This recommended practice covers the selection and application of low-voltage circuit breakers used in industrial and commercial power systems.

定价： 198元 / 折扣价： 169 元

This recommended practice covers the protection of of power cables and busway used in industrial and commercial power systems against damage from short circuits and overloads as well as against physical damage from mechanical hazards, adverse environmental conditions, and improper handling.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This recommended practice describes how to use probability methods for conducting a reliability analysis of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.

定价： 81元 / 折扣价： 69 元

Electric power systems in industrial plants and commercial and institutional buildings are designed to serve loads in a safe and reliable manner. One of the major considerations in the design of a power system is adequate control of short circuits or faults as they are commonly called. Uncontrolled short-circuits can cause service outage with accompanying production downtime and associated inconvenience, interruption of essential facilities or vital services, extensive equipment damage,… read more personnel injury or fatality, and possible fire damage. Short-circuits are caused by faults in the insulation of a circuit, and in many cases an arc ensues at the point of the fault. Such an arc may be destructive and may constitute a fire hazard. Prolonged duration of arcs, in addition to the heat released, may result in transient overvoltages that may endanger the insulation of equipment in other parts of the system. Clearly, the fault must be quickly removed from the power system, and this is the job of the circuit protective devices—the circuit breakers and fusible switches. A short-circuit current generates heat that is proportional to the square of the current magnitude, I2R. The large amount of heat generated by a short-circuit current may damage the insulation of rotating machinery and apparatus that is connected into the faulted system, including cables, transformers, switches, and circuit breakers. The most immediate danger involved in the heat generated by short-circuit currents is permanent destruction of insulation. This may be followed by actual fusion of the conducting circuit, with resultant additional arcing faults. The heat that is generated by high short-circuit currents tends not only to impair insulating materials to the point of permanent destruction, but also exerts harmful effects upon the contact members in interrupting devices. The small area common between two contact members that are in engagement depends mainly upon the hardness of the contact material and upon the amount of pressure by which they are kept in engagement. Owing to the concentration of the flow of current at the points of contact engagement, the temperatures of these points reached at the times of peak current are very high. As a result of these high spot temperatures, the material of which the contact members are made may soften. If, however, the contact material is caused to melt by excessive I2R losses, there is an imminent danger of welding the contacts together rendering it impossible to separate the contact members when the switch or circuit breaker is called upon to open the circuit. Since it requires very little time to establish thermal equilibrium at the small points of contact engagement, the temperature at these points depends more upon the peak current than upon the rms current. If the peak current is sufficient to cause the contact material to melt, resolidification may occur immediately upon decrease of the current from its peak value. Other important effects of short-circuit currents are the strong electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion to which the conductors are subjected when short-circuit currents are present. These forces are proportional to the square of the current and may subject any rotating machinery, transmission, and switching equipment to severe mechanical stresses and strains. The strong electromagnetic forces that high short-circuit currents exert upon equipment can cause deformation in rotational machines, transformer windings, and equipment bus bars, which may fail at a future time. read less

定价： 178元 / 折扣价： 152 元

This guide is intended to provide a basic understanding of the application, evaluation, and safety considerations of electromagnetic interference (EMI) power-line filters used in both ac and dc applications. It includes a basic description of the construction of an EMI power-line filter and its functions in providing suppression of conducted noise. In addition, it provides explanations of why seemingly identical filters may not give the same performance in a particular application. Finally,… read more proper installation of these filters in equipment is discussed. read less

定价： 150元 / 折扣价： 128 元

This recommended practice describes how to conduct short-circuit studies and analysis of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in this area.

定价： 160元 / 折扣价： 136 元

This recommended practice provides a guide for installation, splicing, terminating and field proof testing of cable systems as used in industrial and commercial applications. It is not intended to be a design document. Although many of the problems of installation can be avoided by designing cable layouts with the installation limits of this recommended practice.

定价： 130元 / 折扣价： 111 元

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This recommended practice describes how to collect data for use in reliability, availability, and maintainability assessments of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.

定价： 138元 / 折扣价： 118 元

This standard defines concepts and recommended procedures for connecting the grounding systems of alternating Current (AC) industrial and commercial power systems to the earth.

定价： 60元 / 折扣价： 51 元

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This recommended practice describes how to determine the reliability of 7×24 continuous power systems in industrial and commercial facilities. The method of reliability analysis by probability methods is described first. This is followed by a discussion of how to evaluate the results and how to implement changes to ensure that the expected degree of reliability is achieved.

定价： 138元 / 折扣价： 118 元

This recommended practice covers the selection and application of low-voltage circuit breakers used in industrial and commercial power systems. This standard does not include IEC recognized over-current protective devices.

定价： 119元 / 折扣价： 102 元

This recommended practice provides information for selecting the proper circuit breaker for a particular application. This recommended practice helps the application engineer specify the type of circuit breaker, ratings, trip functions, accessories, acceptance tests, and maintenance requirements. It also discusses circuit breakers for special applications, e.g., instantaneous only and switches. In addition, it provides information for applying circuit breakers at different locations in the… read more power system and for protecting specific components. Guidelines are given for coordinating combinations of line-side and loadside devices. Acceptance testing and maintenance guidelines are provided so that reliable operation can be verified and maintained. This recommended practice does not cover the selection and application of circuit breakers such as marine circuit breakers and definite purpose circuit breakers. read less

定价： 163元 / 折扣价： 139 元