3.1 Measurement of the thickness of the product may be required for quality control purposes or to ensure compliance with applicable specifications.1.1 This test method covers the determination of thickness of resilient nontextile floor coverings including tile and sheet having flat surfaces. This test method should not be used on materials having a foamed layer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The overall thickness or caliper of resilient flooring is a basic physical property. However, conventional means of measuring the thickness, such as a hand micrometer or regular dial micrometer, are not applicable for foam-layer products due to the error from compressing the foam. This test method minimizes this type of measuring error and still retains the convenience and speed of measurement.3.2 Measurement of the product thickness may be required for quality control purposes or to ensure compliance with applicable specifications.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of resilient non-textile floor coverings containing a foam layer as part of the construction.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

3.1 The strength and modulus of rigidity of wood structural panels in shear through-the-thickness obtained by these test methods are required for the rigorous design of many lumber-panel structural components such as trusses with panel gussets, box beams, folded plate roofs, and space plane structures, as well as floor and roof diaphragms, and shear walls. These properties are of secondary importance in typical roof deck and sheathing applications, and in crates and shipping containers.3.2 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Average depth of knife checks has been found to strongly influence shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in veneer incorporated in composite panels. Measurement of depth of knife checks is recommended in these test methods.3.3 To control or define other variables influencing shear properties, these test methods require determination of moisture content and elapsed time to failure. The conditioning of test material in controlled atmosphere and determination of specific gravity are recommended.1.1 These test methods determine the shear through-the-thickness properties of wood structural panels associated with shear distortion of the major axis. Wood structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers. Three test methods are included which differ somewhat in their application:  Test Method SectionA. Small Panel Shear Test 5B. Large Panel Shear Test 6C. Two-Rail Shear Test 7The choice of test method will be determined in part by the purpose of the tests, characteristics of test material, and equipment availability. In general, Test Method B or C for large specimens is preferred when equipment, amount of test material, and experimental plan permit.1.1.1 Test Method A: Small Panel Shear Test—This test method is suitable for testing small samples of uniform material including investigations of the effects of grain direction or orientation and of many raw materials and manufacturing process variables which influence shear properties uniformly throughout the specimen. The test method is unsuited for determining effects of grade and manufacturing features such as density variations, knots, and core gaps within the specimen.1.1.2 Test Method B: Large Panel Shear Test—This test method is regarded as giving the most accurate modulus of rigidity and is therefore recommended for elastic tests of materials to be used in stress analysis studies of test structures. This test method also yields excellent shear strength values for clear material. However, in spite of the large size of the specimen, failures generally occur only in narrow zones at the perimeter of the test area. This characteristic, a result of the heavy perimeter framing, causes this test method to be generally unsuited for determining grade and manufacturing effects such as density variations, core gaps, and knots that are not uniformly distributed throughout the panel. Generally, only in cases where effects of these factors under conditions of heavy perimeter framing are desired, should the test method be applied.1.1.3 Test Method C: Two-Rail Shear Test—This test method is applicable to a wide variety of materials and problems. The specimen fabrication and test procedures are somewhat simpler than in Test Methods A and B. The specimen is free to shear parallel to its 24-in. (610-mm) length dimension anywhere within the 8-in. (203-mm) width between rails. Thus, the test method is well suited for determining grade and manufacturing effects such as core gaps and knots occupying and affecting small areas. The test method is not so ideally suited for determination of modulus of rigidity, but when adjusted for strain distribution effects, values approximating those obtained by Test Method B result. The test method simulates effects of heavy framing when expected planes of weakness are oriented perpendicular to rails and no framing at all when parallel to rails.NOTE 1: A smaller scale version based on the principles of this two-rail shear method is contained in Test Methods D1037 Section 27. The results from Test Methods D1037 Section 27 may not be equivalent to the results from Test Methods D2719 Method C.1.2 Significant differences, moderate to small in magnitude, among the three test methods have been found to exist when these test methods are applied to plywood of clear straight-grained veneers. Therefore, when comparisons are made among test results, it is recommended that the same test method be used throughout.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers the standard procedures for the determination of the thickness of metallic foils, thin sheets, and films by measuring the mass of the specimen of known area and density. The apparatuses needed for this method are a precision blanking press for cutting specimens into circles of a specified area or diameter, and a balance for measuring its mass. The thickness shall then be calculated by using an equation that relates it with the specimen's mass, area, and density.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic foil and sheet 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) and less in thickness by measuring the mass of a specimen of known area and density. The test method is applicable to other sheet, foil, and film as indicated in Annex A3.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 This standard procedure facilitates determination of the thickness of a glass construction required to resist a specified design load with a selected probability of breakage.5.2 For optical purposes, ATCT cab glass typically utilize only annealed glass products. For this reason, some specifying authorities mandate its use and prohibit heat-strengthened and tempered glass in control cabs. This standard procedure therefore addresses the following glass constructions: annealed monolithic, annealed laminated, and insulating glass fabricated with annealed monolithic or annealed laminated glass, or both. In cases where the specifying authority approves the use of heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass in the control cab or in areas where optical characteristics do not apply but are deemed critical to the facility operation, the NFL values obtained from standard may be adjusted using appropriate Glass Type Factors (GTF) and procedures for their use as specified in Practice E1300.5.3 Use of these procedures assume:5.3.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly glazed,5.3.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse,5.3.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass that has been in service for several years and is significantly weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions on exposed surfaces,5.3.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to less than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be used for this calculation, and5.3.5 The center of glass deflection shall not result in loss of edge support. Typically maintaining center of glass deflection at or below the magnitude of three times the nominal glass thickness assures that no loss of edge support will occur.5.4 Many other factors affect the selection of glass type and thickness. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal stresses, the effects of windborne debris, excessive deflections, behavior of glass fragments after breakage, seismic effects, heat flow, edge bite, noise abatement, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set forth in federal, state, and local building codes along with criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site-specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the thickness of glass installed in airport traffic control towers (ATCT) to resist a specified design loading with a selected probability of breakage less than or equal to either 1 lite per 1000 or 4 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of the design wind loading.1.2 The procedures apply to common outward sloping cab glass designs for which the specified loads do not exceed 15 kPa (313 psf).1.3 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an aspect ratio no greater than 3.1.4 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an area no less than 1.86 m2 (20 ft2).1.5 The use of the procedures assumes the following:1.5.1 Monolithic and laminated glass installed in ATCTs shall have continuous lateral support along two parallel edges, along any three edges, or along all four edges;1.5.2 Insulating glass shall have continuous lateral support along all four edges; and1.5.3 Supported glass edges are simply supported and free to slip in plane.1.6 The procedures do not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, or glass types with surface treatments that reduce the glass strength.1.7 The procedures do not apply to drilled, notched, or grooved glass.1.8 The procedures address the determination of thickness and construction type to resist a specified design wind load at a selected probability of breakage. The final glass thickness and construction determined also depends upon a variety of other factors (see 5.4).1.9 These procedures do not address blast loading on glass.1.10 These procedures do not apply to triple-glazed insulating glass units.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

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5.1 This is a sensitive, noncontact, and nondestructive method for measuring the coating thickness (and in some cases, coating composition) of metallic and some nonmetallic coatings over a range of thicknesses from as little as 0.01 μm to as much as 75 μm depending on the coating and substrate materials. It can be used to measure coating and base combinations that are not readily measured by other techniques.5.2 The coating thickness is an important factor in the performance of a coating in service.1.1 This test method covers the use of X-ray spectrometry to determine thickness of metallic and some nonmetallic coatings.1.2 The maximum measurable thickness for a given coating is that thickness beyond which the intensity of the characteristic secondary X radiation from the coating or the substrate is no longer sensitive to small changes in thickness.1.3 This test method measures the mass of coating per unit area, which can also be expressed in units of linear thickness provided that the density of the coating is known.1.4 Problems of personnel protection against radiation generated in an X-ray tube or emanating from a radioisotope source are not covered by this test method. For information on this important aspect, reference should be made to current documents of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), and to state and local codes if such exist.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Thickness is one of the basic physical properties used to control the quality of rolled erosion control products. Thickness values may aid in the calculation of other rolled erosion control product parameters. Thickness, however, is not generally an indication of field performance and generally should not be used in specifications. This test method is developed to aid manufacturers, designers, and end users in comparing the thickness of rolled erosion control products through the use of an accepted ASTM standard.5.2 The thickness of rolled erosion control products may vary considerably depending on the pressure applied to the specimen during measurement. Where observed changes occur, thickness decreases when applied pressure is increased. To minimize variation, specific sample size and applied pressure are indicated in this test method to ensure all results are comparable.5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of rolled erosion control products, but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests in accordance with 5.3.1 may be advised.5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future tests in light of the known bias.NOTE 1: The user should be aware that the compressibility of the materials, their rebound characteristics, and the like will also affect the thickness of the rolled erosion control products following the time they are rolled up on rolls, shipped, and stored.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the nominal thickness of rolled erosion control products.1.2 This test method does not provide thickness values for rolled erosion control products under variable compressive stresses. This test method determines nominal thickness, not necessarily minimum thickness.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for extruded (cast or blown) and compression-molded sheeting made from low-, medium-, and high-density polyethylenes and copolymers in specified thicknesses. Depending on the functional requirements, sheeting conforming to this specification is used in applications such as chemical tank linings, spacers in electrical equipment, thermoforming into such items as trays, pallets, and shipping containers, and as machine-shop stock. This specification allows for reprocessable and recyclable polyethylene plastic materials, provided that any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are met. The three types of polyethylene sheeting covered here are: Type I, natural or colored for general purpose; Type II, natural or colored for dielectrics; and Type III, black for weather-resistant applications. Sampled specimens shall be tested for their conformance with physical requirements as follows: dimension (length, width, diameter, and cores); form; tensile strength at yield and nominal strain at break; shrinkage; warpage and twist; and color, appearance, and workmanship.1.1 This specification covers requirements for extruded (cast or blown) and compression-molded sheeting made from low-, medium- and high-density polyethylenes and copolymers in thickness of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) and greater. Depending on the functional requirements, sheeting conforming to this specification is used in applications such as chemical tank linings, spacers in electrical equipment, thermoforming into such items as trays, pallets, and shipping containers, and as machine-shop stock.1.2 Polyethylene materials, being thermoplastics, are reprocessable and recyclable (see Guides D5033 and D7209). This specification allows for the use of those polyethylene plastic materials, provided that any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are met.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

定价： 590元 加购物车