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Many thousands of water samples are collected each year and the chemical components are determined from natural groundwater sources. A single analysis can be interpreted easily regarding composition and geochemical type; however, it is difficult to comprehend all of the factors of similarities, interrelationships, and differences when large numbers of analyses are being compared. One of the methods of interpreting the implication of these chemical components in the water is by displaying a number of related water analyses graphically on a visually summarizing water analysis diagram. The water analysis diagrams described in this guide display the percentages of the individual cation and anion weights of the total cation and anion weights on graphs shaped as triangles, squares, diamonds, and rectangles. Note 3—The concentration of dissolved solids determined for each analysis is not evident by the plotted location. Scaled symbols, usually circles, can represent the amount of dissolved solids for each analysis plotted on the diagrams. Classification of the composition of natural groundwater is a major use of water analysis diagrams. Note 4—Palmer (20) developed a tabular system for the classification of natural water. Hill (1) classified water by composition using two trilinear and one diamond-shaped diagrams of his own design combined. Back (21) improved the classification techniques for determining the hydrochemical facies of the groundwater by a modification of the Piper diagram. The origin of the water or degree of mixing may be postulated by examination of the placement and relationship of the cations and anions from different water samples that are plotted on the diagrams. Numerous interpretive methods are possible from the examination of water analysis diagrams. For example, it is reasonable to hypothesize the path that the groundwater has traveled while in the hydrologic regime, the amount of mixing that has occurred with water from a different origin, and the effects of ambient conditions, such as air, temperature, rock, and man-induced contaminants, on the water. Note 5—It should be noted that for many hydrochemical research problems involving the interpretation of the origin, chemical reactions, and mixing of natural water, the water analysis diagram is only one segment of several analytical methods necessary to understand the condition.1.1 This guide covers the category of water analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs as a technique for displaying the common chemical components from two or more complete analyses of natural groundwater (see Section 3) on a single diagram. This category includes not only trilinear-shaped diagrams but also the diamond- or parallelogram-, rectangular-, or square-shaped graphs that have trilinear subdivisions. 1.2 This guide is the first of several documents to inform professionals in the field of hydrology with the traditional graphical methods available to display groundwater chemistry. Note 1—Subsequent guides are planned that will describe the other categories of diagrams that have been developed to display groundwater chemical analyses. (1) A guide for diagrams based on data analytical calculations will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which one analysis is plotted on each diagram (for example, the pattern, bar, radial, and circle diagrams). (2) A guide for statistical diagrams will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which multiple analyses are analyzed statistically and the results plotted on the diagram (for example, the box, etc.). 1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display the ions dissolved in water on trilinear diagrams. These diagrams are valuable as a means of interpreting the physical and chemical mechanisms controlling the composition of water. 1.4 The most commonly used trilinear methods were developed by Hill (1-3), Langelier and Ludwig (4), Piper (5, 6), and Durov (7-13). These techniques are proven systems for interpreting the origin of the ions in natural groundwater and for facilitating the comparison of results from a large number of analyses. Note 2—The use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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This practice sets guidelines for the receiving, testing and reporting of result of the investigation of metal, ores and related materials that may constitute evidence that is or may become involved in litigation. It outlines procedures to be followed to document the nature and condition of the evidence, the planning and performance of the testing, and actions that involve altering the nature or condition of the evidence.1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be used for receiving, testing and reporting results of investigation of metals, ores, related materials or samples thereof that have been the subject of an incident that is or is reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation.1.2 This practice was developed particularly for cases involving civil litigation, however it can be applied to criminal cases where it does not conflict with applicable laws and regulations.

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5.1 This practice gives techniques to use in the preparation of lubricants or lubricant components for acute or chronic aquatic toxicity tests. Most lubricants and lubricant components are difficult to evaluate in toxicity tests because they are mixtures of chemical compounds with varying and usually poor solubility in water. Lubricants or lubricant component mixtures should not be added directly to aquatic systems for toxicity testing because the details of the addition procedure will have a large effect on the results of the toxicity test. Use of the techniques described in this practice will produce well-characterized test systems that will lead to tests with meaningful and reproducible results.5.2 The toxicity of mixtures of poorly soluble components cannot be expressed in the usual terms of lethal concentration (or the similar terms of effect concentration or inhibition concentration) because the mixtures may not be completely soluble at treat levels that lead to toxic effects. The test material preparation techniques given in this practice lead to test results expressed in terms of loading rate, which is a practical and meaningful concept for expressing the toxicity of this type of material.5.3 One of the recommended methods of material preparation for lubricants or their components is the mechanical dispersion technique. This particular technique generates turbulence, and thus, it should not be used for poorly swimming organisms.1.1 This practice covers procedures to be used in the preparation of lubricants or their components for toxicity testing in aquatic systems and in the interpretation of the results of such tests.1.2 This practice is suitable for use on fully-formulated lubricants or their components that are not completely soluble at the intended test treat rates. It is also suitable for use with additives, if the additive is tested after being blended into a carrier fluid at the approximate concentration as in the intended fully formulated lubricant. The carrier fluid shall meet the above solubility criterion, be known to be minimally toxic in the toxicity test in which the material will be tested, and be known to have a chemical composition similar to the rest of the intended fully formulated lubricant.1.3 Samples prepared in accordance with this practice may be used in acute or chronic aquatic toxicity tests conducted in fresh water or salt water with fish, large invertebrates, or algae. This practice does not address preparation of samples for plant toxicity testing other than algae.1.4 Standard acute and chronic aquatic toxicity procedures are more appropriate for lubricants with compositions that are completely soluble at the intended test treat rates (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).21.5 This practice is intended for use with lubricants or lubricant components of any volatility.1.6 This practice does not address any questions regarding the effects of any lubricant or lubricant component on human health.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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CSA Preface This is the first edition of CAN/CSA-Z14161, Sterilization of health care products - Biological indicators - Guidance for the selection, use and interpretation of results, which is an adoption, with Canadian deviations, of the identically t

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3.1 The objectives of a reactor vessel surveillance program are twofold. The first requirement of the program is to monitor changes in the fracture toughness properties of ferritic materials in the reactor vessel beltline region resulting from exposure to neutron irradiation and the thermal environment. The second requirement is to make use of the data obtained from the surveillance program to determine the conditions under which the vessel can be operated throughout its service life.3.1.1 To satisfy the first requirement of 3.1, the tasks to be carried out are straightforward. Each of the irradiation capsules that comprise the surveillance program may be treated as a separate experiment. The goal is to define and carry to completion a dosimetry program that will, a posteriori, describe the neutron field to which the material test specimens were exposed. The resultant information will then become part of a database applicable in a stricter sense to the specific plant from which the capsule was removed, but also in a broader sense to the industry as a whole.3.1.2 To satisfy the second requirement of 3.1, the tasks to be carried out are somewhat complex. The objective is to describe accurately the neutron field to which the pressure vessel itself will be exposed over its service life. This description of the neutron field must include spatial gradients within the vessel wall. Therefore, heavy emphasis must be placed on the use of neutron transport techniques as well as on the choice of a design basis for the computations. Since a given surveillance capsule measurement, particularly one obtained early in plant life, is not necessarily representative of long-term reactor operation, a simple normalization of neutron transport calculations to dosimetry data from a given capsule may not be appropriate (1-67).3.2 The objectives and requirements of a reactor vessel's support structure's surveillance program are much less stringent, and at present, are limited to physics-dosimetry measurements through ex-vessel cavity monitoring coupled with the use of available test reactor metallurgical data to determine the condition of any support structure steels that might be subject to neutron induced property changes (1, 29, 44-58, 65-70).1.1 This practice covers the methodology, summarized in Annex A1, to be used in the analysis and interpretation of neutron exposure data obtained from LWR pressure vessel surveillance programs and, based on the results of that analysis, establishes a formalism to be used to evaluate present and future condition of the pressure vessel and its support structures2 (1-74).31.2 This practice relies on, and ties together, the application of several supporting ASTM standard practices, guides, and methods (see Master Matrix E706) (1, 5, 13, 48, 49).2 In order to make this practice at least partially self-contained, a moderate amount of discussion is provided in areas relating to ASTM and other documents. Support subject areas that are discussed include reactor physics calculations, dosimeter selection and analysis, and exposure units.1.3 This practice is restricted to direct applications related to surveillance programs that are established in support of the operation, licensing, and regulation of LWR nuclear power plants. Procedures and data related to the analysis, interpretation, and application of test reactor results are addressed in Practice E1006, Guide E900, and Practice E1035.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 This practice provides a basic approach for recording the preparation, parameters, and results of field slip resistance testing. It is intended to assist those performing such tests in documenting information gathered for further analysis, in preparation for writing a final report, or for record keeping purposes.2.2 Potential users include those performing slip resistance testing in the field, such as industrial and commercial safety professionals, facility management and maintenance personnel, forensic engineers, insurance company and broker loss control specialists, and research personnel.1.1 This practice provides a framework for reporting the results of slip resistance tests.1.2 Application—This practice is intended for use as a suggested format for recording and reporting data obtained during slip resistance testing. It is recognized that it may not be necessary or possible to record all of the data for all types of tests; however, this practice is considered a basic approach for data collection.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining and reporting the neutron fluence rate and fluence for the correlation of radiation-induced changes in nuclear graphites.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to achieve better correlation and interpretation of new data in the field of radiation effects testing of specimens of graphites to be used for moderator or reflector components of fission reactors.1.3 Excluded from this practice are graphite test specimens containing fissionable materials and specimens containing materials having high neutron cross sections.

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2.1 This guide is intended to encourage thorough and consistent documentation of airborne particle penetration testing and its results.2.2 Uniform information and performance data increase the likelihood of selecting proper particle protective clothing by direct comparison of one material with another.2.3 A standard format for test information and data also encourages computer storage of test results for easy retrieval, comparison, and correlations.1.1 This guide provides a format for documenting information and performance data for an airborne particle penetration test.1.2 Documented data and information are grouped into five categories that define important aspects of each test:1.2.1 Description of material tested,1.2.2 Challenge particles,1.2.3 Test method,1.2.4 Test results, and1.2.5 Source of the data.1.3 Use of this guide is facilitated by adherence to procedures outlined in a standard test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The results are used to characterize the scale and water formed deposits formed in systems using water as a heat transfer fluid or deposits formed that has resulted from water being transported, stored or used for any other purpose. It is also used to evaluate the quality of water used in the system where the deposit has been found. Characterizing the scale/deposit will assist in the design of the water treatment protocols to avoid further scale or deposit buildups which can cause increased energy consumption or damage to the system due to corrosion or microbiological growth. The use of modern up-to-date chemical detection systems will increase the usefulness of the practice.1.1 This practice covers the manner in which the results of examination and analysis for constituents of deposits formed on systems using water as a heat transfer media or water formed deposits from any other purpose and how they are to be reported.1.2 While various practices of reporting the analysis of water-formed deposits are in use, this practice is intended as a rational and comprehensive practice for general application. For use in specific industries or individual cases, molecular combinations may be useful and desirable.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The shear strength of soil-geosynthetic interfaces and geosynthetic-geosynthetic interfaces is a critical design parameter for many civil engineering projects, including, but not limited to: waste containment systems, mining applications, dam designs involving geosynthetics, mechanically stabilized earth structures, reinforced soil slopes, and liquid impoundments. Since geosynthetic interfaces often serve as a weak plane on which sliding may occur, shear strengths of these interfaces are needed to assess the stability of earth materials resting on these interfaces, such as a waste mass or ore body over a lining system or the ability of a final cover to remain on a slope. Accordingly, project-specific shear testing using representative materials under conditions similar to those expected in the field is recommended for final design. Shear strengths of geosynthetic interfaces are obtained by either Test Method D5321/D5321M (geosynthetics) or D6243/D6243M (geosynthetic clay liners). This guide touches upon some of the issues that should be considered when evaluating shear strength data. Because of the large number of potential conditions that could exist, there may be other conditions not identified in this guide that could affect interpretation of the results. The seemingly infinite combinations of soils, geosynthetics, hydration and wetting conditions, normal load distributions, strain rates, creep, pore pressures, etc., will always require individual engineering evaluations by qualified practitioners. Along the same lines, the list of references provided in this guide is not exhaustive, nor are the findings and suggestions of any particular reference meant to be considered conclusive. The references and their related findings are presented herein only as examples available in the literature of the types of considerations that others have found useful when evaluating direct shear test results.4.2 The figures included in this guide are only examples intended to demonstrate selected concepts related to direct shear testing of geosynthetics. The values shown in the figures may not be representative and should not be used for design purposes. Site-specific and material-specific tests should always be performed.1.1 This guide presents a summary of available information related to the evaluation of direct shear test results involving geosynthetic materials.1.2 This guide is intended to assist designers and users of geosynthetics. This guide is not intended to replace education or experience and should only be used in conjunction with professional judgment. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 This guide is applicable to soil-geosynthetic and geosynthetic-geosynthetic direct shear test results, obtained using either Test Method D5321/D5321M or D6243/D6243M.1.4 This guide does not address selection of peak or large-displacement shear strength values for design. References on this topic include Thiel (1),2 Gilbert (2), Koerner and Bowman (3), and Stark and Choi (4).1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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