Trans-vinylene unsaturations are formed during ionization treatment by abstraction of a hydrogen molecule, and to a lesser extent by the recombination of two adjacent alkyl free radicals that reside on the same chain.4.3 Previous work generated calibration curves of trans-vinylene absorption area as a function of absorbed radiation dose, yielding a linear relationship for both gamma- and electron beam-irradiated polyethylene.4.4 This data can be used to determine received dose as a function of position, assuming a calibration curve (TVI versus radiation dose level) is known for the particular material and radiation conditions used, and can be used to determine uniformity of dose level in irradiated polyethylene.1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the number of trans-vinylene groups in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) intended for use in medical implants. The material is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.1.2 This test method is based on Guide F2102.1.3 The applicability of the infrared method has been demonstrated in other literature reports. This particular method, using the intensity (area) of the C-H absorption centered at 1370 cm-1 to normalize for the sample’s thickness, will be validated by an Interlaboratory Study (ILS) conducted according to Practice E691.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers cold-expansion fittings using metal compression-sleeves for use with cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plastic pipe. These cold-expansion fittings and metal compression-sleeves are intended for use in residential and commercial, hot and cold, potable water distribution systems, as well as sealed central heating, including under-floor heating systems, with continuous operation. Cold-expansion fittings shall be made from one of the following materials: machined brass; machined stainless steel; machined carbon steel; forged brass; or cast copper alloys. Metal compression-sleeves shall be made from one of the following materials: machined brass; machined stainless steel; or plating. Dimension measurements shall be made in accordance with the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers cold-expansion fittings using metal compression-sleeves for use with crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) plastic pipe in 3/8-in., 1/2-in., 5/8-in., 3/4-in., 1-in., 11/4-in., 11/2-in., and 2 in. nominal diameters, meeting the requirements of Specification F876 or F3253, and for use with Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) pipe in 3/8 , 1/2 , 5/8 , 3/4 , 1, 1- 1/4 , nominal diameters meeting the requirements of Specification F2769, whereby the pipe is cold-expanded before fitting assembly. The components covered by this specification are intended for use in residential and commercial, hot and cold, potable water distribution systems or other applications such as municipal water service lines, building supply lines, radiant panel heating systems, hydronic baseboard heating systems, snow and ice melting systems, geothermal underground pipe systems and building services pipe with continuous operation at pressures up to and including 100 psi (690 kPa), and at temperatures up to and including 180 °F (82 °C).1.2 Included in this specification are the requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, and markings to be used on the fittings and compression-sleeves. Performance requirements are as referenced in Specification F877 for systems containing PEX pipe and Specification F2769 for systems containing PE-RT pipe.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 10, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The ATL value is used to set the break-away strength of a weak-link device, or to set other equipment used to limit pulling force during pull-in installation of polyethylene gas pipe, or to determine if pulling equipment can exert pulling force greater than the ATL value for the polyethylene gas pipe being installed.4.2 The ATL value is determined before gas pipe installation.1.1 This practice provides a means to determine an allowable tensile load (ATL) value for a polyethylene gas pipe that is to be installed underground using methods that pull the pipe into a trench (cut or plowed), bore hole, casing pipe, or the like. The ATL value takes into account pipe size, tensile yield strength, pipe temperature, and pulling load duration.1.2 The ATL is used to set the break-away strength for a “weak-link” device, or as a limit setting for other devices that control the maximum pulling force exerted by equipment used to pull polyethylene gas pipe into an underground location, or to determine if pulling equipment can exert pulling force greater than the ATL value for the gas pipe being installed. A weak-link device is installed where the pipe pulling equipment is connected to the polyethylene gas pipe. If pulling load exceeds the ATL limit, the device de-couples the pipe from the pulling equipment. Other measures or equipment that limit the pulling force on the pipe are also used. When the ATL value is compared to the pulling force developed by the pull-in installation equipment and equipment cannot exert pulling force greater than the ATL value, a weak-link or other device for limiting the pulling force is not necessary.1.3 This practice does not address weak-link device design or requirements, nor does it address the design or requirements for other equipment or procedures used to limit the pulling force applied to polyethylene gas pipe during pull-in installation.1.4 This practice does not address installation methods or procedures employed for pull-in of polyethylene gas pipe. The appropriate design (safety) factor for calculation of the ATL) is indicated in “Note 3”.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers polyethylene (PE) pipes made in thermoplastic pipe dimension ratios based on outside diameter, and pressure rated for water. All pipes produced under this specification may be used for the transport of water, industrial process liquids, effluents, slurries, municipal sewage, etc. Included are criteria for classifying PE plastic pipe materials and PE plastic pipe, and a system of nomenclature for PE plastic pipe. PE pipes shall be evaluated by the test procedures given herein, and shall conform to specified requirements for workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure at ambient and elevated temperatures, hydrostatic burst pressure, tensile strength at yield, and environmental stress cracking.1.1 This specification covers polyethylene (PE) pipe made in thermoplastic pipe dimension ratios based on outside diameter IPS 1/2 to 3, for both non-pressure and pressure rated water (see Appendix X1). Included are requirements for polyethylene compounds and PE plastic pipe, a system of nomenclature for PE plastic pipe, and requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure, and burst pressure. Methods of marking are also given.NOTE 1: Significant changes have been made to this specification to remedy duplication of sizes with other specifications, for DIPS sizes and larger sizes refer to the appropriate standard specification such as Specification F714 or AWWA C906.1.2 For pipes produced under this specification that are intended for use in the distribution and transmission of potable water without oxidizing disinfectants, potable and non-potable water, grey water, reclaimed water, wastewater, force main and gravity municipal sewage, etc, the user should consult the manufacturer to determine whether the fluid being transported is compatible with polyethylene pipe and will not affect the service life beyond limits acceptable to the user.1.3 For pipes produced under this specification that are intended for use in the distribution and transmission of potable water or other fluids containing oxidizing disinfectants (for example, Hypochlorous acid or chloramines), special requirements for PE compounds are specified in 5.2 and 5.3, and DR limitations are specified in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.2.1.NOTE 2: Refer to specification AWWA C901 for other suitable potable water options.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers metal insert fittings and copper crimp rings for use with SDR9 cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing. All performance tests shall be performed on assemblies of fittings, crimp rings, and PEX tubing. Fittings and crimp rings shall meet the material and dimensional requirements prescribed. The sealing surfaces of the insert shall be smooth and free of foreign material. Fitting walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible to the unaided eye and affect the wall integrity. Insert fittings shall be joined to PEX tubing by the compression of a copper crimp ring around the outer circumference of the tubing, forcing the tubing material into annular spaces formed by ribs on the fitting.1.1 This specification covers metal insert fittings and copper crimp rings, or alternate stainless steel clamps, for use with cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing in Nominal Tubing Size (NTS) 3/8 , 1/2 , 5/8 , 3/4 , 1, 1 1/4 , 11/2 , and 2 nominal sizes that meet the requirements for Specification F876 or Specification F3253, or for use with polyethylene of raised temperature (PE-RT) tubing in NTS 3/8 , 1/2 , 5/8 , 3/4 , 1, 1 1/4 , 11/2 , and 2 nominal sizes that meet the requirements of Specification F2623 or Specification F2769. These fittings are intended for use in 100 psi (689.5 kPa) cold- and hot-water distribution systems operating at temperatures up to, and including, 180 °F (82 °C).1.1.1 When used with PEX tubing in accordance with Specification F876, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in, but not limited to, residential and commercial, hot- and cold-potable water distribution systems, reclaimed water, fire protection, municipal water service lines, building supply lines, radiant heating and cooling systems, hydronic distribution systems, snow and ice melting systems, geothermal ground loops, district heating, turf conditioning, compressed air distribution and building services pipe.1.1.2 When used with PEX tubing in accordance with Specification F3253, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in residential and commercial hydronic heating and cooling systems.1.1.3 When used with PE-RT tubing in accordance with Specification F2769, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in residential and commercial, hot- and cold-potable water distribution systems, and building supply lines.1.1.4 When used with PE-RT tubing in accordance with Specification F2623, the fittings covered by this specification are intended for use in general fluid transport, including hydronics and irrigations systems.1.1.5 The requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, and markings to be used on the fittings and rings are also included.NOTE 1: Other code and regulatory requirements may apply to fittings for specific applications.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.1.3 Compliance with this specification requires that these fittings be tested and certified to Specification F877 or Specification F3253 when used with PEX tubing and Specification F2769 or Specification F2623 when used with PE-RT tubing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films intended for general uses and packaging applications. The film shall be made from homopolymer polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to as low-pressure polyethylene, or blends of homopolymers and copolymers that include ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers. The specimens shall be conditioned before testing in the standard laboratory temperature. Tests shall be conducted to determine the physical properties of the specimens which shall conform to the following physical requirements: secant modulus or stiffness; kinetic coefficient of friction; optical properties such as clarity, gloss, and haze; surface treatment level or wetting tension; impact resistance; tensile strength and elongation at break; heat sealability; and odor level.1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter referred to as film or films) from resins having densities in the range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m3 (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm3), inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer polyethylene but is not restricted to it.1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as low-pressure polyethylene.1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers.1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled polyethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long as all the requirements of this specification are met and as long as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are also met (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to recycled plastics.1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does not address specific problems associated with coloring, such as, quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties, and increase in density. These and other areas must be taken into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification range from 25 to 100 μm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.).1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-shrinkable films.1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical properties from which specifications for specific films are to be described. The levels of physical properties required by a film for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within the scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances, classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods. The dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces, and finishes. The intrinsic quality requirements include density, workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat sealability, and odor, as well as the classification properties for stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface treatment. A sampling method is included.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials for a semi-structural polyethylene (PE) encapsulated cement mortar formed-in-place liner system (FIPLS) intended for the rehabilitation of water pipelines. The liner and cement mortar are progressively rounded by means of an air pressure propelled pig and expanded against the interior surface of the original host pipe. After rounding, the line is maintained under pressure until the cement mortar cures and the liner is completely self supporting. The liner and the hooks shall be made from PE material meeting the minimum physical properties. The cement mortar is used to fill the ring cavity between the polyethylene liner and the host pipe. The cement mortar shall have the minimum physical properties.1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials for a semi-structural polyethylene (PE) encapsulated cement mortar formed-in-place liner system (FIPLS) intended for the rehabilitation of water pipelines of nominal size 4 in. to 12 in. This renewal process involves installing a collapsed PE liner, folded at the time of insertion, into an existing pipeline, expanding the PE liner, and then pumping cement mortar into the annulus between the liner and the main.1.2 The liner and cement mortar are progressively rounded by means of an air pressure propelled pig and expanded against the interior surface of the original host pipe. After rounding, the line is maintained under pressure until the cement mortar cures and the liner is completely self supporting.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车