4.1 This method is intended for use by laboratories performing calibration of a spectroradiometer for spectral irradiance measurements using a spectral irradiance standard with known spectral irradiance values and associated uncertainties traceable to a national metrological laboratory that has participated in intercomparisons of standards of spectral irradiance, known uncertainties and known measurement geometry.4.2 This method is generalized to allow for the use of different types of input optics provided that those input optics are suitable for the wavelength range and measurement geometry of the calibration.4.3 This method is generalized to allow for the use of different types of monochromators provided that they can be configured for a bandwidth, wavelength range, and throughput levels suitable for the calibration being performed.4.4 This method is generalized to allow for the use of different types of optical radiation detectors provided that the spectral response of the detector over the wavelength range of the calibration is appropriate to the signal levels produced by the monochromator.1.1 This test method covers the calibration of spectroradiometers for the measurement of spectral irradiance using a standard of spectral irradiance that is traceable to a national metrological laboratory that has participated in intercomparisons of standards of spectral irradiance.1.2 This method is not limited by the input optics of the spectroradiometric system. However, choice of input optics affects the overall uncertainty of the calibration.1.3 This method is not limited by the type of monochromator or optical detector used in the spectroradiometer system. Parts of the method may not apply to determine which parts apply to the specific spectroradiometer being used. It is important that the choice of monochromator and detector be appropriate for the wavelength range of interest for the calibration. Though the method generally applies to photodiode array detector based systems, the user should note that these types of spectroradiometers often suffer from stray light problems and have limited dynamic range. Diode array spectroradiometers are not recommended for use in the ultraviolet range unless these specific problems are addressed.1.4 The calibration described in this method employs the use of a standard of spectral irradiance. The standard of spectral irradiance must have known spectral irradiance values at given wavelengths for a specific input current and clearly defined measurement geometry. Uncertainties must also be known for the spectral irradiance values. The values assigned to this standard must be traceable to a national metrological laboratory that has participated in intercomparisons of standards of spectral irradiance. These standards may be obtained from a number of national standards laboratories and commercial laboratories. The spectral irradiance standards consist mainly of tungsten halogen lamps with coiled filaments enclosed in a quartz envelope, though other types of lamps are used. Standards can be obtained with calibration values covering all or part of the wavelength range from 200 to 4500 nm.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.21.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice presents the procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling of stationary source emissions for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. This application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases, this is, however, not included in this practice. This practice describes representative sampling of gases in a duct, both by extractive and non-extractive methods. In extractive sampling, gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ; therefore, no sample conditioning except filtering is required.1.1 This practice2 covers procedures and equipment that will permit representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams with limitations as described below. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx).1.2 Velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases. This is not included in this practice.1.3 There are some combustion processes and conditions that may limit the applicability of this practice. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especially when dealing with any of the following:1.3.1 Corrosive or highly reactive components,1.3.2 High vacuum, high pressure, or high temperature gas streams,1.3.3 Wet flue gases,1.3.4 Fluctuations in velocity, temperature, or concentration due to uncontrollable variation in the process,1.3.5 Gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams,1.3.6 Measurements made using environmental control devices, and1.3.7 Low levels of gas concentrations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautions, refer to 5.1.4.8, 5.2.1.6, and 6.2.2.1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Situations for which outdoor sound level data are required include, but are not limited to, comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatory limits.4.2 This guide provides information to (1) measure outdoor sound level in the vicinity of outdoor fixed noise sources, and (2) document other observations necessary for the measurements. This guide provides a standard procedure for a trained acoustical professional that will produce results and documentation which are consistent with the purposes cited in 1.1.1 – 1.1.5.4.3 These sound measurements should be performed by or under the direction of a person experienced in the measurement and analysis of outdoor sound, and who is familiar with the use of the required equipment and techniques.4.4 This guide can be used by individuals, regulatory agencies, or others as a measurement guide to collect data on the sound level received from a fixed source within the constraints cited in Section 8 and Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.4.5 This guide can be used to establish compliance or noncompliance at the time, distance, and conditions during which the data were obtained. However, this guide is only a measurement procedure and does not address the problem of projecting the acquired data outside those conditions, other times of day, other distances, or comparison with specific criteria. In particular, for a given sound source level, distant noise levels will often be found to be greater at night than during the day.1.1 This guide covers the measurement of outdoor sound due to a fixed sound source such as a siren, stationary pump, power plant, or music amphitheater. Procedures characterize the location, sound level, spectral content, and temporal characteristics of that sound source at the time of measurement. Users should be aware that wind and temperature gradients can cause significant variations in sound levels beyond 300 m. With appropriate caution, the use of measurements resulting from this guide include but are not limited to:1.1.1 Assessing compliance with applicable regulations,1.1.2 Monitoring the effectiveness of a noise reduction plan,1.1.3 Verifying the effectiveness of measures for mitigation of noise impact,1.1.4 Validating sound prediction models, and1.1.5 Obtaining source data for use in sound prediction models.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide may be used in the investigation of underground storage tank systems for equipment problems in a wide variety of applications. Use of this guide is voluntary. It is intended to assist users who want to investigate equipment failures, malfunctions, and other potential causes of suspected releases.4.2 The following groups of users may find the guide particularly helpful:4.2.1 Storage tank system designers and manufacturers;4.2.2 Storage tank installers, testers, and inspectors;4.2.3 Storage tank maintenance contractors;4.2.4 Storage tank removal contractors;4.2.5 Federal, state, tribal or local regulators, including departments of health, departments of environmental protection, and fire departments;4.2.6 Petroleum release remediation professionals;4.2.7 Insurance adjusters;4.2.8 Storage tank owners and operators;4.2.9 Consultants, auditors, and compliance assistance personnel.4.3 This guide is intended to assist in the development of protocols for determination of source and cause of a release and the investigation of a malfunction or failure of any component of a UST system and the implementation of said protocols. This guide outlines steps that may be necessary and include, but are not limited to initial evaluation of the UST system to determine if there has been a component failure preparation of samples of failed or compromised equipment for laboratory analysis; visual; and analytical evaluation of release indications; and documentation of the investigation. The guide provides a series of investigation options from which the user may design failure investigation protocols. The guide describes common investigation techniques in the order in which they might be employed in an investigation.4.4 A user may elect to utilize this guide for a number of reasons, which include, but are not limited to:4.4.1 To differentiate new releases from new discovery of old releases;4.4.2 To establish malfunction and failure rates of various UST system components;4.4.3 To determine expected life spans of various UST components;4.4.4 To identify opportunities for improving the performance and reliability of storage tank equipment;4.4.5 To focus inspection and maintenance efforts on those component of the UST system that are most prone to compromise, malfunction and failure;4.4.6 To identify those components of the UST system that require more frequent maintenance;4.4.7 To reduce equipment replacement costs;4.4.8 To prevent petroleum releases;4.4.9 To identify those conditions that may cause or contribute to equipment or component compromise, deterioration or other cause of malfunction or failure of the UST system;4.4.10 To comply with environmental regulations that require the investigation of suspected releases and determine the source and cause of releases; and4.4.11 To identify conditions that may cause or contribute to nonsudden releases that may not be detected by other leak detection methods.4.5 This guide may be used to establish a framework that pulls together the common approaches to investigation. The framework will allow the user to establish an investigation protocol to meet the user’s specific requirements. Specific user requirements will vary depending upon the purposes of the data collection and the decisions that the investigation is intended to support. This guide does not provide methods to establish specific user investigation requirements nor does it establish minimum levels of documentation.4.6 This guide will acquaint users with methods and tools that may be used in investigations of equipment problems associated with USTs. The user may include a subset of the methods described in this guide in their investigation. The user may consider a variety of factors in determining which combination of the methods to employ.4.7 This guide is not intended to require the user to conduct a failure investigation.4.8 This guide is focused on the identification, documentation, and preservation of compromised UST system equipment. It does not provide guidance on establishing root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure. The identification of root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure may require further expert analysis of the data and equipment collected during the failure investigation.4.9 Determination of equipment failures and evidence of the source and cause of a release are often unavailable due to the loss of critical information necessary to pinpoint equipment failures and conduct an investigation. Adjustment, repair or removal of failed equipment before determining and documenting the cause of the failure may interfere with the failure investigation. Failures may be caused by compatibility issues, manufacturer defects, corrosion, degradation, improper installation, damage, age, misuse, use or other causes. This guide may be used to identify techniques and procedures applicable to maintenance personnel and equipment vendors that will allow an investigator to evaluate possible equipment failures before equipment is adjusted, repaired, replaced or destroyed.4.10 This guide does not address all the safety measures that must be taken when removing and disassembling UST systems. Because most UST systems have contained flammable or combustible liquids special precautions should be taken to prevent fire, explosions and exposure to toxic vapors. API standard STD 2015 and RP 2016 address some of the safety considerations as do many of the procedures available from fire departments.1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, consultants and the public, intended to assist with the development of investigation protocols for underground storage tank facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes an investigation framework, and it provides a series of techniques that may be employed to: identify equipment problems; in some cases collect and preserve failed equipment for forensic evaluation or laboratory analysis; identify the source of a release; and document the investigation. The guide includes information on methods of investigation, documentation, collecting and preserving samples; chain of custody; storage; shipping; working with equipment manufacturers; and notification of regulators and listing laboratories. The goal in using the guide is to identify the appropriate level of investigation and to gather and preserve information, in an organized manner, which could be used in the future to improve system design or performance. While this guide may act as a starting point for users with limited experience in failure investigation, the user is encouraged to consult with failure analysis experts for specific investigation procedures that may be needed for certain equipment and the investigation should be conducted by a qualified professional. As users develop their specific investigation protocols, they may find that the investigations can be streamlined for certain types of facilities.1.2 Limitations of This Guide: 1.2.1 Given the variability of the different investigators that may wish to use this guide and the different types of facilities and failures that will be investigated, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular investigation. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.2.2 This guide does not address safety issues associated with the investigation, taking samples and storing equipment. Users are cautioned to exercise proper care in handling equipment that was in contact with flammable and combustible liquids and vapors. Some of the activities described in this guide may be subject to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations or may only be conducted by individuals with appropriate HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) training certifications recognized by federal and state regulatory authorities, such as HAZWOPER training.1.2.3 This guide does not address laboratory investigations of material properties and detailed failure analysis.1.2.4 This guide does not cover underground storage tank systems storing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).1.2.5 This guide does not replace state-required closure assessments and investigations. Requirements vary from state to state and often include specific sampling requirements. The user should comply with the requirement of the authority having jurisdiction.1.2.6 Prior to implementing the steps described in Section 5, users of this guide must determine if the authority having jurisdiction has any qualification requirements for the individual performing the investigation.1.2.7 Investigations addressed by this guide may involve knowledge, skills, and abilities generally attributed to individuals certified as tank systems installers, inspectors, or removers, or those who are trained in soil and groundwater sampling protocols (for example, geologists, groundwater professionals, or engineers).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides a systematic procedure for sampling and determining the variability of user-selected properties of concrete-making materials. Results derived from application of the practice are generally intended for information only and are not requirements of any existing ASTM specification on concrete or concrete-making materials. A concrete materials specification may make reference to this practice as a means of obtaining variability information, but needs to define the properties to be measured and the lot size and sample unit to be used. This practice is applicable to both producers and consumers of concrete-making materials, although details of application of the practice may vary, depending on the intended purpose of the user of this practice.4.2 The procedure is applicable to any quantitative property of any concrete-making material that can be measured by a standard test method. The procedure is based on grab samples, which will tend to show the maximum amount of variation of the material being evaluated. The procedure is useful if grab samples are obtained from sampling units that are being delivered to the user of a material and better represents the variability of the material used in concrete production than tests performed on the material for specification compliance that are documented on a mill test report or material certification. The procedure was developed for application to materials from a single source, but it can be applied to a materials delivery stream from more than one source, depending on the purposes of the user of the practice. Variations among test results on separate samples within a lot are corrected for testing error, therefore giving an estimate of the variability of the selected material property. The variability of the selected material property provides the user with one indicator of the source variation of the concrete-making material.4.3 Although variability in properties of concrete-making materials can be a significant cause of variability in concrete properties, this practice does not purport to give information on this relationship. This practice does give information on variability of concrete-making materials from which the user can, along with supplementary information or correlative testing of concrete properties, develop quantitative estimates of the effects.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the variability of concrete-making materials from a single source by measuring a characteristic property of the material. It includes recommendations on sampling, testing, analysis of data, and reporting.1.2 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Units used in examples of calculation methods are for illustration purposes. The calculation methods described in this practice can be used with either SI or inch-pound units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is designed to present in a standardized format information on the variability of strength of cement from a single source over a period of time. It can be applied to all hydraulic cements covered in Specifications C150, C595, and C1157. The results derived from this test method are intended for information only and are not requirements of any existing ASTM specification. A specification may refer to this test method to obtain information on the variability of cement from a single source.4.2 The procedure is based on obtaining samples from locations during the delivery of cement to the user and is more representative of the variability of cement used in concrete production than test data reported on mill test reports. Variation determined from the test results is corrected for testing error, therefore giving the user one indicator of the source variation of the cement.NOTE 1: It should be recognized that concrete strength variability is influenced by other factors in addition to cement strength variability.4.3 This test method does not provide information on the relationship between the variability of cement and the variability of concrete properties. The user can, along with supplementary information or correlative testing of concrete properties, develop quantitative estimates of the effects.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the variability of a hydraulic cement produced at a single source using strength tests as the characteristic property. It is intended that this test method normally be used for the predominant cement manufactured at a cement plant. Guidelines for sampling, testing, presentation of results, and evaluation are given.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. One system of units is used in the Figure and Tables in this standard to illustrate the calculation methods that are applicable independent of the system of units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a laboratory test procedure for measuring and comparing the surface flammability of materials when exposed to a prescribed level of radiant heat energy. It is intended for use in measurements of the surface flammability of materials exposed to fire. The test is conducted using small specimens that are representative, to the extent possible, of the material or assembly being evaluated. (Example: in terms of their thickness, layering, and any potential substrate.)5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfaces depends upon the physical and thermal properties of the material, product or assembly under test, the specimen mounting method and orientation, the type and level of fire or heat exposure, the availability of air, and properties of the surrounding enclosure.4-75.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory fire test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.4 If the test results obtained by this test method are to be considered as part of an overall assessment of fire hazard in a building or structure, then the example criteria, concepts and procedures incorporated into Guide E1546 shall be taken into consideration.1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes the measurement of surface flammability of materials. It is not intended for use as a basis of ratings for building code purposes (see Appendix X1).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. Specific information about hazard is given in Section .NOTE 1: There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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