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4.1 This practice provides the basic criteria to be used by accreditation bodies and others in evaluating the qualifications of laboratories engaged in the testing of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures. The criteria in this practice shall be supplemented by additional specific criteria and requirements, when appropriate; for example, when necessary to be in accordance with federal, state, or local government regulations.4.2 The accreditation is for organizations and not individuals.4.3 The practice is intended to provide objective information on the capabilities needed by laboratories to determine lead in paint, dust, airborne particulates, and soil taken from and around buildings and related structures. It is not intended to be used to compare one laboratory with another.4.4 This practice is also intended for use by laboratories in the development and implementation of their management systems and for use to request or perform an evaluation of in-house facilities in accordance with this practice.1.1 This practice covers the qualifications, including minimum requirements for personnel and equipment, duties, responsibilities, and services of laboratories engaged in the determination of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or any combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures.1.2 This practice has been developed consistent with Guides E548 and E994, to supplement ISO/IEC 17025.1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the practice.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This test method has been promulgated in order to make available a standard methodology for making valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, and other groups.5.2 This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the mass concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air using ICP-AES.5.3 The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air.5.4 When sampling and analysis is carried out in accordance with this test method, the overall procedure normally satisfies the performance requirements of ISO 20581.NOTE 2: Refer to Guide E1370 for guidance on the development of appropriate exposure assessment and measurement strategies.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection, sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is generally applicable to occupational exposure monitoring.1.2 This test method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area sampling.1.3 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-AES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction.1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.1.5 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.1.6 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable. However, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.Aluminum Indium SodiumAntimony Iron StrontiumArsenic Lead TantalumBarium Lithium TelluriumBeryllium Magnesium ThalliumBismuth Manganese TinBoron Molybdenum TitaniumCadmium Nickel TungstenCalcium Phosphorus UraniumCesium Platinum VanadiumChromium Potassium YttriumCobalt Rhodium ZincCopper Selenium ZirconiumHafnium Silver  1.7 This test method is not applicable to the sampling of elemental mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.1.8 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-AES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.1.9 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A tiered strategy for characterization of nanoparticle properties is necessary to draw meaningful conclusions concerning dose-response relationships observed during inhalation toxicology experiments. This tiered strategy includes characterization of nanoparticles as produced (that is, measured as the bulk material sold by the supplier) and as administered (that is, measured at the point of delivery to a test subject) (Oberdorster et al. (6)).5.2 Test Methods B922 and C1274 and ISO 9277 and ISO 18757 exist for determination of the as produced surface area of bulk metal and metal oxide powders. During the delivery of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers, the material properties may undergo change and therefore have properties that differ from the material as produced. This test method describes the determination of the as administered surface area of airborne metal oxide nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicology studies.1.1 This test method covers determination of surface area of airborne metal oxide nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicology studies. Surface area may be measured by gas adsorption methods using adsorbates such as nitrogen, krypton, and argon (Brunauer et al. (1),2 Anderson (2), Gregg and Sing (3)) or by ion attachment and mobility-based methods (Ku and Maynard (4)). This test method is specific to the measurement of surface area by gas adsorption by krypton gas adsorption. The test method permits the use of any modern commercial krypton adsorption instruments but strictly defines the sample collection, outgassing, and analysis procedures for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Use of krypton is required due to the low overall surface area of particle-laden samples and the need to accurately measure the background surface area of the filter used for sample collection. Instrument-reported values of surface area based on the multipoint Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) equation (Brunauer et al. (1), Anderson (2), Gregg and Sing (3)) are used to calculate surface area of airborne nanoparticles collected on a filter.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to describe a procedure for collecting near real-time data on airborne particle concentration and size distribution in clean areas as indicated by single particle counting techniques. Implementation of some government and industry specifications requires acquisition of particle size and concentration data using an SPC.5.2 The processing requirements of many products manufactured in a clean room involves environmental cleanliness levels so low that a single particle counter with capability for detecting very small particles is required to characterize clean room air. Real-time information on concentration of airborne particles in size ranges from less than 0.1 μm to 5 μm and greater can be obtained only with an SPC. Definition of particles larger than approximately 0.05 μm may be carried out with direct measurement of light scattering from individual particles; other techniques may be required for smaller particles, such as preliminary growth by condensation before particle measurement.5.3 Particle size data are referenced to the particle system used to calibrate the SPC. Differences in detection, electronic and sample handling systems among the various SPCs may contribute to differences in particle characterization. Care must be exercised in attempting to compare data from particles that vary significantly in composition or shape from the calibration base material. Variations may also occur between instruments using similar particle sensing systems with different operating parameters. These effects should be recognized and minimized by using standard methods for SPC calibration and operation.5.4 In applying this practice, the fundamental assumption is made that the particles in the sample passing through the SPC are representative of the particles in the entire dust-controlled area being analyzed. Care is required that good sampling procedures are used and that no artifacts are produced at any point in the sample handling and analysis process; these precautions are necessary both in verification and in operation of the SPC.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the particle concentration, by number, and the size distribution of airborne particles in dust-controlled areas and clean rooms, for particles in the size range of approximately 0.01 to 5.0 μm. Particle concentrations not exceeding 3.5 × 106 particles/m 3 (100 000/ft3) are covered for all particles equal to and larger than the minimum size measured.1.2 This practice uses an airborne single particle counting device (SPC) whose operation is based on measuring the signal produced by an individual particle passing through the sensing zone. The signal must be directly or indirectly related to particle size.NOTE 1: The SPC type is not specified here. The SPC can be a conventional optical particle counter (OPC), an aerodynamic particle sizer, a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) operating in conjunction with a diffusion battery or differential mobility analyzer, or any other device capable of counting and sizing single particles in the size range of concern and of sampling in a cleanroom environment.1.3 Individuals performing tests in accordance with this practice shall be trained in use of the SPC and shall understand its operation.1.4 Since the concentration and the particle size distribution of airborne particles are subject to continuous variations, the choice of sampling probe configuration, locations, and sampling times will affect sampling results. Further, the differences in the physical measurement, electronic, and sample handling systems between the various SPCs and the differences in physical properties of the various particles being measured can contribute to variations in the test results. These differences should be recognized and minimized by using a standard method of primary calibration and by minimizing variability of sample acquisition procedures.1.5 Sample acquisition procedures and equipment may be selected for specific applications based on varying cleanroom class levels. Firm requirements for these selections are beyond the scope of this practice; however, sampling practices shall be stated that take into account potential spatial and statistical variations of suspended particles in clean rooms.NOTE 2: General references to cleanroom classifications follow Federal Standard 209E, latest revision. Where airborne particles are to be characterized in dust-controlled areas that do not meet these classifications, the latest revision of the pertinent specification for these areas shall be used.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 8.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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