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4.1 The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.4.2 Under the same conditions of headlight illumination and driver’s viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance at corresponding geometry.4.3 The pavement marking’s measured performance in the condition of wet recovery is used to characterize the performance of the marking on the road when wet.4.4 Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents that prevent wetting of the product by water. The water will tend to “bead up” on the marking. This “non wetting” condition is usually short lived. Pavement markings that have been on the road for one month prior to testing usually do not exhibit this non-wetting phenomenon. (Warning—This phenomenon produces an interference when assessing the wet characteristics of a pavement marking. Attempts to measure markings with this surface “non-wetting” or “beading” of the water may give higher values.)4.5 The retroreflectivity, RL, of pavement (road) markings degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers.4.6 For a given viewing distance, measurements of RL made with a retroreflectometer having a geometry corresponding to that viewing distance are a good indicator of the visual ranking of the material measured.4.7 As specified by Test Method E1710, the measurement geometry of the instrument is based on a viewing distance of 30 m, an eye height of 1.2 m and a headlight mounting height of 0.65 m (see Appendix X1).4.8 It shall be the responsibility of the user to employ an instrument having the specified observation and entrance angles.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols, using a portable retroreflectometer that can be placed on or before the road marking to measure the retroreflection at the prescribed geometry.1.2 This method of measuring the wet retroreflective properties (RL) of pavement markings measures the wet retroreflectivity in a condition of wet recovery (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Illustration of Measurement1.2.1 This test condition typically exists (1) after a rainfall has ended and the pavement markings are still wet or (2) as the markings are wet from dew or humidity.1.3 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in condition of wet recovery does not necessarily relate to how markings perform in conditions of rain, that is, as markings are being rained upon. Test Method E2832 defines a method to measure the performance of pavement markings in conditions of simulated rain.1.4 This test method specifies the use of portable reflectometers that can measure pavement markings in accordance with Test Method E1710.2 The entrance and observation angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”21.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Pavement surfaces have different traction characteristics, depending on many factors. Surface texture, binder content, usage, environmental exposure, and surface conditions (that is, wet, dry) are some of the factors.5.2 The measured values represent peak braking coefficients for tires of the general type in operation on passenger vehicles, obtained with a towed test trailer on a prescribed road surface, under user-defined surface conditions. Such surface conditions may include the water depth used to wet the road surface and the type of water application method. Variations in these conditions may influence the test results.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of peak braking coefficient (PBC) of paved surfaces using a standard reference test tire (SRTT) as described in Specification E1136 or F2493 that represents current technology passenger car radial tires. General test procedures and limitations are presented for determining peak braking coefficient independent of surface conditions. Actual surface test conditions are determined and controlled by the user at the time of test. Test and surface condition documentation procedures and details are specified. This measurement quantifies the peak braking coefficient at the time of test, and does not necessarily represent a maximum or fixed value.1.2 There are many specifications published that refer to the ASTM E1337 PBC Standard assuming the E1136 SRTT in determining peak brake coefficient. Correlation equations for converting data collected using an F2493 SRTT to the older E1136 specification, and converting an older E1136 specification for use with F2493 data, are included in 12.4.1.3 This test method utilizes a measurement representing the peak braking force on a braked test tire passing over a road surface. This test is conducted with a tire under a nominal vertical load at a constant speed while its major plane is parallel to its direction of motion and perpendicular to the pavement.1.4 The measured peak braking coefficient obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein may not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other surface coefficient measuring methods.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 This test method produces a measure of retroreflective efficiency (coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL-2) for a pavement marking system under conditions of continuous wetting. The test result depends on factors such as the pavement marking binder and optic materials, their application, wear from traffic and plowing, wetting rate, and road grade and cross slope.5.2 The measured retroreflective efficiency under conditions of continuous wetting may be used to characterize the properties of a pavement marking on the road as water is continuously falling on it. The retroreflective efficiency of the marking under conditions of continuous wetting is almost always different than under dry conditions.5.3 The wetting rate of 2 in./h represents the upper limit of what is meteorologically classified as heavy rainfall. Rainfall rates above 2 in./h are classified as extreme or violent, and are sometimes associated with weather such as tropical storms.5.4 The retroreflectivity of pavement markings degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that the coefficient of retroreflected luminance under continuous wetting meets requirements and provides adequate visibility for nighttime drivers.5.5 The continuous wetting rate as well as the roadway grade and cross slope impact the results of this test method. The user shall measure and report the rate used for testing.5.6 The roadway grade and cross slope adjacent to the measurement area impact the results of this test method. A digital level (inclinometer) can be used to quickly measure grade and cross slope.5.7 Results obtained using this test method should not be the sole basis for specifying and assessing the wet retroreflective effectiveness of pavement marking systems. Users should complement the results of this test method with other evaluation results, such as nighttime visual inspections.1.1 This test method covers a measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL-2) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols. A standardized method utilizing a standardized continuous wetting device and a portable retroreflectometer is described to obtain measurements of the wet retroreflective properties of horizontal pavement markings.1.2 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in a standardized condition of continuous wetting does not necessarily relate to how markings perform in all conditions of natural rain.NOTE 1: Test Method E2177 may be used to describe the retroreflective properties of pavement markings in conditions of wetness, such as after a period of rain.1.3 This test method is suitable for measurements made in the laboratory and in the field when the necessary controls and precautions are followed.1.4 This test method specifies the use of external beam retroreflectometers conforming to Test Method E1710.2 The entrance and observation angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”21.5 The test method excludes the effects of rain between the vehicle and the marking.1.6 Results obtained using this test method should not be the sole basis for specifying and assessing the wet retroreflective effectiveness of pavement marking systems. Users should complement the results of this test method with other evaluation results, such as nighttime visual inspections.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α, between temperatures T1 and T2 for a specimen whose length is L0 at the reference temperature, is given by the following equation:where L1 and L2 are the specimen lengths at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively. α is, therefore, obtained by dividing the linear expansion per unit length by the change in temperature.5.2 The nature of most plastics and the construction of the dilatometer make −30 to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) a convenient temperature range for linear thermal expansion measurements of plastics. This range covers the temperatures in which plastics are most commonly used. Where testing outside of this temperature range or when linear thermal expansion characteristics of a particular plastic are not known through this temperature range, particular attention shall be paid to the factors mentioned in 1.2.NOTE 2: In such cases, special preliminary investigations by thermo-mechanical analysis, such as that prescribed in Practice D4065 for the location of transition temperatures, may be required to avoid excessive error. Other ways of locating phase changes or transition temperatures using the dilatometer itself may be employed to cover the range of temperatures in question by using smaller steps than 30°C (86°F) or by observing the rate of expansion during a steady rise in temperature of the specimen. Once such a transition point has been located, a separate coefficient of expansion for a temperature range below and above the transition point shall be determined. For specification and comparison purposes, the range from −30°C to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) (provided it is known that no transition exists in this range) shall be used.1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 µm/(m.°C) by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer. At the test temperatures and under the stresses imposed, the plastic materials shall have a negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both, insofar as these properties would significantly affect the accuracy of the measurements.1.1.1 Test Method E228 shall be used for temperatures other than −30°C to 30°C.1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for measurements on materials having a very low coefficient of expansion (less than 1 µm/(m.°C). For materials having very low coefficient of expansion, interferometer or capacitance techniques are recommended.1.1.3 Alternative technique commonly used for measuring this property is thermomechanical analysis as described in Test Method E831, which permits measurement of this property over a scanned temperature range.1.2 The thermal expansion of a plastic is composed of a reversible component on which are superimposed changes in length due to changes in moisture content, curing, loss of plasticizer or solvents, release of stresses, phase changes and other factors. This test method is intended for determining the coefficient of linear thermal expansion under the exclusion of these factors as far as possible. In general, it will not be possible to exclude the effect of these factors completely. For this reason, the test method can be expected to give only an approximation to the true thermal expansion.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 The different procedures and methods are designed to be used to produce survival data after microorganisms are exposed to antimicrobial agents in order to calculate values that can be used to analyze and rationalize the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents when tested using other, often applied test methods.5.2 The data from these test procedures may be used in the selection and design of other tests of effectiveness of antimicrobial agents, some of which may be required by regulatory agencies to establish specific claims. Basic kinetic information about killing rate often serves as the initial information on which a testing program can be built.1.1 This guide covers the methods for determining the death rate kinetics expressed as D-values. These values can be derived from the construction of a kill curve (or survivor curve) or by using other procedures for determining the number of survivors after exposure to antimicrobial chemicals or formulations. Options for calculations will be presented as well as the method for calculation of a concentration coefficient.1.1.1 The test methods are designed to evaluate antimicrobial agents in formulations to define a survivor curve and to subsequently calculate a D-value. The tests are designed to produce data and calculate values that provide basic information of the rate-of-kill of antimicrobial formulations tested against single, selected microorganisms. In addition, calculated D-values from survivor curves from exposure at different dilutions of antimicrobial can be used to show the effect of dilution by calculation of the concentration exponent, η (2). D-value determination assumes the ideal of first-order killing reactions that are reflected in a straight-line reduction in count where a count-versus-time plot is done. The goal here is not to determine the time at which no survivors are found, but to determine a standard value that can be used in processing and exposure determinations or used to estimate dilutions.1.1.2 As an example of potential use of kill curve data, the published FDA, OTC Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products, Proposed Rule, June 17, 1994 has suggested the testing of topically applied antimicrobial products using survival curve (or kill curve) calculations. The methods described in this guide are applicable to these products, but adjustments such as the use of antifoaming agents when the reaction mixture is stirred may be necessary to counteract the presence of detergents in many formulations. Frequently the sampling for these tests is done after very short intervals of exposure to the formulation, such as 30 and 60 s. This methodology also has been applied to preservative testing of antimicrobial ingredients in more complex cosmetic formulations (5).1.2 The test methods discussed should be performed only by those trained in microbiological techniques.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows for the reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.1.1 This test method2 determines the dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproducible laboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heel top lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types of floorings, including matting and stair nosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tested on appropriate surfaces but the method does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assumptions—Leaky Aquifer: 5.1.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,5.1.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive, and5.1.4 The control well is 100 % efficient.5.2 Assumptions—Nonleaky Aquifer: 5.2.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,5.2.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,5.2.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive,5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and5.2.5 The control well is 100 % efficient.5.3 Implications of Assumptions: 5.3.1 The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers and fully penetrating control wells. However, this practice may be applied to partially penetrating wells where the method may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.5.3.2 Values obtained for storage coefficient are less reliable than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coefficient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.NOTE 7: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a leaky or nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on the flow rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in the well.1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Practice D5786.1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between field situation and the simplifying assumption of the solution.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method offers a means of comparing the relative linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion.4.1.1 The material to be tested is placed in the mold in a fluid or plastic state. As the material makes a transition to a solid state, it adheres to and captures the end studs.4.1.2 The linear shrinkage measured is the change in length that occurs after the material is rigid enough and strong enough to move the studs.4.2 This test method can be used for research purposes to provide information on linear changes taking place in the test materials. Other dimensional changes may occur that do not manifest themselves as changes in length.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the linear shrinkage during setting and curing and the coefficient of thermal expansion of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.1.2 A bar of square cross-section is cast to a prescribed length in a mold that holds measuring studs that are captured in the ends of the finished casting.1.2.1 The change in length after curing is measured and used to calculate shrinkage.NOTE 1: Shrinkage determinations should not be made on sulfur mortars, since this test method cannot truly reflect the overall linear shrinkage of a sulfur mortar.1.2.2 The change in length at a specific elevated temperature is measured and used to calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion.1.3 This test method is limited to materials with aggregate size of 0.25 in. (6 mm) or less.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车