定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface. Note 1: For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.4 4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers, interior packaging materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which have critical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the package system's natural frequency. 4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test machine may have significant influence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s) across the top of the package. Care should be taken that any pressure resulting from such fixturing should be minimal, particularly when the container being tested is corrugated or some other similar material. 4.2.1 In cases where low-acceleration, long-duration responses are anticipated, any fixturing can potentially influence packaged item response and can possibly alter any correlation between this test method and free-fall drop testing. Where such correlation is desired, the package can be tested without it being fixed directly to the table. Note that in such circumstances, the shipping container can vigorously rebound from the table and can, if not otherwise controlled, present a safety problem for operators. Fixing the shipping container to the shock machine table is most often recommended for safety and convenience, but accuracy and precision of this test method should not be compromised by such fixturing. Note 2: A rigid package system with a natural frequency above 83 Hz requires a shock pulse shorter than the 2-ms (nominal) duration currently available with many of today's shock machines: where: ds   =   shock pulse duration, s, fs   =   shock pulse frequency, Hz, and fp   =   package system frequency, which may be determined by Test Methods D999. Similarly, a shock machine using an input shock pulse duration of 3 ms would only be effective with package system frequencies below 56 Hz. 1.1 This test method covers the general procedures of using shock machines to replicate the effects of vertical drops of loaded shipping containers, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is intended to provide the user with a process to obtain data on package performance when a packaged product is subjected to shock. These measures can be used to quantify or qualify a package system.4.2 Data from this practice may provide a measure of a package's ability to mitigate the various levels of shipping shock or impact hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.4.3 This practice could potentially be used in conjunction with the data derived from Test Method D3332 (Method B) for optimizing cushion design.4.4 This practice obtains data at the interface of the product and package (coupled) or element response, depending on the intent of the user (see 10.1 and 10.1.1).1.1 This practice covers methods for obtaining measured shock responses using instrumentation for an actual or simulated product package system when subjected to defined shock inputs to measure package performance.1.2 This practice establishes methods for obtaining measured shock data for use with shock and impact test methods. It is not intended as a substitute for performance testing of shipping containers and systems such as Practice D4169.1.3 This practice will address acceleration measuring techniques. Other ways of measuring shock impacts, such as high speed video, are not covered by this practice.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

5.1 Dynamic cushioning test data obtained by this test method are applicable to the cushioning material and not necessarily the same as obtained in a package. In addition to the influence of the package, the data can also be affected by the specimen area, thickness, loading rate, and other factors.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for obtaining dynamic shock cushioning characteristics of packaging materials through acceleration-time data achieved from dropping a falling guided platen assembly onto a motionless sample. This test method does not address any effects or contributions of exterior packaging assemblies.1.2 The data acquired may be used for a single point or for use in developing a dynamic cushion curve for the specific material being tested. Such data may be used for comparison among different materials at specific input conditions, or qualifying materials against performance specifications. Caution should be used when attempting to compare data from different methods or when using such data for predicting in-package performance. Depending upon the particular materials of concern, correlation of such data (from among differing procedures or for predicting in–package performance) may be highly variable.NOTE 1: Alternative and related method for possible consideration is Test Method D4168.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 Solid lubricant coatings are applied to surfaces that are exposed to heat and cold to such a degree that in many cases liquid lubricants are not practical. Adherence under these conditions is mandatory to preserve the bearing surfaces during sliding motion.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance of dry solid film lubricants to deterioration when subjected to temperature extremes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended for testing glazed ceramic tile that are to be used in areas in which they may be subjected to rapid or severe temperature changes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to thermal shock of glazed ceramic tiles under normal conditions of use.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 571元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. A hot plate, timing device, container, and sponge shall be used. The surface temperature of the hot plate, determined by any suitable surface temperature measuring device, may be varied by changing the wattage input to the hot plate. If the hot plate surface temperature be calibrated to wattage input, the desired temperature may then be set by adjusting wattage input. The wattage input or similar calibration shall be made for each surface temperature. In preparation for the test, the hot plate shall be leveled and the surface temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. Quenching water shall be placed in a large container and its temperature shall be adjusted to a certain level. The amount of water required to fill a test utensil to a certain depth shall be measured. A dry utensil shall be centered directly on the preheated hot plate. After a certain time, the utensil shall be removed from the hot plate and the utensil immediately shall be filled to some depth with quenching water. After a few seconds, the quenching water shall be poured out and the inside of the utensil shall be wiped with a wrung-out damp sponge. After some time, the utensil on the hot plate shall be replaced. Immediately after centering the utensil on the hot plate, the input to the hot plate shall be adjusted so that the hot plate surface temperature will reach a certain level. The utensil shall be allowed to heat dry for a few minutes with the hot plate adjusted so the new surface temperature will be reached. After a certain heating period, the utensil shall be removed. This procedure shall be repeated according to the schedule given. The test shall be continued until the utensil fails or has withstood quenching after a certain heating temperature.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of porcelain-enameled utensils to thermal shock. This test method is adaptable to any porcelain-enamel utensil that can be filled with water to a depth of 1 in. (25 mm).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车