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5.1 This practice is designed to evaluate a machine or process isolated from its normal operating environment. In its normal operating environment, there would be many sources of variation that may not exist at a machine/process builder's facility; or put another way, this study is usually conducted under ideal conditions. Therefore, it should be recognized that the results of this practice are usually a “best case” analysis, and allowances need to be made for sources of variations that may exist at the purchaser's facility.1.1 This practice covers provision of a proper method for determining process capability for new or existing machine processes. It is recommended that available statistical software be used for the calculation of the descriptive statistics required for decision making when using this practice. Where software is not available, Section 8 and Tables 1 and 2 are provided for manual calculations.TABLE 1 Machine/Process Average and RangeCalculate the average Range (R) and the Process Average X For the study period, calculate: where:k   =   the number of subgroups,R1   =   the range and average of the first subgroup,X1   =   the range and average of the first subgroup,R2   =   from the second subgroup, andX2   =   from the second subgroup, etc.TABLE 2 Machine/Process Standard Deviation Estimate the process standard deviation (the estimate is shown as σ^ “sigma hat”).Using the existing sample size calculate:σ^ = R/d2Where R is the average of the subgroup ranges (for periods with the ranges in control) and d 2 is a constant varying by sample size, as shown in the table below:n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10d2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 2.70 2.85 2.97 3.08

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5.1 Bacterial populations, as part of the microbial community in aquatic systems are actively involved in nutrient cycling. The significance of these populations is often difficult to ascertain because of the presence of many physiological types. However, measurement of bacterial densities is usually the first step in trying to establish any relationship that might exist between bacteria and other biochemical processes.45.2 Acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-counting procedure cannot differentiate between viable and nonviable cells.5.3 This procedure cannot be used to convert directly the numbers to total carbon biomass because of the natural variations in bacterial cell size.5.4 The acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-microscopic count is both quantitative and precise.5.5 This procedure is ideal for enumerating both pelagic and epibenthic bacteria in all fresh water and marine environments.55.6 The process can be employed in survey activities to characterize the bacteriological densities of environmental waters.5.7 The procedure can also be used to estimate bacterial densities in cooling tower waters, process waters, and waters associated with oil drilling wells.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for detection and enumeration of aquatic bacteria by the use of an acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-microscopic counting procedure. It is applicable to environmental waters.1.2 Certain types of debris and other microorganisms may fluoresce in acridine orange-stained smears.1.3 The test method requires a trained microbiologist or technician who is capable of distinguishing bacteria from other fluorescing bodies on the basis of morphology when viewed at higher magnifications.21.4 Use of bright light permits differentiation of single bacteria where reduced formazan is deposited at the polar ends.1.5 Approximately 104 cells/mL are required for detection by this test method.21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice covers an inspection procedure to ensure that studs installed with an anaerobic thread locking compound have achieved the necessary backout resistance. Verification of fastener locking effectiveness of anaerobic compounds shall be done. After inspection, the joint assembly shall be completed and final torque applied.1.1 This practice covers an inspection procedure to ensure that studs installed with an anaerobic thread locking compound have achieved the necessary backout resistance.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method determines anionic detergents commonly found in laundry, dishwashing, and other cleaning materials. Accurate determination of the anionic active substance is highly important in assessing the cost and effectiveness of such cleaning substances.1.1 Direct titration of an anionic surfactant with a standardized cationic reagent is a simple and convenient method for the quantitative determination of the content of active ingredient. The end point is detffected by the transfer of a colored complex from an organic solvent phase to an aqueous phase. The relationship between anionic and cationic agents is not always stoichiometric, and for maximum accuracy the anionic type of interest should first be characterized and then used to standardize the cationic reagent. In most cases, however, the different anionic surfactants likely to be encountered react in the same proportions. That is, a cationic titrating solution standardized against a characterized anionic agent can be used to analyze other anionics of known molecular weights.1.2 This test method is applicable to alkylaryl sulfonates and fatty alkyl sulfates. Low results are obtained with alkylbenzene sulfonates having the alkyl chain length less than eight carbon atoms. Low results are also obtained for alkyl sulfates with the alkyl chain length of less than twelve carbon atoms. The anionic surfactants characterized in accordance with Sections 17 – 23 should be the sodium salt and not amine, ammonium, or potassium salts. In case only amine or ammonium salts are available, they should be first converted to the sodium salt before proceeding with this analysis.1.3 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsSeparation of Alcohol-Soluble Matter 8 and 9Separation of Oil-Free Sulfonate 10 and 11Determination of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Content 12 – 17Characterization of Anionic Surfactant Standard:   Part I. Determination of Surfactant, SO3 Content, and Solution  Molarity 18 – 20 Part II. Determination of Surfactant, SO3 and Active Ingredient  Contents Combining Weight, and Solution Molarity 21 – 24Standardization of Cationic Reagent 25 – 29Quantitative Determination of Anionic Surfactant by Cationic   Titration 30 – 331.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see Section 7.

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5.1 Differential scanning calorimetry provides a rapid test method for determining changes in specific heat capacity in a homogeneous material or domain. The glass transition is manifested as a step change in specific heat capacity. For amorphous and semi-crystalline materials the determination of the glass transition temperature may lead to important information about their thermal history, processing conditions, stability of phases, and progress of chemical reactions.5.2 This test method is useful for research, quality control, and specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the assignment of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of materials using differential scanning calorimetry.1.2 This test method is applicable to amorphous materials, including thermosets or semicrystaline materials containing amorphous regions, that are stable and do not undergo decomposition or sublimation in the glass transition region.1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from –120 to 500°C. The temperature range may be extended, depending upon the instrumentation used.1.4 Computer or electronic-based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.Note 1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.5 ISO 11357–2 is equivalent to this test method.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice consists of a procedure for decomposition of wood as an initial step for analysis for the constituents arsenic, chromium, copper, phosphate, and zinc, all of which may then be analyzed in accordance with Test Methods D 1326, D 1627, D 1628 and D 5584.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

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5.1 This slug test field procedure is used in conjunction with a slug test analytical procedure, such as Test Method D4104 to provide quick and relatively inexpensive estimates of transmissivity.5.2 The slug test provides an advantage over pumping tests in that it does not require the disposal of the large quantities of water that may be produced. This is of special importance when testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slug tests reflect conditions near the well, therefore are influenced by near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor well development, and skin effects, as a result, slug test results should be viewed as semi-quantitative in comparison to pumping test results.5.3 Slug tests may be made in aquifer materials of lower hydraulic conductivity than generally considered suitable for hydraulic testing with pumping tests.5.4 The method of data analysis (analytical procedure) should be known prior to the field testing to ensure that all appropriate dimensions and measurements are properly recorded. Selection of the analytical procedure can be aided by using Guide D4043, Test Method D5785, Test Method D5881, and Test Method D5912.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for performing an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test.1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical procedure such as Test Method D4104 to data analysis and to determine aquifer properties.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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