4.1 This classification provides a single number rating for transmission loss or noise reduction data that have been measured or calculated. This rating is based on the difference between the overall A-weighted sound level of the sound spectrum given in Table 1 and the overall A-weighted sound level of the spectrum that results from arithmetically subtracting the transmission loss or noise reduction data from this spectrum. The spectrum shape is an average of three spectra from transportation sources (aircraft takeoff, road traffic, and diesel locomotive). A study showed that this classification correlated well with the A-weighted and loudness reductions (based on ISO 532:1975 in effect at the time) calculated for each of the individual spectra used in developing the rating for the one-third-octave band range of 50 Hz to 5000 Hz. The calculated numeric value of the rating is based on the sound transmission loss or noise reduction values for a particular specimen and depends only on that data and the shape of the reference source spectrum used in the calculation. The values shown in Table 1 have an arbitrary reference level. Use single-number ratings with caution. Specimens having the same rating can result in different indoor spectra depending on the variation of their transmission loss with frequency. Also, if the actual spectrum of the outdoor sound is different from that assumed in Table 1, the overall A-weighted outdoor-indoor noise reduction can be different from the OINIC. The strong low-frequency content of the spectrum in Table 1 means that specimen achieving a high rating must have strong low-frequency transmission loss. Use of this classification with the spectrum in Table 1 in situations where the source does not have a spectrum similar to Table 1 could result in requirements for more low-frequency transmission loss than is necessary for the application. Examples where this can occur are stage 3 jet aircraft, high-speed freeways with sound dominated by tire noise, emergency vehicle sirens, and train passes with sound dominated by horns.64.2 This classification requires data in one-third octave bands from 80 to 4000 Hz of sound transmission loss (TL) for outdoor-indoor transmission class (OITC), outdoor-indoor noise reduction (OINR(θ)) for outdoor-indoor noise isolation class (OINIC(θ)), or other data based on the rating definition for other ratings based on this classification.4.3 Due to accuracy limitations given in Test Method E90 and Guide E966 (related to the volume of enclosed measurement spaces), measurements below the 100 Hz one-third-octave band were not reported prior to the development of this classification. Studies have shown that data in the 80 Hz one-third octave band are necessary to obtain acceptable correlations for transportation sound sources. Test Method E90 (when testing façade elements or exterior doors or windows) and Guide E966 now require the reporting of data in the 80 Hz one-third-octave band. For the purposes of this classification, such data are deemed to be of acceptable accuracy.4.4 The low frequency measurements of sound transmission loss can be affected by the test specimen size or the specimen edge restraints, or both, particularly for small modular specimens such as doors or windows. Consequently, the outdoor-indoor transmission class (OITC) can also be affected by these factors, resulting in some uncertainty of the field performance of assemblies bearing a rating number using this classification, but to what extent is unknown.1.1 The purpose of this classification is to provide a method to calculate single-number ratings that can be used for assessing the isolation from outdoor sound provided by a building or comparing building facade specimens including walls, doors, windows, and combinations thereof, including complete structures. These ratings are designed to correlate with subjective impressions of the ability of building elements to reduce the penetration of outdoor ground and air transportation noise that contains strong low-frequency sound.2 These ratings provide an evaluation and rank ordering of the performance of test specimens based on their effectiveness at controlling the sound of a specific outdoor sound spectrum called the reference source spectrum.1.2 In addition to the calculation method, this classification provides the definition of the outdoor-indoor transmission class which is not defined elsewhere within ASTM standards. Other standards such as Guide E966 define additional ratings based on the method of this classification, one of which is discussed in this classification.1.3 The rating does not necessarily relate to the perceived aesthetic quality of the transmitted sound. Different facade elements with similar ratings differ significantly in the proportion of low and high frequency sound that they transmit, and the spectra of sources can vary significantly. It is best to use specific sound transmission loss values, in conjunction with actual spectra of outdoor and indoor sound levels, for making final selections of facade elements.1.4 Excluded from the scope of this classification are applications involving noise spectra differing markedly from that shown in Table 1. Thus excluded, for example, would be certain industrial noises with high levels at frequencies below the 80 Hz one-third octave band, relative to levels at higher frequencies, and any source, including some transportation sources, that does not have a spectrum similar to that in Table 1. However, for any source with a spectrum similar to that in Table 1, this classification provides a more reliable ranking of the performance of partitions and facade elements than do other classifications such as Classification E413.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 When discarded as litter, articles made using photodegradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5° exposure angle used in this practice represents typical conditions for degradation experienced by litter.4.2 This practice requires characterization of the duration of exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-ultraviolet radiation varies considerably as a function of location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences in the time required to produce a specified level of degradation in a polymer. Daro4 has shown that when the same lot of polyethylene containing an iron-salt prodegradant is exposed at various times of the year in a single location, the time required to produce an average of two chain scissions per molecule varied by over 130 %. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson5 have shown that this variability can be significantly reduced when total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to characterize the exposure increments.4.3 In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in temperature, and moisture stresses between different locations, and between different years, or periods within a single year, at a single location. Because of this variability, results from this test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which photodegradable plastics degrade. Results from this test can be used to compare relative rates of degradation for materials exposed at the same time in the same location. Results from multiple exposures of a common lot of material (during different seasons over several years) at different sites can be used to compare the relative rates at which a particular photodegradable plastic will degrade in each location.NOTE 2: An inherent limitation in solar-radiation measurements is that they do not reflect the effects of variations in temperature and moisture exposure, which often can be as important as solar radiation. The same solar-ultraviolet radiation increment will not necessarily give the same changes in properties of the test specimen in different exposure sites. Results from this practice must be regarded as giving only a general indication of the degree of degradability and should always be considered in terms of characteristics of the exposure site as well.4.4 Where measurement of total solar-ultraviolet radiation is not possible, exposure duration can be determined by the number of days, weeks, or months exposed. When this practice is used, a reference material whose degradation properties have been well established must be exposed at the same time as the other materials being tested. The reference material used must be agreed upon by all interested parties. The time to produce a specified level of degradation for each material in this simultaneous exposure is then compared. It is also a good practice to use reference materials when exposure length is determined by total solar or solar UV radiant exposure.NOTE 3: A reference material can be a single lot of material which has shown consistent results after a number of exposures. It is not necessary that the composition or properties of the reference material be characterized and certified by a recognized standards agency or group.1.1 This practice defines test conditions applicable when Practices D1435 and G7/G7M are employed for the outdoor exposure testing of photodegradable plastics.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Air permits from regulatory agencies often require measurements of opacity from stationary air pollution point sources in the outdoor ambient environment. Opacity has been visually measured by certified smoke readers in accordance with USEPA (USEPA Method 9). DCOT is also a method to determine plume opacity in the outdoor ambient environment.5.2 The concept of DCOT was based on previous method development using Digital Still Cameras and field testing of those methods.7,8 The purpose of this standard is to set a minimum level of performance for products that use DCOT to determine plume opacity in ambient environments.1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the opacity of a plume, using digital imagery and associated hardware and software. The aforementioned plume is caused by particulate matter emitted from a stationary point source in the outdoor ambient environment.1.2 The opacity of emissions is determined by the application of a Digital Camera Opacity Technique (DCOT) that consists of a Digital Still Camera, Analysis Software, and the Output Function’s content to obtain and interpret digital images to determine and report plume opacity.1.3 This method is suitable to determine the opacity of plumes from zero (0) percent to one hundred (100) percent.1.4 Conditions that shall be considered when using this method to obtain the digital image of the plume include the plume’s background, the existence of condensed water in the plume, orientation of the Digital Still Camera to the plume and the sun (see Section 8).1.5 This standard describes the procedures to certify the DCOT, hardware, software, and method to determine the opacity of the plumes.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification establishes parameters for the design and manufacture of outdoor fitness equipment as defined in 3.1.30.1.2 It is intended that these fitness products will be used in an unsupervised outdoor setting or environment and will be permanently anchored.1.2.1 It is the intent of this specification to only specify requirements for outdoor fitness equipment and its installation and not the design of the facility or grounds on which the products are to be installed.1.3 The specifications set forth in this standard are intended to minimize the likelihood of serious injuries.1.3.1 The specifications set forth in this standard are for outdoor fitness equipment intended for use in an unsupervised setting by individuals age 13 and older.1.4 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions: 1.5.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unless otherwise specified) are as follows:Dimension ToleranceX mm (X in.) ± 13.0 mm (0.5 in.)X.X mm (X.X in.) ±1.3 mm (0.05 in.)X.XX mm (X.XX in.) ±.0.130 mm (0.005 in.)1.5.2 These tolerances still apply to a dimension even when terms like greater than, less than, minimum, or maximum are used.1.6 This standard is to be used in conjunction with Test Methods F2571 and Specification F2276. If a design or installation concern is not addressed in this specification then the applicable requirements of Specification F2276 shall be used.1.6.1 This standard takes precedence over Specification F2276 and Test Methods F2571 in areas that are addressed in this document.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 There are numerous situations for which outdoor sound level data are required. These include, but are not limited to, the following:4.1.1 Documentation of sound levels before the introduction of a new sound source (for example, assessment of the impact due to a proposed use).4.1.2 Comparison of sound levels with and without a specific source (for example, assessment of the impact of an existing source).4.1.3 Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits (for example, indication of exceedence of criteria or non-compliance with laws).4.2 This guide provides a means for selecting measurement locations, operating a sound level meter, documenting the conditions under which the measurements were performed, and recording the results.4.3 This guide provides the user with information to (1) make and document the sound level measurements necessary to quantify relatively steady or slowly varying outdoor sound levels over a specific time period and at specific places and (2) make and document the physical observations necessary to qualify the measurements.4.4 The user is cautioned that there are many nonacoustical factors that can strongly influence the measurement of outdoor sound levels and that this guide is not intended to supplant the experience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics. The guide is not applicable when more sophisticated measurement methods or equipment are specified. This guide, depending as it does on simplified manual data acquisition, is necessarily more appropriate for the simpler types of environmental noise situations. As the number of sources and the range of sound levels increase, the more likely experienced specialists with sophisticated instruments are needed.4.5 This guide can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement method to collect acoustical data for many common situations. Criteria for evaluating or analyzing the data obtained are beyond the scope of this guide.4.6 Note that this guide is only a measurement procedure and, as such, does not address the methods of comparison of the acquired data with the specific criteria. No procedures are provided for estimating or separating the influences of two or more simultaneously measured sounds. This guide can be useful in establishing compliance when the measured data are below a specified limit.4.7 Section 8.2.1 outlines a procedure that can be used for a survey of the site boundary; paragraph 8.2.2 for a survey of specified monitoring points; and paragraph 8.2.3 for determining the location and magnitude of maximum sound level.1.1 This guide covers the measurement of A-weighted sound levels outdoors at specified locations or along particular site boundaries, using a general purpose sound-level meter.1.2 Three distinct types of measurement surveys are described:1.2.1 Survey around a site boundary,1.2.2 Survey at a specified location,1.2.3 Survey to find the maximum sound level at a specified distance from a source.1.3 The data obtained using this guide are presented in the form of either time-average sound levels (abbreviation TAV and symbol LAT, also known as equivalent sound level or equivalent continuous sound level abbreviated LEQ and with symbol LAeqT ) or A-weighted percentile levels (symbol LX).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Outdoor exposure tests at one location may not be applicable to a project site at another location. This test method evaluates geotextiles under site-specific atmospheric conditions over an 18-month period. A degradation curve as per 10.8, based on strength, elongation, or modulus, or all of these, may be developed for the geotextile being evaluated.5.2 This test method can be used for comparative testing of the degradation of geotextiles.5.3 This test method is considered to be a performance test and as such the responsibility for its performance rests with the specifying or purchasing agency.NOTE 1: The intent of this procedure is to provide the user of this test method and geotextiles a standard by which to evaluate weathering degradation in terms of site-specific conditions, not in terms of incident radiation and temperature. If desired, the user may want to have the necessary measurement and recording equipment at each site to do this. However, the expense of doing so at each site may be prohibitive. Therefore, this is not a specific requirement of this test method.1.1 This test method covers evaluating the deterioration in tensile strength and strain after outdoor exposure.1.2 The deterioration is assessed as a reduction in strength and strain at failure from the unexposed geotextile.1.3 The specific location of the light and weather exposure is made on the basis of a site-specific decision between the parties involved.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Tests and criteria as outlined determine the overall usability and stability of chairs in an environment simulating the conditions of use.4.2 Tests simulate two types of surfaces:4.2.1 Smooth surfaces such as linoleum, wet pool decks, etc. The glass testing base (see Fig. 2) is used to simulate this surface.FIG. 2 Glass Testing BaseNOTE 1: (A) Poly(methyl methacrylate) sheet, 0.25 ± 0.03-in. (6 ± 0.1-mm) thickness; (B) AC exterior glue fir plywood sheet, 0.75 ± 0.08 in. (19 ± 0.2 mm) or greater in thickness; (C) polypropylene microfoam sheet; 0.7 ± 0.01-lb/ft3 (11 ± 0.2-kg/m3) density and 0.13 ± 0.01-in. (3 ± 0.03-mm) thickness; and (D) glass/tempered sheet, 0.38 ± 0.04-in. (10 ± 0.1-mm) thickness.NOTE 2: (A), (B), (C), and (D) shall be roughly the same dimensions, 48 in. (1219 mm) or greater.4.2.2 Rough surfaces such as wooden decks, outdoor natural surfaces, etc. The plywood testing base (see Fig. 3) is used to simulate this surface.FIG. 3 Plywood Testing BaseNOTE 1: (A) Poly(methyl methacrylate) sheet, 0.25 ± 0.03-in. (6 ± 0.1-mm) thickness; and (B) AC exterior glue fir plywood sheet, 0.75 ± 0.08 in. (19 ± 0.2 mm) or greater in thickness.NOTE 2: (A) and (B) shall be roughly the same dimensions, 48 in. (1219 mm) or greater.1.1 These standard performance requirements establish nationally recognized performance requirements for Class A (residential) and Class B (nonresidential) adult and children’s plastic chairs intended for outdoor use.1.2 These requirements do not address conditions that affect the performance of the chair beyond the manufacturing site.1.3 These standard performance requirements are not applicable to chaises, multi-positional chairs, upholstered chairs, or other types of furniture.1.4 These standard performance requirements cover the performance of product regarding aspects of outdoor weathering, impact, static load, and rear leg testing.1.5 Products Manufactured from Recycled Plastics: 1.5.1 Products may be manufactured from recycled plastics as long as the performance requirements are met.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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