4.1 The remarkable structural, physical and chemical properties of graphene — particularly its mechanical strength, high electronic mobility, lightness, and transparency (single layer or a few layers) — have generated worldwide research and industrial production efforts aimed at developing practical applications. Various industrially scalable production methods have been developed, including bottom-up approaches that grow graphene from small molecules (with or without a substrate), and top-down methods that start with graphite and exfoliate it by mechanical, chemical or electrochemical methods to produce nanoscale product such as graphene flakes. Two common exfoliation methods are: (1) oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide (GO) followed by additional processing to form reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) (2) and, (2) liquid phase exfoliation of graphite (3). The exfoliation methods, as well as substrate-less bottom-up approaches, produce materials in the form of flakes that can be dispersed in various solvents, making them suitable for applications requiring solution processing. Although there are many commercial “graphene” materials available on the market, the quality of these products is highly variable (4). There are many challenges in assessing the physical properties of the materials. In this guide we discuss how Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to characterize materials consisting of flakes of graphene and related materials (that is, few layer graphene (FLG), GO, r-GO). Illustrative examples are provided showing how these methods can be used to identify the type of material present and to extract important parameters including lateral flake size, average flake thickness, ratio of intensities of the D and G modes (ID/IG) in the Raman spectrum and carbon to oxygen ratio. Specifically, when encountering an “unknown” material or product purporting to be “graphene,” it is essential to quantify the thickness and lateral flake size distributions by AFM, to assess the level of defects in the flakes using the ratio of intensities of the D and G bands in the Raman spectrum, and to determine the level of oxidation of the material (C/O ratio) using XPS. These measurands are important for qualitative assessment of the type of material present, as well as quantitative measures of the quality of the flakes which can be correlated with properties relevant to applications based on conductivity, optical transparency, and chemical reactivity.4.2 It should be noted that these materials and products may exist in either a powder or dispersion (in liquid) form. Other techniques and measurements (ISO/TR 18196:2016) such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface area measurement, can also be used for characterization of graphene and related products but discussion of these methods is beyond the scope of this guide.1.1 This standard will provide guidance on the measurement approaches for assessment of lateral flake size, average flake thickness, Raman intensity ratio of the D to G bands, and carbon/oxygen ratio for graphene and related products. The techniques included here are atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Examples will be given for each type of measurement.1.2 This guide is intended to serve as an example for manufacturers, producers, analysts, and others with an interest in graphene and related products such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. This Standard Guide is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of all possible characterization methods.1.3 This guide does not include all sample preparation procedures for all possible materials and applications. The user must validate the appropriateness for their particular application.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended to assist the construction team in evaluating the constructability, functionality, sequence of construction, interference, tolerances, component performance, and assembled system performance of the exterior wall systems.4.2 This guide does not establish specific roles for the parties involved during construction or the contractual obligations of those parties. The role of each party within any specific project should be established and documented before the start of the project.4.3 This guide is intended for use when specifying construction mockups that are either integrated mockups or off-structure mockups.4.4 This guide is intended to aid the specifier in the development of a QA mockup program for assessing the performance of exterior walls. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive list of applicable test methods for QA testing available or applicable to a mockup program.4.5 This guide does not address preconstruction laboratory testing of a wall system.4.6 This guide is intended to address technical issues with the performance of the wall system and the interconnection of the various components and systems. A mockup may or may not be used as an aesthetic mockup; however, this guide is not intended to address aesthetic issues with the wall system.4.7 This guide is not intended to provide guidance for construction observation services. However, the mockup may be useful to inform inspectors of the intended construction, sequence, materials, and interface conditions encountered on the project and serve as a standard of quality to which the remainder of construction can be compared.1.1 This guide provides information to assist in the specification, design, and performance testing of field-constructed exterior wall assemblies (“mockups”) for construction projects. This includes testing procedures appropriate to evaluate the component and assembly performance for water penetration resistance, air leakage resistance, and other test methods that may be applied as part of the quality assurance (QA) program for the installed systems.1.2 This guide is intended to be applied to exterior wall mockups that include components, systems, and assemblies including, but not limited to, curtain walls, windows, doors, masonry walls, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS), roofing interfaces, stucco, wood siding, metal panels, sealants, appurtenances, penetrations, louvers, and combinations thereof. Such mockups are expected to include the intersection between wall systems.1.3 This guide is not intended to provide a comprehensive list of potential testing that may be applicable to field-constructed mockups. Additional tests may be applicable to mockups for specific projects.1.4 This guide is not intended to address all possible project delivery methods and as such the requirements listed herein must be evaluated by the specifier for appropriateness with the delivery method.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The procedures outlined herein are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic paint examination and comparison.3.2 With successful completion of this paint analysis training program, the trainee gains the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform, document, and evaluate forensic paint examinations and comparisons.3.3 This training practice covers a variety of instrumental methods which can be used in the analysis of paint. Not all laboratories will have access to all of the instrumentation. It is expected that a paint analysis training program will include all the techniques that are found within a laboratory's procedures for the forensic examination of paint.3.3.1 Instrumental methods that provide organic and inorganic analysis capabilities are utilized in the laboratory training program. Examples include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).1.1 This document is intended as a practice for use by laboratory personnel responsible for training examiners to perform forensic examinations and comparisons of paint. It contains a list of training objectives with recommended methods of instruction, reading assignments and structured exercises to provide practical experience for the trainee.1.1.1 The trainees and training program shall meet or exceed the minimum training requirements set forth in Practice E2917.1.1.2 Additional training could be required for a particular method or instrument referred to herein. The application of analytical techniques to paint analysis assumes the trainee is already competent in the use of each particular analytical technique or instrumental method.1.1.3 Other sources of information on forensic paint examination not specifically mentioned in this document can be considered and added.1.1.4 Additional paint analysis training beyond that which is listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such training could include off-site courses, internships, and specialized training by experienced examiners.1.1.5 Continuing education and training is recommended. Additional training provides a forensic paint examiner with the opportunity to remain current in the field.1.1.6 Paint samples occasionally are evaluated for physical matches of broken edges. This document does not provide training requirements for physical match comparisons. Additional training is required to conduct this type of analysis.1.2 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation to an individual laboratory’s training program. Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and trainee evaluations are included. Reading assignments are listed in each subsequent section of this practice; full citations are available in the References section.1.3 A paint analysis training program provides a theoretical foundation and basic practical skills necessary to prepare a trainee to become a qualified forensic paint examiner. At the end of the paint analysis training program, the trainee is capable of forming opinions based upon sound scientific knowledge, appropriate examinations, and practical experience. The trainee also is able to independently work cases, write reports, testify in court, and peer review cases. Upon completion of the program by a trainee or at some regular interval (for example, once per accreditation cycle), the training program should be evaluated for its efficacy and relevance according to the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.1.4 This standard practice does not address human factors (for example, cognitive bias). It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to address human factors during the initial or general training of a forensic scientist. Refer to Practice E2917.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The procedure described in this document is in accordance with current SWGFAST guidelines (6), as well as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard (7), which specify 1000 pixels per inch (ppi) at 1:1 as the minimum scanning resolution for latent print evidence. This standard appears primarily to be historical and directed towards scanners, rather than cameras, though recent studies suggest that it is suitable for capturing Level 3 detail (8).5.2 While the 1000 ppi resolution standard permits the capture of level three detail in latent prints, it does not mean that any image recorded at a lower resolution would necessarily be of no value for comparison purposes. Such an image could have captured level two details sufficiently for comparison. However, there are some latent print impressions that are so degraded or contain such limited quantity of information that at least 1000 ppi resolution is required to conduct an accurate examination. Some automated fingerprint identification systems require 1000 ppi for submission purposes. The relationship between machine (optical) resolution and achievable resolution (sometimes called resolving power) can vary greatly by manufacturer (8).1.1 This practice provides recommendations on the resolving power that enables recording of Level 3 details of latent print evidence that are suitable for comparison purposes using a digital camera, a flatbed scanner, or other image capture device. These recommendations take into consideration the minimum resolution requirements for utilizing the photographs for comparison.1.2 This practice describes procedures that can be used to verify the resolving power of such imaging systems and recommends equipment to be used.1.3 Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are used in this document as representative examples to more clearly explain the procedures. Such use does not imply a recommendation or endorsement.1.4 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides a consistent and transparent decision-making process for selecting risk-based corrective actions at sediment sites (that is, a Sediment-RBCA). Sediment-RBCA shares the same process as other RBCAs described in E1739, E2081, and E2205/E2205M but with explicit consideration of the constraints on how the available sediment assessment techniques impact decision making. Several factors exist that distinguish sediment sites from upland sites and warrant unique consideration, including background, potential for recontamination, sediment stability, sediment processes, lack of control on exposure and transport, exposure pathways and receptors, and unique site characteristics such as public lands, lack of site control on use and access. The diversity of available assessment techniques for a sediment site is considerably larger than for other media. Guidance on the technical tools themselves are described in other ASTM guides and regulatory guidance manuals.4.2 Sediment-RBCA incorporates the same paradigm of planning and scoping, problem formulation, exposure and effects assessments, risk characterization, and uncertainty analysis that is common to ecological and human health risk assessment guidance documents. Irrespective of terminology, both Sediment-RBCA and risk assessment share the same science-based process and share the same goal of informing risk management decisions. The specific approach used to develop risk-based human health and ecological criteria and risk-based management plans may vary from site to site based on jurisdictional requirements, site complexity, TPDs, and best professional judgment regarding the appropriate use of different assessment techniques. Some attributes of Sediment-RBCA are:4.2.1 Description of a tiered approach, including process flow charts, to identify critical steps and provide an overview of the entire RBCA process;4.2.2 Identification, development, and use of TPDs throughout the Sediment-RBCA process;4.2.3 Indications of the value and timing of stakeholder involvement, recognizing that some jurisdictions require varying degrees of coordination with a variety of stakeholders;4.2.4 Identification of situations under which a risk assessment may or may not be necessary;4.2.5 Identification of decision points where risk assessment results are used as part of the risk management decision making; and4.2.6 Identification and development of appropriate RAOs to support risk management.4.3 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by qualified professionals familiar with site characterization, remedial action science and technology, human health and ecological risk assessment methodologies, or related scientific and engineering subject areas, as they relate to complex sediment sites. A defensible application of a RBCA process is often a collaboration of multiple subject matter experts.4.4 To properly apply the Sediment-RBCA process, the user should AVOID the following:4.4.1 Using Tier 1 RBSLs as a default remedial action standard without considering if proceeding to develop more refined RBSLs through a Tier 2 or Tier 3 evaluation is appropriate;4.4.2 Placing arbitrary time constraints on the corrective action process that do not reflect the actual urgency and risk posed by the site;4.4.3 Failing to document the purpose of the Sediment-RBCA process (that is, defining the management goal per the problem formulation requirement) and connecting that management goal to the specific assessment techniques in a logical and transparent way (that is, developing a clear set of assessment endpoints and measures of effects per risk assessment guidance);4.4.4 Using unjustified or inappropriate exposure factors, toxicity parameters, or other assumptions required by an assessment technique or applying a model that is not supported by site-specific data;4.4.5 Developing ecologically-based RBSLs from data that do not exhibit a dose- or concentration-response relationship, or failing to consider cumulative risks or additive effects when required to do so by jurisdiction-specific guidance;4.4.6 Neglecting aesthetic, narrative, or other constraints when using RBSLs to establish the RAOs for a site;4.4.7 Initiating remedial action(s) (other than an action taken to address imminent or priority issues) before determining the appropriate RAOs for the site. RAOs must be attainable using existing technology (that is, technically practicable and cost effective) and must reflect the desired long-term outcome for a sediment site in the context of current and realistic future site uses, as well as background concentrations and the potential for recontamination. It is also inappropriate to proceed with remedial action(s) without consideration of site source-control measures (due to the potential for recontamination from uncontrolled sources).4.4.8 Limiting remedial action options to a single type of remedial technology, failing to consider options for remedial activity or failing to consider use limitations of remedial technologies. In all cases, a robust remedial options analysis that is not biased towards a particular remedial action option is needed;4.4.9 Using an interim remedial action to delay the RBCA process rather than to reduce risk;4.4.10 Failing to consider the impact of a potential remedial action on relevant receptors as part of the selection process;4.4.11 Failing to consider the long-term effectiveness of a potential remedial action during the selection process, or failing to monitor the effectiveness of the option once selected and implemented; and4.4.12 Continuing to monitor a site once the RAOs have been achieved (unless the RAOs were explicitly designed to involve such monitoring). (Guide E3164)1.1 Sediment-RBCA is based on protecting human health and the environment. The guide supplements the RBCA (Guide E2081) and Eco-RBCA (Guide E2205/E2205M) processes and provides a decision-making process for the management of contaminated sediment. Contaminated sediment sites vary greatly in terms of setting, usage, spatial and temporal complexity, and physical and chemical characteristics; and, therefore, they also vary greatly in terms of the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The Sediment-RBCA recognizes this diversity by using a tiered approach for gathering and evaluating data to determine the need for additional evaluation or risk management tailored to site-specific conditions and risks.1.2 This guide is intended to help direct and streamline the corrective action process and to complement (but not supersede) jurisdiction-specific guidance and regulations. It can be employed where jurisdiction-specific guidance is absent or insufficiently detailed; it can also assist to unify guidance when overlapping jurisdictions apply. It is compatible with a variety of programmatic guidelines for risk assessment and guidance from US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Environment Canada, European, US states, that share the underlying risk assessment approach. In all applications, regulatory agencies should be consulted, as appropriate. Sediment-RBCA is not intended to apply to current permitted releases or permit applications.1.3 There are numerous TPDs related to the Sediment-RBCA process. Common examples are defining DQOs, identifying relevant receptors, defining toxicity values for risk evaluation, determining target risk levels, specifying the appropriate statistics and sample sizes, determining exposure assumptions, determining when and how to account for cumulative risks and additive effects among chemical(s) of concern, addressing resource protection, along with remedial action constraints (RACs). It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate TPDs. Users should be aware of jurisdiction-specific guidance and should seek approvals and/or technical policy input as applicable.1.4 The general performance standard for this guide requires that:1.4.1 TPDs will be identified early in the Sediment-RBCA process and reevaluated throughout the process (at each tier),1.4.2 Data and information compiled during the Sediment-RBCA process, including historical data and new data collected during the site assessment, will be relevant to and of sufficient quantity and quality to answer the questions and support the decisions made at each tier of investigation,1.4.3 Actions taken during the risk-based decision-making process will be protective of human health and the environment, consistent with current scientific principles and practices, and in accordance with jurisdiction-specific requirements (for example, regulations, policies, and guidance), and1.4.4 Remedial actions implemented consistent with TPDs and the Sediment-RBCA process will not result in greater long-term risks than existed before taking actions.1.5 There are basic elements common to all RBCA guides:1.5.1 site assessment;1.5.2 tiered evaluations of exposure, effects, and risk;1.5.3 risk-based decision making;1.5.4 remedial action, and1.5.5 monitoring.1.6 This Sediment-RBCA focuses on releases of chemicals from sediment and is intended to be a companion to Guides E1739, E2081, and E2205/E2205M. Risks to human health from contaminated sites are discussed in Guides E1739 and E2081, while risks to ecological receptors are discussed in Guide E2205/E2205M and Guide E2020.1.7 Both human health and ecological resource risks from contaminated sediment are addressed in this guide. Guidance on conducting human health and ecological risk assessments is available, including from various regulatory agencies, published literature, and scientific associations (see Appendix X1 to Appendix X7, Guide E2205/E2205M, and Guide E2020).1.8 For sites that warrant remedial action, guidance is provided on developing remedial Action Objectives (RAOs) (Appendix X7) that support a remedial action plan.1.9 This guide is organized as follows:1.9.1 Section 2 lists referenced ASTM documents;1.9.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide;1.9.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide;1.9.4 Section 5 describes the tiered approach to the Sediment-RBCA process;1.9.5 Sections 6 and 7 present Sediment-RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process; and1.9.6 The reference section lists documents cited in this guide.1.10 This guide also includes the following appendices, which are provided as supplemental information:1.10.1 Appendix X1: Considerations for Design and Execution of Weight of Evidence (WOE) Approaches in Sediment Risk Assessment;1.10.2 Appendix X2: Use of Sediment Quality Guideline Values (SQGs) in Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessments (SLERAs);1.10.3 Appendix X3: Derivation and Use of Site-specific Ecological Criteria (SSEC) in Ecological Risk Assessments;1.10.4 Appendix X4: Uncertainty in Risk Evaluation;1.10.5 Appendix X5: Application of Reference Area Data in Sediment Ecological Risk Assessment;1.10.6 Appendix X6: Biological Test Methods, and1.10.7 Appendix X7: Guidance for Developing RAOs.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Intended Use: 4.1.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.2 Importance of the CSM: 4.2.1 The CSM should be continuously updated and refined to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biologic features, and environmental conditions of the sediment corrective action project (Guide E1689).4.3 Reference Material: 4.3.1 This guide should be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides listed in 2.1 (especially Guides E3344 and E3382); this guide should also be used in conjunction with the material in the References at the end of this guide (including 1). Utilizing these reference materials will direct the user in developing representative background concentrations for a sediment site.4.4 Flexible Site-Specific Implementation: 4.4.1 This guide provides a systematic, but flexible, framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and by the user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circumstances.4.5 Regulatory Frameworks: 4.5.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to a broad range of local, state, tribal, federal, or international jurisdictions, each with its own unique regulatory framework. As such, this guide does not provide a detailed discussion of the requirements or guidance associated with any of these regulatory frameworks, nor is it intended to supplant applicable regulations and guidance. The user of this guide will need to be aware of the regulatory requirements and guidance in the jurisdiction where the work is being performed.4.6 Systematic Project Planning and Scoping Process: 4.6.1 When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project, including assembling an experienced team of project professionals. These practitioners should have the appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute a sediment data acquisition and analysis program. This team may include, but is not limited to, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, site remediation professionals, analytical chemists, geochemists, and statisticians.4.7 Use of Representative Background to Set a Boundary: 4.7.1 Representative background concentrations for sediments can be used to delineate a sediment corrective action, establishing the boundary of the sediment corrective action area by distinguishing site-related impacts from representative background concentrations. This application requires the development of a BTV for the representative background data set.4.8 Use of Representative Background to Establish Cleanup Levels: 4.8.1 Representative background concentrations for sediments can be used to establish cleanup levels for use in sediment corrective actions. In cases where risk-based sediment cleanup levels are below representative background concentrations, background concentrations are typically used as the cleanup level (4). This ensures that the cleanup levels are sustainable. Any recontamination from ongoing sources will eventually result in surface sediment concentrations greater than the risk-based cleanup level, but the surface sediment should still meet a cleanup level based on representative background concentrations, even following recontamination.4.9 Use of Representative Background in Risk Assessments: 4.9.1 Representative background concentrations can be used in the risk assessment process (including human and ecological risk assessments) to understand risks posed by background levels of contaminants to human health and the environment, and the incremental risks posed by site-related releases or activities (or both) that result in sediment concentrations that exceed representative background concentrations. Conversely, they can be used to estimate the risk reduction for various contaminants, if sediment is remediated from existing COC concentrations to lower values (that is, representative background concentrations).4.10 Use of Representative Background in Post-Remedy Monitoring Programs: 4.10.1 Post-remedy monitoring programs can also use representative background sediment concentrations either as a corrective action target or to understand how post-remedy concentrations compare to the sources not attributable to current or historical site releases or activities. Typically, source control actions taken to ensure that site-related releases are controlled and will not re-contaminate the post-corrective action sediments must be developed based on an understanding of ongoing contributions from representative background. Ongoing sources unrelated to current or historical site-related releases or activities (that may or may not be subject to source control actions) must be considered in this evaluation.4.11 Other Considerations: 4.11.1 This guide does not cover all components of a program to develop representative sediment background concentrations.4.11.2 The overarching process to develop representative background concentrations (including CSM considerations) is not covered in detail in this guide but is discussed in more depth in Guide E3382.4.11.3 The selection of a background reference area(s) for the sediment site is not covered in detail in this guide but is extensively described in Guide E3344.4.11.4 Sediment sampling and laboratory analyses are not covered in this guide. Guides E3163 and E3164 contain extensive information concerning sediment sampling and laboratory analyses.4.11.5 Data quality objectives are not covered in this guide. Data quality objectives are described in (5).4.11.6 Background study design considerations are not covered in this guide but are described in other references, including Guides E3163 and E3164, as well as (6, 7).4.11.7 Geospatial analysis considerations are not thoroughly discussed in this guidance but are discussed in more depth relative to environmental evaluations in (8), which focuses on quality assurance concerns relative to geospatial analyses.4.11.8 In this guide, only the concentrations of COCs are considered to be in scope. Residual background radioactivity is out of scope.4.12 Structure and Components of This Guide: 4.12.1 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 Overview of Representative Background Concentration Development ProcessSection 6 Development of Candidate Background Data SetsSection 7 Evaluation of Candidate Background Data Sets to Obtain Representative Background Data SetsSection 8 Data VisualizationSection 9 Evaluation of High Nondetect Data PointsSection 10 Evaluation of Outlying Data PointsSection 11 Forensic Chemistry Evaluation of Organic ContaminantsSection 12 Geochemical Evaluation of MetalsSection 13 Methodology Application to Develop a Representative Background Data Set from a Candidate Background Data SetSection 14 Development of Representative Background ConcentrationsSection 15 Comparison of Sediment Site and Representative Background Data Sets Using Statistical Two-Sample TestingSection 16 KeywordsAppendix X1 Organic and Inorganic Chemistry OverviewAppendix X2 Illustrative Case Studies from One Example Sediment SiteAppendix X3 Summaries for Outlier Testing and Two-Sample Statistical TestingReferences  1.1 This guide describes data visualization, statistical, forensic chemistry and geochemical methodologies (including case studies) used in the evaluation of candidate background data sets; this evaluation leads to the development of representative background data sets for the sediment site. Statistical methodologies can then be applied to the representative background data sets to develop background threshold values (BTVs) that are measures of the upper limit of representative sediment background concentrations for the sediment site. In addition, representative background data sets and sediment site data sets can be compared using two-sample statistical tests to determine if there are statistically significant differences (at a specified confidence level) between the two data sets (such as, the median or mean values of the two data sets are significantly different).1.1.1 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support, but not supersede the guidelines established by local, state, tribal, federal, or international agencies.1.2 Technically defensible representative sediment background concentrations are critical for several purposes (1).2 These include sediment site delineation, establishing remedial goals and cleanup levels, remedy selection, assessment of risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans.1.3 The overarching framework for the development of representative sediment background concentrations at sediment sites is presented in Guide E3382. Guide E3240 provides a general discussion of how conceptual site model (CSM) development fits into the risk-based corrective action framework for contaminated sediment sites, while Guide E3382 provides a detailed discussion of the elements of a sediment site CSM that need to be considered when developing representative sediment background concentrations. Guide E3344 describes how to select an appropriate background reference area(s) from which to collect sediment samples for laboratory analysis. Guide E3164 describes the sampling methodologies to obtain sediment samples in the field (whether from the sediment site or background reference area[s]), while Guide E3163 discusses appropriate laboratory methodologies for the chemical analysis of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) in the sediment samples. Relevant content contained in Guides E3344 and E3382 is summarized herein, but the individual guides should be consulted for more detailed coverage of these topics.1.4 This guide focuses on the approach for the development of representative sediment background concentrations used for remedial actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA oriented, the guide is applicable to remedial actions performed under local, state, tribal, federal, and international cleanup programs. However, the guide does not describe requirements for each jurisdiction. The requirements for the regulatory entity under which the cleanup is being performed should be reviewed to confirm compliance.1.5 This guide is designed to apply to contaminated sediment sites where sediment data have been collected and are readily available. Additionally, this guide assumes that risk assessments have been performed, so that the contaminants of concern (COCs) that exceed risk-based thresholds have been identified.1.5.1 Furthermore, this guide presumes that the identified risk-based thresholds are low enough to pose corrective action implementation challenges, or the site is subject to recontamination from uncontrolled ongoing anthropogenic or natural sources, or both. In all cases, representative sediment background concentrations will be useful for determining the extent of corrective remedial actions (when used as remedial goals or cleanup levels), evaluating risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece Annex A21.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength Appendix X1Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty Appendix X2Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines Appendix X31.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments to regulators and other stakeholders has been historically hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols. The complexity of NAPL movement in sediment, and the lack of agreed upon methods for analysis and interpretation of site data, has led to uncertainty in corrective action decision-making. This has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes. The emplacement and transport mechanisms for NAPL in sediments are different from those in upland environments, due to a variety of physical, geochemical, and biological differences between sediment and upland environments, thus necessitating this guide.4.2 This guide is intended to supplement the CSM developed according to the principles outlined in the contaminated sites conceptual site model Guide E1689, the standard guide for developing a CSM for Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) sites Guide E2531, and the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Guides E1739 and E2081, by considering conditions for NAPL emplacement and movement (that is, advection) that are unique to a sediment environment. This guide will aid users in understanding the unique and fundamental characteristics of sediment environments that influence the occurrence and behavior of NAPL in sediments. Understanding the sources of NAPL encountered in sediment, the mechanisms for NAPL to become emplaced in sediments, and the site characteristics that influence the advective movement of NAPL within the sediment column will aid in identifying specific data requirements necessary to investigate these conditions and to provide a sound basis for remedy decisions.4.2.1 Advective transport is the primary NAPL migration mechanism that is addressed within this guide.4.2.2 In addition to advective transport, biogenic gas bubbles moving through sediments (that is, ebullition) may also facilitate NAPL migration; however, this process is beyond the scope of this guide.4.2.3 Processes associated with NAPL movement due to erosion (for example, propwash) are not within the scope of this guide.4.3 This guide describes the emplacement mechanisms and advective processes, and identifies the relevant information necessary for a technically reliable and comprehensive CSM in support of the investigation and/or remediation of NAPL in sediments. A technically reliable and comprehensive CSM will result in more efficient and consistent investigation of NAPL in sediments (for example, assessment of risks associated with NAPL in sediment, and/or remedy decisions). The key elements in assessing the presence and mobility of NAPL in sediment include (1) the hydrological setting, (2) the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, (3) the physical and chemical characteristics of the NAPL, and (4) the physical extent of the NAPL zone. The means and methods for collecting this information, including evaluating the mobility of NAPL in sediments, is not addressed in this guide.4.4 Many contaminants (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products and creosote) enter the subsurface as an immiscible liquid, known as NAPL. NAPLs may flow as a separate phase from water. If the NAPL is denser than water (known as dense non-aqueous phase liquid, or DNAPL), it will sink under the influence of gravity. If the liquid is less dense than water (known as a light nonaqueous phase liquid, or LNAPL), it will float on water.4.5 This guide provides a logical framework for the initial assessment of NAPL movement in sediment environments. It will help users understand the physical conditions and emplacement mechanisms that influence NAPL movement and aid in prioritizing methods for gathering data to support development of a CSM.4.5.1 The elements of a CSM for NAPL at sediment sites describe the physical and chemical properties of the environment, the hydraulic conditions, the source of the NAPL, the emplacement mechanisms, and the nature and extent of the NAPL zone. The CSM is a dynamic, evolving model that will change through time as new data are collected and evaluated and/or as physical conditions of the site change due to natural or engineered processes. The goal of the CSM is to describe the nature, distribution, and setting of the NAPL in sufficient detail, so that questions regarding current and potential future risks, longevity, and amenability to remedial action can be adequately addressed.4.5.2 The unique elements for a CSM for a NAPL sediment site (compared to an upland NAPL site) include, but are not limited to:(1) Characteristics of the sediment and water body.(a) Physical characteristics: hydrology (for example, river currents, tidal conditions), sedimentology (for example, native water body bottom characteristics, deposited sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, erosive forces), and hydrogeology (for example, groundwater-surface water interactions).(b) Geochemical: for example, redox conditions(c) Biological characteristics: for example, presence of benthic community(2) Characteristics of the NAPL release(s) including sources, mechanisms, and timing unique to surface water and sediment that affect the conditions under which the NAPL was emplaced in the sediment.(3) Mechanisms of NAPL emplacement in sediments, which include:(a) Advective transport from upland sources,(b) Deposition on a competent sediment surface from direct releases to surface water, with potential burial by sediment deposition (applies to DNAPL only), and(c) Formation and deposition of OPAs, with potential burial by sediment deposition.(4) Indicators for the potential presence and extent of NAPL, including observance of seeps, droplets and/or sheens within a water body.(5) The potential for human and ecological exposures to NAPL in sediment or by means of NAPL release to overlying surface water.4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:4.6.1 Section 1 – ;4.6.2 Section 2 – Referenced Documents;4.6.3 Section 3 – Terminology;4.6.4 Section 4 – ;4.6.5 Section 5 – Unique Aspects of Sediment Sites;4.6.6 Section 6 – NAPL Emplacement Mechanisms;4.6.7 Section 7 – NAPL Movement Decision Analysis Framework;4.6.8 Section 8 – Keywords;4.6.9 Appendix X1 – Emplacement Models: Potential NAPL Interactions at Surface Water Boundaries and Effects on NAPL Movement;4.6.10 Appendix X2 – Sedimentary Processes and Groundwater – Surface Water Interactions;4.6.11 Appendix X3 – NAPL Movement Terminology.4.7 This guide provides an overview of the unique characteristics influencing the presence and potential movement of NAPL in aquatic sediment environments. This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action.4.7.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.7.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a CSM should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.1.1 This guide is designed for general application to a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present. This guide describes multiple emplacement mechanisms that can result in NAPL presence within the sediment stratigraphic profile and how the characteristics of the sediment, aquatic environment, and NAPL properties influence NAPL movement within sediments. This guide provides example conceptual models for NAPL emplacement in sediments in order to establish a common framework that can be used to assess conditions influencing NAPL movement by means of advection.1.2 This guide supplements methodologies for characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state and local environmental programs, but does not replace regulatory agency requirements. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.3 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These are minimum standards of quality assurance applicable to forensic science service providers performing forensic chemical analysis on evidence.4.2 This practice is to be used by forensic science practitioners performing chemical analysis on evidence and reinforced by forensic science service provider management.1.1 This practice discusses procedures for quality assurance of forensic science service providers performing forensic chemical analysis. This practice provides a framework of quality in the processing of evidence, including: maintaining a quality management system; personnel duties, qualifications, training, and education; facility considerations; evidence handling; analytical procedures; instrument and equipment performance; chemicals and reagents; casework documentation and reporting; proficiency and competency testing; method validation and verification; audits; deficiency of analysis; and documentation requirements. Annex A1 – Annex A3 provide additional procedures that are discipline-specific.1.2 This practice cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The intent of these principles is to provide a useful hierarchical arrangement of the breadth of asset types.4.2 This hierarchy is independent of the legal ownership of the assets under consideration.4.3 Cost or financial treatment of assets is not relevant to this hierarchy.4.3.1 Positive and negative value contributions of assets are relevant to mission success.4.4 Value contribution to the mission success of the organization of the assets is relevant.4.5 Asset hierarchies or models based on other asset attributes may be useful as well.4.6 Understanding the breadth of assets allows organizations to give full consideration of the contribution of assets to the mission success of the organization.4.6.1 As an example, when a trucking company considers its assets, the trucks, trailers, and related equipment are an obvious starting point. Real property used to stage, store, load, unload, maintain, and perform other mission-related tasks follows. Administrative space (real property) and equipment (personal property) supporting the organizational mission are included, regardless of ownership. Management control systems, networks, software, knowledge, and perceptions are non-physical assets contributing value in support of mission objectives. As with all assets discussed in this example, ownership of the assets is an important consideration, but a consideration that is not relevant to understanding all the assets that contribute to mission success. In that light, the public roads and bridges carrying the trucks to their destinations and back are clearly assets essential to mission success. Air and water are essential to operation of the trucking equipment, and to the staff supporting the mission, and therefore are assets of the organization.4.7 It is likely that many or most organizations have assets from every classification at every level of this hierarchy.1.1 This practice covers a useful hierarchical arrangement of the breadth of asset types.1.2 This taxonomy is based on the innate characteristics of the asset, not on the asset's use, cost, owner, or other factors.1.3 Biological life forms are excluded.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 This guide is designed to assist the forensic tape examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for the analysis, comparison, and identification of tapes. The size and condition of the sample(s) influences the choice of analytical scheme. The evaluation and interpretation of the data for each technique is an important part of an analytical scheme but it is outside the scope of this guide. These will be addressed in other ASTM standards.1.1 This guide is intended as an introduction to other standard guides for the forensic examination of pressure sensitive adhesive tape. It is intended to assist individuals who conduct forensic tape analyses in their evaluation, selection, and application of tests that can be of value to their examinations. This guide describes the construction and classification of various tapes and the methods to develop discriminatory information using an efficient order of testing. This standard provides an overview and guidance on the strengths and limitations of various techniques used in the analysis and comparison of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes. The goal is to provide a consistent approach to forensic tape analysis.1.2 The forensic tape examiner addresses concerns such as sample size, complexity and condition of the sample, environmental effects, collection and packaging methods, and case/investigation specific issues. These factors require that the forensic tape examiner choose test methods, sample preparation schemes, testing sequences, and degree of sample alteration and consumption that are suitable to each specific case.1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917, Practice E3233), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard as applicable to industrial usage.1.5 Some of the methods discussed in this guide involve the use of chemicals, temperatures, and radiation sources. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide provides general guidelines and recommendations for presenting product and material samples to assessors for evaluation of odor attributes under controlled conditions. Specific situations may require variations to these guidelines.5.2 This guide is designed for use in assessing odor of products and materials for such applications as, but not limited to, development, reformulation, complaint investigation, quality control, and stability/shelf-life.5.3 Elements of this guide may also be utilized for assessor training programs involving odor evaluation tasks.1.1 This guide provides guidelines for odor evaluation of products and materials under controlled conditions with a trained panel.1.2 This guide addresses odor, aroma, malodor and fragrance (see Terminology E253).1.3 This guide addresses assessor selection and training, sample preparation, and test procedures specific to odor evaluations.1.4 This guide does not address odor of any specific category of products.1.5 This guide does not recommend a specific testing method. The user is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and analysis tools to address the research questions.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples or bulk materials and can be used for either interlaboratory or intra-laboratory studies. The types of studies include, but are not limited to, studies to determine precision estimates for test methods, proficiency testing programs, and studies related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.5.2 Because the test results of any laboratory study are affected by the quality of the samples tested, producing homogeneous samples and determining the degree of homogeneity is important for interpreting the results of the study.5.3 Five techniques are presented in this guide to evaluate sample homogeneity for a range of circumstances and degrees of rigor. The circumstances under which the studies are conducted and the degree of rigor required may differ. The user should consider the circumstances listed in each technique to determine which is appropriate for the study at hand.5.4 Each of the Techniques 1, 2, and 3 provides a procedure for testing and evaluating sample homogeneity when replicate testing of the samples is possible. Technique 4 provides a plan to evaluate sample homogeneity when replicate testing is not possible. Technique 5 recommends practices for producing homogeneous samples for circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible.5.5 When the conditions of adequate within-sample homogeneity and between-sample homogeneity are satisfied, any differences in test results on multiple samples can reasonably be attributed to testing variation and not due to sample variation.5.6 When differences within or between samples are discovered and the samples are deemed insufficiently homogeneous, the sample preparation process can be improved or corrected and a new set of samples can be prepared. Or, in cases where the sample homogeneity cannot be improved or for other reasons when the samples must be used, the method of evaluation for the laboratory study should account for the effect of differences between samples.5.7 When used in conjunction with studies to develop precision estimates, the guidance in this standard can be used to help quantify sources of test variation (such as effects due to sampling, test method repeatability, and the degree of inhomogeneity) and, therefore, can be useful for determining and stating the conditions under which the precision estimates are valid.5.8 For proficiency testing programs, the guidance in this standard can provide information to prevent laboratories from being unfairly penalized for testing variation due to inherent differences between samples.5.9 In a single laboratory, the guidance in this standard could be used to evaluate the homogeneity of samples for studies to measure test variation over time or for studies to compare the results of tests performed by different technicians.5.10 To minimize the resources required for homogeneity testing, a testing design using a minimum of ten samples with two replicate tests performed on each sample is recommended in Techniques 1, 2, and 3 of this guide. This test design is used in other international standards. See Ref (1)4 and ISO 13528. Technique 4, used when replicate testing is not possible, similarly recommends testing a minimum of ten samples. That does not preclude the use of more than ten samples or more than two replicates.NOTE 1: The spreadsheets provided in this guide for the examples in Techniques 1, 2, and 3 show the calculations when two replicate tests are performed on each sample. The spreadsheets shown for Techniques 1 and 2 may be adjusted using the equations provided in the text when more than two replicate tests are used. Use of Technique 3, as presented in Section 9, is limited to duplicate testing (that is, k = 2). To use Technique 3 when k > 2, preliminary testing for consistency of replicate results can be performed using the general form of the Cochran’s Test as presented in Technique 1, and the homogeneity analysis can be performed as described in the Appendix, X4.3. Also, if desired, the homogeneity criterion in Technique 3 can be used with the calculations using the spreadsheets shown in Technique 2.5.11 This guide is not sufficient for evaluation of certified reference materials (CRMs) or materials used for calibration. Even though homogeneity is required for CRMs, CRMs and calibration materials are typically subject to additional requirements (such as traceability and estimates of uncertainty) that are not addressed in this guide.1.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples and bulk materials used for interlaboratory and intra-laboratory studies.1.2 This guide is applicable to samples and reference materials used for proficiency testing programs and for interlaboratory studies to determine precision estimates for test methods. It may also be useful for activities related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.1.3 Five techniques are presented for assessing sample homogeneity. The five techniques are not an exhaustive list of available techniques for assessing homogeneity of samples, but the techniques were chosen to cover a range of circumstances (and various degrees of rigor required) for laboratory studies of various types and purposes.1.4 Each of the first four techniques provides a scheme for testing for homogeneity and a statistical procedure for evaluating the results of the homogeneity testing. The circumstances are described for which each of the techniques is suited.1.5 For circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible, the fifth technique provides guidance for producing homogeneous samples.1.6 The appendixes of this guide provide example spreadsheets for Techniques 1, 2, 3, and 4.1.7 This guide is not intended for evaluation of certified reference materials (CRMs) or materials used for calibration.1.8 Units—The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;4.3.3 Foul filters;4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps;4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication;4.3.6 Contribute to MWF mist formation, including bioaerosol dispersion; and4.3.7 Contribute to safety and hygiene hazards in the plant.4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Many contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum products, enter the subsurface in the form of an immiscible liquid, known as a NAPL. Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments is hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols, thus necessitating this guide.4.1.1 Understanding the presence and movement of NAPL in sediments is complicated by the lack of standardized protocols for characterizing NAPL movement in the diverse range of sediment environments. Literature searches have indicated that there is a limited body of available, applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL mobility assessment approaches, but application of common methods or decision-making processes identified across sites were limited.4.1.2 The movement (or lack of movement) of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in developing protective remedial options for NAPL-impacted sediments and for the long-term management of sediment sites. Typical exposure pathways that are addressed through risk management decisions at upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. Rather, “contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (1)5, because in aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. NAPL that is present in subsurface sediment below the biologically active layer that is not migrating and has an overlying sediment that is expected to remain in place (that is, is not dredged or eroded) does not pose a risk to human or ecological receptors, because there is no pathway for exposure. Therefore, remediation of the NAPL may not be warranted. Thus, understanding NAPL presence, extent and potential movement is a key factor in managing contaminated sediment sites.4.2 This guide will aid users in developing the scope and method selection for investigating the presence and characteristics of NAPL in a sediment environment. This guide provides an overview of the sample collection, field screening and sample handling methods for investigating the presence or absence of NAPL, as well as characteristics of NAPL in the sediment environment.4.2.1 Use of this guide supports a multiple lines of evidence approach to evaluate NAPL movement in sediments.4.2.2 This guide should be used to support existing decision frameworks for field screening and sample collection for NAPL-impacted sediments.4.2.3 This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action.4.3 Assessment of NAPL movement in sediments is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic, yet flexible, decision framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and users, based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple lines of evidence approach, and unforeseen circumstances.4.4 The use of this guide is consistent with the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process that guides the user to acquire and evaluate appropriate data and use each piece of data to refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the CSM. As the sediment RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each tier help focus subsequent tiered evaluations. This integrated process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for NAPL-impacted sediments.4.5 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Users of this guide should confirm the regulatory guidance and requirements for the jurisdiction in which they are working. This guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.4.5.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved at a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.5.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization and remediation techniques, as well as sediment NAPL movement assessment protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including the following sections:4.6.1 Section 1: ;4.6.2 Section 2: Referenced Documents;4.6.3 Section 3: Terminology;4.6.4 Section 4: ;4.6.5 Section 5: NAPL Mobility Field Investigation Overview;4.6.6 Section 6: Sediment Sample Collection Procedures;4.6.7 Section 7: Sediment Sample Field Characterization;4.6.8 Section 8: Sediment Sample Handling, Storage, and Transport;4.6.9 Section 9: Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conditions;4.6.10 Section 10: Keywords;4.6.11 Appendix X1: Additional Sediment Sample Collection Considerations; and4.6.12 Appendix X2: Case Study.1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments impacted with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediment. The conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments are significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the framework for the assessment of NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have limited applicability for sediments.1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified. Sediments are the subject media considered in this guide, not surface water or groundwater.1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical framework for sample collection, field screening, and sample handling activities used to evaluate NAPL conditions, in particular NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and migration at the NAPL body scale) in sediments, which can be used to inform the development and selection of remedial options and post-remedial monitoring activities.1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, including direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and indirect methods (that is, DART®2, laser-induced florescence, and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or absence in sediment.1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual screening, stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet (UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™3, and headspace vapor monitoring.1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples representative of in situ conditions. This includes methods used to evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the vessel, sample retrieval from the coring device, sufficient sample recovery, core cutting techniques, sample removal from the core, and sample freezing/cooling considerations.1.7 This guide discusses the objectives, approaches, and materials for the storage and transport of NAPL-impacted sediment, focusing on samples taken for laboratory NAPL mobility and geotechnical tests. Considerations include sample packaging and handling, storage temperature, and hold times.1.8 NAPLs such as fuels, oils, coal tar, and creosote are the primary focus of this guide.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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