5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.5.2 Several different modes of wave vibration can be propagated in solids. This practice is concerned with the attenuation associated with longitudinal waves introduced into the specimen by the immersion method.5.3 This practice allows for the comparison of the apparent attenuations of geometrically similar specimens.5.4 For the determination of apparent attenuation, the procedures described herein are valid only for measurements in the far field of the ultrasonic beam.1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components with flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indications are displayed in an A-scan presentation.1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the determination of relative attenuation between materials. For absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for specimen geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation, and procedural effects. These results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment and techniques.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is to be used to measure the impact attenuation of synthetic turf rugby fields and to estimate the CFH performance.5.2 It is acceptable for this test method to be specified for use by other organizations, specifiers, or facility owners where it is deemed appropriate.1.1 This standard establishes a test method to be used when testing a synthetic turf field’s impact attenuation property for assessing its suitability for rugby.1.2 The surface being tested will be located indoors or outdoors and typically includes the entire surface, both within the boundary lines of the playing area and outside of it. Where non-turf surfaces exist within these areas, they shall be excluded from the scope of this standard, unless they are covered either permanently or temporarily with synthetic turf.1.3 It is acceptable to use this test method, where appropriate, as a test method for laboratory based testing of synthetic turf surfaces.1.4 The definition of a minimum performance requirement for this test method is outside of the scope of this standard. Where reference is made to a minimum requirement this is intended for demonstration and clarification purposes only.1.5 This test method establishes a method of reporting test results.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Where values are given in parenthesis they are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The approach presented in this guide is a practical and streamlined process for determining the appropriateness of remediation by natural attenuation and implementing remediation by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site. This information can be used to evaluate remediation by natural attenuation along with other remedial options for each site.4.2 In general, remediation by natural attenuation may be used in the following instances:4.2.1 As the sole remedial action at sites where immediate threats to human health, safety and the environment do not exist or have been mitigated, and constituents of concern are unlikely to impact a receptor;4.2.2 As a subsequent phase of remediation after another remedial action has sufficiently reduced concentrations/mass in the source area so that plume impacts on receptors are unlikely; or4.2.3 As a part of a multi-component remediation plan.4.3 This guide is intended to be used by environmental consultants, industry, and state and federal regulators involved in response actions at petroleum release sites. Activities described in this guide should be performed by a person appropriately trained to conduct the corrective action process.4.4 The implementation of remediation by natural attenuation requires that the user exercise the same care and professional judgement as with any other remedial alternative by:4.4.1 Ensuring that site characterization activities focus on collecting information required to evaluate and implement remediation by natural attenuation;4.4.2 Evaluating information to understand natural attenuation processes present at the site;4.4.3 Determining whether remediation by natural attenuation is the most appropriate and cost-effective remedial alternative with a reasonable probability of achieving remedial goals; and4.4.4 Monitoring remedial progress.4.5 Application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation is intended to be compatible with Guide E1739 or other risk-based corrective action programs.4.6 This guide does not address specific technical details of remediation by natural attenuation implementation such as site characterization (see Guide E1912), sampling, data interpretation, or quantifying rates. For additional discussion and guidance concerning these technical issues for remediation by natural attenuation see Appendix X1 through Appendix X7.4.7 This guide does not specifically address considerations and concerns associated with natural attenuation of non-petroleum constituents, such as chlorinated solvents. Care must be taken to ensure that degradation by-products will not cause harm to human health or the environment. In addition, if constituents are present which do not readily attenuate, such as methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE), remediation by natural attenuation may not be a suitable remedial alternative or may need to be supplemented with other remedial technologies.4.8 This guide is intended to be consistent with Guide E1599 and U.S. EPA guidance for implementation of remediation by natural attenuation (U.S. EPA, 1995, Chapter 9).51.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriateness of remediation by natural attenuation and implementing remediation by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site, either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination with other remedial actions.1.2 Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternative for containment and reduction of the mass and concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment to protect human health and the environment. Remediation by natural attenuation depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption to attenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve remedial goals.NOTE 1: Remedial goals must be established through another process as determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.1.3 In general, remediation by natural attenuation should not be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination of whether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate for an individual petroleum release site, relative to site-specific remedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment of potential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control, and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to other remedial action technologies. Application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration of remedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use of converging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring and evaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site, remediation by natural attenuation is a process for risk management and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should be conducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenuation will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.1.3.1 The primary line of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation is provided by observed reductions in plume geometry and observed reductions in concentrations of the constituents of concern at the site.1.3.2 Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators of naturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuation rates.1.3.3 Additional optional lines of evidence can be provided by microbiological information and further analysis of primary and secondary lines of evidence such as through solute transport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.1.4 The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediation by natural attenuation for petroleum hydrocarbon constituents where ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground water impacts are often linked, this guide does not address natural attenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situations where soils containing constituents of concern exist without an associated ground water impact. Even if natural attenuation is selected as the remedial action for ground water, additional remedial action may be necessary to address other completed exposure pathways at the site.1.5 This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation or enhanced attenuation.1.6 Also, while much of what is discussed is relevant to other organic chemicals or constituents of concern, these situations will involve additional considerations not addressed in this guide.1.7 The guide is organized as follows:1.7.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.7.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.7.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.1.7.4 Section 5 provides an overview of the use of natural attenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;1.7.4.1 Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative;1.7.4.2 Limitations of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative; and1.7.4.3 Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate the appropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.1.7.5 Section 6 describes the decision process for appropriate application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation including;1.7.5.1 Initial response, site characterization, selection of chemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;1.7.5.2 Evaluation of plume status;1.7.5.3 Collection and evaluation of additional data;1.7.5.4 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation performance to remedial goals;1.7.5.5 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation to other remedial options;1.7.5.6 Implementation of a continued monitoring program;1.7.5.7 Evaluation of progress of remediation by natural attenuation; and1.7.5.8 No further action.1.7.6 Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.7.7 Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;1.7.8 Appendix X2 describes site characterization requirements for evaluating remediation by natural attenuation;1.7.9 Appendix X3 describes considerations for designing and implementing monitoring for remediation by natural attenuation;1.7.10 Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations and analytical methods for determining indicator parameters for remediation by natural attenuation;1.7.11 Appendix X5 describes the interpretation of different lines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;1.7.12 Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation and quantification of natural attenuation rates; and1.7.13 Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrating the application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The main part of this standard uses procedures originally developed for laboratory measurements of the sound transmission loss of partitions. These procedures assume that the rooms in which the measurements are performed have a sound field that reasonably approximates a diffuse field. Sound pressure levels in such rooms are reasonably uniform throughout the room and average levels vary inversely with the logarithm of the room sound absorption. Not all rooms will satisfy these conditions. Experience and controlled studies (1)6 have shown that the test method is applicable to smaller spaces normally used for work or living, such as rooms in multi-family dwellings, hotel guest rooms, meeting rooms, and offices with volumes less than 150 m3. The measures appropriate for such spaces are NR, NNR, and ATL. The corresponding single number ratings are NIC, NNIC and ASTC. The ATL and ASTC are measurable between larger spaces that meet a limitation on absorption in the spaces to provide uniform sound distribution.5.2 Annex A1 was developed for use in spaces that are very large (volume of 150 m3 or greater). Sound pressure levels during testing vary markedly across large rooms so that the degree of isolation varies strongly with distance from the common (separating) partition. This procedure evaluates the isolation observed near the partition. The appropriate measure is NR, and the appropriate single number rating is NIC.5.3 Several metrics are available for specific uses. Some evaluate the overall sound isolation between spaces including the effect of absorption in the receiving space and some evaluate the performance or apparent performance of the partition being evaluated. The results obtained are applicable only to the specific location tested.5.3.1 Noise Reduction (NR) and Noise Isolation Class (NIC)—Describe the sound isolation found between two spaces. Noise reduction data are based on the space- and time averaged sound pressure levels meeting the requirements of 11.3 or A1.3 as required depending on the sound absorption, volume, and shape requirements of 9.2. Noise reduction values are influenced by the absorption in the receiving space as well as the apparent performance of the partition. The noise reduction values in unfurnished spaces are typically less than in furnished spaces, and noise reduction values between the spaces depend on the test direction used and the sound absorption in the spaces. However, these effects are lessened when the method of Annex A1 is used.5.3.2 Normalized Noise Reduction (NNR) and Normalized Noise Isolation Class (NNIC)—Describe the sound isolation between two residential or office spaces meeting the requirements of 9.3.1 adjusted to standardized room conditions typical of such spaces when normally furnished.5.3.3 Apparent Transmission Loss (ATL) and Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC)—Describe the apparent sound insulation of a partition separating two spaces as influenced by flanking in the supporting structure. All sound transmission, including any flanking transmission, is ascribed to the partition. The apparent transmission loss of the partition will be less than the actual sound transmission loss (Path D in Fig. 1) if flanking (Path F in Fig. 1) is significant (2,3). These results are in theory the same in each direction but differences with direction have been observed in practice. If it is necessary for diagnostic purposes to suppress flanking when doing measurements, the results must be clearly labeled as “flanking suppressed.”5.4 The primary use of this test method is to evaluate the sound isolation and apparent sound insulation performance in buildings based on tests of unmodified structures. If the measurement methods are used for diagnostic or investigative purposes to measure the performance of modified structures in buildings, results must be clearly labeled to indicate such.NOTE 3: Versions of this standard prior to 2017 included TL and STC metrics with prefixes designated as “Field (F).” The “Field” version of the metrics was intended to exclude the presence of flanking sound transmission altogether; whereas, the “Apparent” version presumes an (unknown) degree of flanking. In addition, the “Field” version of the metrics required more stringent limits on room volume and room absorption. These earlier versions also included guidance on suppression of flanking, useful for diagnostic purposes.1.1 The sound isolation between two spaces in a building is influenced most strongly by a combination of the direct transmission through the nominally separating building element (as normally measured in a laboratory) and any transmission along a number of indirect paths, referred to as flanking paths. Fig. 1 illustrates the direct paths (D) and some possible structural flanking paths (F). Additional non-structural flanking paths include transmission through common air ducts between rooms, or doors to the corridor from adjacent rooms. Sound isolation is also influenced by the size of the separating partition between spaces and absorption in the receiving space, and in the case of small spaces by modal behavior of the space and close proximity to surfaces.FIG. 1 Direct (D) and Some Indirect or Flanking Paths (F and Dotted) in a Building1.2 The main part of this test method defines procedures and metrics to assess the sound isolation between two rooms or portions thereof in a building separated by a common partition or the apparent sound insulation of the separating partition, including both direct and flanking transmission paths in all cases. Appropriate measures and their single number ratings are the noise reduction (NR) and noise isolation class (NIC) which indicate the isolation with the receiving room furnished as it is during the test, the normalized noise reduction (NNR) and normalized noise isolation class (NNIC) which indicate the isolation expected if the receiving room was a normally furnished living or office space that is at least 25 m3 (especially useful when the test must be done with the receiving room unfurnished), and the apparent transmission loss (ATL) and apparent sound transmission class (ASTC) which indicate the apparent sound insulating properties of a separating partition including both the direct transmission and flanking transmission through the support structure. The measurement of ATL is limited to spaces of at least 25 m3 where modal effects create fewer problems. With the exception of the ATL and ASTC under specified conditions, these procedures in the main part of the test method are only applicable when both room volumes are less than 150 m3.NOTE 1: The word “partition” in this test method includes all types of walls, floors, or any other boundaries separating two spaces including those that are permanent, operable, or movable.1.3 The NR and NIC between two locations are always measureable and reportable though conditions present will influence how measurements are performed. With one exception (see 13.5.1), it is required that the NIC always be reported. Restrictions such as minimum room volume or dimensions or maximum room absorption are imposed for all other measures and ratings in this standard. Thus, conditions sometimes exist that will not allow NNR (NNIC) or ATL (ASTC) to be reported. Where a partition between rooms is composed of parts that are constructed differently, or contains an element such as a door, the ATL and ASTC of the individual elements or portions of the partition are not measurable without modifications to the rooms. To evaluate the field performance of a door less than 6 m2 in area, use Test Method E2964. The various metrics are inherently different quantities, so that NIC cannot be used instead of NNIC or ASTC to evaluate compliance with a specification when the specification is written in terms of one of those metrics that cannot be reported with the conditions present.1.4 Annex A1 provides methods to measure the sound isolation between portions of two rooms in a building separated by a common partition including both direct and flanking paths when at least one of the rooms has a volume of 150 m3 or more. The results are the noise reduction (NR) and noise isolation class (NIC).1.5 This test method is intended to evaluate the actual acoustical performance between rooms in buildings. Thus, it forbids temporary modifications that influence performance. The measurement methods are useful in diagnostic situations where modifications are made. In such cases reports of results are required to clearly indicate that such modifications were made.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended to provide designers, specifiers, owners, operators and managers of synthetic turf playing systems with information related to specifying, measuring and managing impact attenuation.4.2 The goal of this guide is to facilitate decisions and actions that will maximize the safety, playability and functional longevity of individual synthetic turf playing systems, primarily as related to impact attenuation.4.3 This guide presents various options related to specifying, measuring and managing impact attenuation of synthetic turf playing systems.4.4 Unless specifically stated, this guide does not attempt to endorse or recommend specific options or practices. It is left to the user of the guide to determine the option, practice or course of action that is most appropriate for them, given the specifics of their individual situation.1.1 Applicable to synthetic turf playing systems, regardless of intended use, which are subject to testing in accordance with Specification F1936.1.2 Applicable to synthetic turf playing systems installed either indoors or outdoors.1.3 Not applicable to natural turf playing systems.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The best uses of this guide are to measure the OINR and the AOITL(θ) or OITL(θ) at specific angles of incidence. By measuring the AOITL(θ) or OITL(θ) at several loudspeaker sound incidence angles, by energy-averaging the receiving room sound levels before computing results, an approximation of the diffuse field results measured with Test Methods E90 and E336 may be obtained.5.2 The traffic noise method is to be used only for OINR measurements and is most suitable for situations where the OINR of a specimen at a specific location is exposed to an existing traffic noise source.5.3 The OINR, AOITL(θ), and OITL(θ) produced by the methods described will not correspond to the transmission loss and noise reduction measured by Test Methods E90 and E336 because of the different incident sound fields that exist in the outdoors (1)4. All of these results are a function of the angle of incidence of the sound for two reasons.5.3.1 The transmission loss is strongly influenced by the coincidence effect where the frequency and projected wavelength of sound incident at angle, θ, coincides with the wavelength of a bending wave of the same frequency in the panel (2, 3, 4, 5). This frequency and the angle of least transmission loss (greatest transparency) both depend on specimen panel stiffness, damping and area mass. In diffuse-field testing as in the laboratory, the effect is a weakness at the diffuse field average coincidence frequency that is dependent on material and thickness, often seen around the frequency of 2500 Hz for drywall and glass specimens. Thick wood panels, such as doors, and masonry wall exhibit lower coincident frequencies while thinner sheet steel exhibits higher coincidence frequencies. For free field sound coming from one direction only, the coincidence frequency varies with incidence angle and will differ from the diffuse-field value (5). Near or at grazing (θ close to 90°) it will be much lower in frequency than the diffuse field (E90 and E336) value, and will increase with reducing θ to be considerably above the diffuse-field frequency when θ is 30° or less.5.3.2 The OINR is influenced by the angle of incidence of free field sound coming from a specific angle as compared to a diffuse field. This is because the intensity of free field sound incident across the specimen surface S is reduced by cos(θ) when the sound is not incident normal to the surface. Additionally, when the sound of level L arrives as a free-field from one direction only, and that is normal to the surface, the resulting sound intensity in this direction is 4 times that due to diffuse-field sound of the same level, L. These factors are reflected by the cos(θ) and 6 dB terms in Eq 6.5.3.3 The methods in this guide should not be used as a substitute for laboratory testing in accordance with Test Method E90.5.4 Of the three methods cited for measuring the outdoor sound field from a loudspeaker, the calibrated loudspeaker and flush methods are most repeatable. The near method is used only when neither the calibrated speaker nor the flush method are feasible.5.5 Flanking transmission or unusual field conditions could render the determination of OITL(θ) difficult or meaningless. Where the auxiliary tests described in Annex A1 cannot be satisfied, only the OINR and the AOITL(θ) are valid.5.6 When a room has multiple surfaces exposed to outdoor sound, testing with just one surface exposed to test sound will result in a greater OINR than when all surfaces are exposed to test sound. The difference is negligible when the OITC of the unexposed surface is at least 10 greater than the OITC of the exposed surface.1.1 This guide may be used to determine the outdoor-indoor noise reduction (OINR), which is the difference in sound pressure level between the free-field level outdoors in the absence of the structure and the resulting sound pressure level in a room. Either a loudspeaker or existing traffic noise or aircraft noise can be used as the source. The outdoor sound field geometry must be described and calculations must account for the way the outdoor level is measured. These results are used with Classification E1332 to calculate the single number rating outdoor-indoor noise isolation class, OINIC. Both OINR and OINIC can vary with outdoor sound incidence angle.1.2 Under controlled circumstances where a single façade is exposed to the outdoor sound, or a façade element such as a door or window has much lower transmission loss than the rest of the façade, an outdoor-indoor transmission loss, OITL(θ), or apparent outdoor-indoor transmission loss, AOITL(θ), may be measured using a loudspeaker source. These results are a function of the angle of incidence of the sound field. By measuring with sound incident at many angles, an approximation to the diffuse field transmission loss as measured between two rooms can be obtained. The results may be used to predict interior sound levels in installations similar to that tested when exposed to an outdoor sound field similar to that used during the measurement. The single number ratings of apparent outdoor-indoor transmission class, AOITC(θ), using AOITL(θ) and field outdoor-indoor transmission class, FOITC(θ), using OITL(θ) may be calculated using Classification E1332. These ratings also may be calculated with the data obtained from receiving room sound pressure measurements performed at several incidence angles as discussed in 8.6.1.3 To cope with the variety of outdoor incident sound field geometries that are encountered in the field, six testing techniques are presented. These techniques and their general applicability are summarized in Table 1 and Figs. 1-6. The room, façade, or façade element declared to be under test is referred to as the specimen.FIG. 1 Geometry—Calibrated Source MethodFIG. 2 Geometry—Nearby Average MethodFIG. 3 Geometry—Flush MethodFIG. 4 Geometry—Equivalent Distance MethodFIG. 5 Geometry—2 m (79 in.) Position MethodFIG. 6 Geometry and Formulas—Line Source Flush Method1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 The purpose of this specification is to establish minimum impact attenuation requirements for playground surfacing materials in order to reduce the risk of severe head injury from falls.6.2 This specification provides a uniform means of quantifying the impact attenuation performance of playground surfacing materials and is appropriately used to compare the relative performance of different playground surfacing materials.6.3 This specification is to be used as a reference for specifying the impact attenuation performance of playground surfacing materials.6.4 In combination with data relating impact test scores to head injury, the information generated by application of this specification is suitable to estimate the relative risk of a severe head injury due to a fall.AbstractThis specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements for playground surfaces and surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using a test method that simulates the impact of a child’s head with the surface. The test method quantifies impact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the measure of the maximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is an empirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing the relationship between the magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma..Two test methods shall be used to determine the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials: critical fall height test, and installed surface performance test. The following apparatus shall be required for implementation of the two test methods: temperature measuring device, impact test system, acceleration measurement system, drop height measurement system, and battery-operated equipment.1.1 This specification establishes minimum performance requirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfacing materials installed within the use zone of playground equipment.1.2 This specification is specific to surfacing used in conjunction with playground equipment, such as that described in Specifications F1148, F1487, F1918, CSAZ614 (Canada), and SS457 (Singapore).1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuation performance criterion for playground surfacing materials; expressed as a critical fall height.1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determining the critical fall height of playground surfacing materials under laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatory for surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specification.1.5 The laboratory test required by this specification addresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.1.6 This specification also provides optional procedures to determine the critical fall height under wet or frozen test conditions, or both.1.7 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing material determined under laboratory conditions does not account for important factors that have the potential to influence the actual performance of installed surfacing materials. Factors that are known to affect surfacing material performance include but are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure to temperature extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials, compaction, loss of thickness, shrinkage, submersion in water, and so forth.1.8 The impact attenuation specification and test methods established in this specification are specific to the risk of head injury. There is only limited evidence that conformance with the requirements of this specification reduces the risk of other kinds of serious injury (for example, long bone fractures).NOTE 1: The relative risk of fatality and of different degrees of head injury may be estimated using the information in Appendix X1, which shows the relationships between the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores of an impact and the probability of head injury.1.9 This specification relates only to the impact attenuation properties of playground surfacing materials and does not address other factors that contribute to fall-related injuries. While it is believed that conformance with the requirements of this specification will reduce the risk of serious injury and death from falls, adherence to this specification will not prevent all injuries and deaths.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Modern offices and other multipurpose buildings commonly have suspended acoustical ceilings installed over room dividing partitions. The test facility prescribed in this test method is useful for providing ceiling attenuation data on the relevant ceiling/partition elements and systems, to ensure that the transmission of sound through the ceiling and plenum space, or through the combination of ceiling, plenum space, and partition systems, provides a suitable degree of acoustical isolation.5.2 This test method is useful for rating and specifying, under standardized conditions, the sound attenuation performance of ceiling materials when mounted in a specified suspension system.5.3 This test method may be useful for selecting a wall-ceiling system for probable compliance with a performance specification for overall sound isolation between rooms. However, the actual field performance may differ significantly, particularly if the field plenum depth is not within the limits specified in this test method or if the plenum space contains large ducts, beams, etc., or both. (See Test Method E336.)5.4 The flexibility inherent in the test facility enables evaluation of the effects of penetrations, induced leakage paths, luminaire, and air diffuser installations and discontinuities in the ceiling suspension system at the partition line, including penetration of the partition into the ceiling plenum. The effect of installing plenum barriers at the partition line may also be investigated.5.5 With the concentration of sound absorbent area offered by a suspended sound absorbent ceiling installed in a room, it is not possible to obtain a good approximation to a diffuse sound field in that room. The plenum dimensions prevent the maintenance of a diffuse sound field above the test specimen. These factors affect the values of the measured ceiling sound attenuation and thus the measurements are not a fundamental property of the ceiling. The test method measures the acoustical properties attainable under the prescribed test conditions, which have been arbitrarily selected. The conditions must be adhered to in every test facility so that the measured results will be consistent. Two methods for obtaining A, the receiving room absorption, are given without preference. One method, known as the steady state method, has been used to obtain an estimate for A in the AMA 1-II-1967 standard. The other method follows the procedures used in Test Methods E90 and C423; justification for the use of this method may be found in reference (1)5. Persons wishing to further investigate the limitations imposed by this test method are advised to read references (2), (3), (4) and (5).5.6 Notwithstanding the above limitations, this type of test method has been used successfully for a number of years to rank order commercial ceiling systems and the test results are commonly used for this purpose.1.1 This test method utilizes a laboratory space so arranged that it simulates a pair of horizontally adjacent small offices or rooms separated by a partition and sharing a common plenum space. The partition either extends to the underside of a common plenum space or penetrates through it. In the prescribed configuration, special design features of the facility ensure that the only significant sound transmission path is by way of the ceiling and the plenum space.1.2 Within the limitations outlined in the significance statement, the primary quantity measured by this test method is the ceiling attenuation of a suspended ceiling installed in a laboratory environment. By accounting for receiving room sound absorption, the normalized ceiling attenuation may be determined.1.3 The test method may also be used to evaluate the attenuation of composite ceiling systems comprised of the ceiling material and other components such as luminaires and ventilating systems.1.4 The field performance of a ceiling system may differ significantly from the results obtained by this test method (see Section 5, , and Test Method E336).1.5 The procedures may also be used to study the additional sound insulation that may be achieved by other attenuation measures. This would include materials used either as plenum barriers or as backing for all or part of the ceiling.1.6 The facility may also be used to study the performance of an integrated system comprising plenum, ceiling, and partition, tested as a single assembly.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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