定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 571元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 843元 加购物车

4.1 Predictions of neutron radiation effects on pressure vessel steels are considered in the design of light-water moderated nuclear power reactors. Changes in system operating parameters often are made throughout the service life of the reactor vessel to account for radiation effects. Due to the variability in the behavior of reactor vessel steels, a surveillance program is warranted to monitor changes in the properties of actual vessel materials caused by long-term exposure to the neutron radiation and temperature environment of the reactor vessel. This practice describes the criteria that should be considered in planning and implementing surveillance test programs and points out precautions that should be taken to ensure that: (1) capsule exposures can be related to beltline exposures, (2) materials selected for the surveillance program are samples of those materials most likely to limit the operation of the reactor vessel, and (3) the test specimen types are appropriate for the evaluation of radiation effects on the reactor vessel.4.2 Guides E482 and E853 describe a methodology for estimation of neutron exposure obtained for reactor vessel surveillance programs. Regulators or other sources may describe different methods.4.3 The design of a surveillance program for a given reactor vessel must consider the existing body of data on similar materials in addition to the specific materials used for that reactor vessel. The amount of such data and the similarity of exposure conditions and material characteristics will determine their applicability for predicting radiation effects.1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing a surveillance program for monitoring the radiation-induced changes in the mechanical properties of ferritic materials in light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessels. New advanced light-water small modular reactor designs with a nominal design output of 300 MWe or less have not been specifically considered in this practice. This practice includes the minimum requirements for the design of a surveillance program, selection of vessel material to be included, and the initial schedule for evaluation of materials.1.2 This practice was developed for all light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessels for which the predicted maximum fast neutron fluence (E > 1 MeV) exceeds 1 × 1021 neutrons/m 2 (1 × 1017 n/cm2) at the inside surface of the ferritic steel reactor vessel.1.3 This practice does not provide specific procedures for monitoring the radiation induced changes in properties beyond the design life. Practice E2215 addresses changes to the withdrawal schedule during and beyond the design life.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 1: The increased complexity of the requirements for a light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessel surveillance program has necessitated the separation of the requirements into three related standards. Practice E185 describes the minimum requirements for design of a surveillance program. Practice E2215 describes the procedures for testing and evaluation of surveillance capsules removed from a reactor vessel. Guide E636 provides guidance for conducting additional mechanical tests. A summary of the many major revisions to Practice E185 since its original issuance is contained in Appendix X2.NOTE 2: This practice applies only to the planning and design of surveillance programs for reactor vessels designed and built after the effective date of this practice. Previous versions of Practice E185 apply to earlier reactor vessels. See Appendix X2.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

This specification covers hot-rolled carbon steel sheet for pressure vessels involving fusion welding or brazing. Tensile and yield strengths shall be determined after a tension test of the sheets. The material shall be furnished without removing the hot-rolled oxide or scale. When required, the material may be specified to be pickled or blast cleaned. When specified to be pickled or blast cleaned, the material shall be furnished oiled. When required, pickled or blast-cleaned material may be specified to be furnished dry.1.1 This specification2 covers hot-rolled carbon steel sheet for pressure vessels involving fusion welding or brazing. Welding and brazing technique is of fundamental importance and shall be in accordance with commercial practices.1.2 The following grades are included in this specification:  Mechanical Requirements  Yield Strength, min Tensile Strength, minGrade ksi MPa ksi MPaA 25 170 45 310B 30 205 50 345C 33 230 55 380D 35 240 60 415E 38 260 65 450F 42 290 70 485G 45 310 75 515H 45 310 75 5151.3 Hot-rolled carbon steel sheet is generally furnished in cut lengths and to decimal thickness only. Coils may be furnished, provided tension test specimens are taken to represent the middle of the slab as required by 6.1.3. The purchaser should recognize this may require cutting the coils to obtain test samples and results in half-size coils. The sheet is furnished to the following size limits:  Width, in. [mm]   Thickness, in. [mm] Over 12 [Over 300]   0.270 to 0.230 [7.0 to 6.0]  sheet (coils only)Under 0.230 to 0.057 [6.0 to 1.5]  sheet1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 Tolerances are found in General Requirements Specifications A568/A568M and A635/A635M. The appropriate General Requirements specification is applied based on the thickness and width of the product ordered.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

This specification covers steel plates produced by the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP). The plates are intended primarily for use in welded pressure vessels. The steel shall be killed and shall conform to specified fine austenitic grain size and chemical composition requirements. If the plates are to be subjected to warm forming or post-weld heat treatment, the test coupons shall be subjected to heat treatment to simulate such fabrication operations. The tension test and notch toughness test requirements are presented in details. Two tension tests shall be made from each plate-as-rolled. One test coupon shall be taken from a corner of the plate on each end.1.1 This specification2 covers steel plates produced by the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP). The plates are intended primarily for use in welded pressure vessels. A description of the TMCP method is given in Appendix X1.1.2 Due to the inherent characteristics of the TMCP method, the plates cannot be formed at elevated temperatures without sustaining significant losses in strength and toughness. Except for Grade G, the plates may be formed and post-weld heat-treated at temperatures not exceeding 1200°F [650°C], providing the requirements of 6.1 are met. Grade G plates may be formed at temperatures not exceeding 985°F [530°C] provided the requirements of 6.1 are met.1.3 The maximum permitted nominal thickness of plates furnished to this specification is 4 in. [100 mm] for Grades A, B, and C; 1.5 in. [40 mm] for Grades D,3 E, and F; and 2 in. [50 mm] for Grade G.1.4 Grade G is susceptible to magnetization. Use of magnets in handling after heat treatment should be avoided if residual magnetism would be detrimental to subsequent fabrication or service.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

This specification covers quenched and tempered vacuum-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for pressure vessels, such as those used in reactor systems, specifically, vessel closures, shells, flanges, tube sheets, rings, heads, and similar parts. Steels shall be manufactured by basic electric-furnace process except when secondary ladle refining or remelting process is employed, and shall be vacuum treated prior to or during the pouring of the ingot. Materials shall also go through preliminary heat treatment and quenching for mechanical properties. Heat and product analyses shall be executed to evaluate the conformance of the forgings with specified chemical requirements. Tension and Charpy impact tests shall also be performed to examine the conformance of steel specimens with the following mechanical properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Nondestructive inspection procedures, such as magnetic particle examination, and longitudinal wave and angle beam ultrasonic examination, shall also be carried out. Repair welding may be permitted at the option of the purchaser.1.1 This specification2 covers quenched and tempered vacuum-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for pressure vessels such as those used in reactor systems. Specifically, it covers forgings for vessel closures, shells, flanges, tube sheets, rings, heads, and similar parts.1.2 All grades are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding technique is of fundamental importance, and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection will be in accordance with approved methods for the grade of material used.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.NOTE 1: Grades 1 and 1A are composed of different chemistries but have the same mechanical requirements.NOTE 2: Designations have been changed as follows:  Current FormerlyGrade 1 Class 1Grade 1A Class 1AGrade 2 Class 1 Class 2Grade 2 Class 2 Class 2AGrade 3 Class 1 Class 3Grade 3 Class 2 Class 3AGrade 4N Class 1 Class 4Grade 4N Class 2 Class 4AGrade 4N Class 3 Class 4BGrade 5 Class 1 Class 5Grade 5 Class 2 Class 5AGrade 22 Class 3 Class 22BGrade 22 Classes 4, 5, 6, and 7  Grade 3V Class 3V1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodic tests of pressurized vessels used in commercial aviation. (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). AE testing has become accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test.5.2 An AE test should not be conducted for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 1.NOTE 1: The Kaiser effect relates to the irreversibility of acoustic emission which results in decreased emission during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high test pressure (200 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE test is performed too soon after such a hydrostatic pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive below the previous maximum test pressure.5.3 Acoustic Emission is produced when an increasing stress level in a material causes crack growth in the material or stress related effects in a corroded surface (for example, crack growth in or between metal crystallites or spalling and cracking of oxides and other corrosion products).5.4 While background noise may distort AE data or render it useless, heating the vessels inside an industrial oven is an almost noise free method of pressurization. Further, source location algorithms using over-determined data sets will often allow valid tests in the presence of otherwise interfering noise sources. Background noise should be reduced or controlled but the sudden occurrence of such noise does not necessarily invalidate a test.1.1 This practice is commonly used for periodic inspection and testing of welded steel gaseous spheres (bottles) is the acoustic emission (AE) method. AE is used in place of hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing. The periodic inspection and testing of bottles by AE testing is achieved without depressurization or contamination as is required for hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing.1.2 The required test pressurization is achieved by heating the bottle in an industrial oven designed for this purpose. The maximum temperature needed to achieve the AE test pressure is ≤250°F (121°C).1.3 AE monitoring of the bottle is performed with multiple sensors during the thermal pressurization.1.4 This practice was developed for periodic inspection and testing of pressure vessels containing Halon (UN 1044), which is commonly used aboard commercial aircraft for fire suppression. In commercial aircraft, these bottles are hermetically sealed by welding in the fill port. Exit ports are opened by explosively activated burst disks. The usage of these pressure vessels in transportation is regulated under US Department of Transportation (DOT), Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49. A DOT special permit authorizes the use of AE testing for periodic inspection and testing in place of volumetric expansion and visual inspection. These bottles are spherical with diameters ranging from 5 to 16 in. (127 to 406 mm).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车